maˈtʼuww

Writing Scripts Descended from Egyptian Hieroglyphs

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Arabic

كتابة عربية

Abjad¹
4 c. CE - Present¹

Right-to-left¹

Arabic

Languages¹

Arabic, Berber languages, Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, Balochi, Urdu, Sindhi, Kashmiri, Moplah, Sulu, Malagasy, Malay, Karaite, Uyghur, etc.

Places¹

Middle East, North Africa, Horn of Africa, Indian subcontinent, East Turkistan, and South East Asia.

Abecedary²

Order used in modern dictionaries and other reference books. Letters are grouped based on similarity in shape.

Arabic letter ʾalif × Arabic letter ʾalif ا أَلِف ʾ IPA: /aː/, /ʔ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ālaph. Numerical value: 1	Arabic letter Bāʾ × Arabic letter Bāʾ ب بَاء b IPA: /b/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Bēth. Numerical value: 2	Arabic letter Tāʾ × Arabic letter Tāʾ ت تَاء t IPA: /t/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Taw. Numerical value: 400	Arabic letter Thāʾ × Arabic letter Thāʾ ث ثَاء th IPA: /θ/ Derived from Arabic letter Tāʾ (ت). Numerical value: 500	Arabic letter Jīm × Arabic letter Jīm ج جِيم j IPA: /d͡ʒ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Gāmal. Numerical value: 3
Arabic letter Ḥāʾ × Arabic letter Ḥāʾ ح حَاء ḥ IPA: /ħ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Khēth. Numerical value: 8	Arabic letter Khāʾ × Arabic letter Khāʾ خ خَاء kh IPA: /x/ Derived from Arabic letter Ḥāʾ (ح). Numerical value: 600	Arabic letter Dāl × Arabic letter Dāl د دَال d IPA: /d/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Dālath. Numerical value: 4	Arabic letter Dhāl × Arabic letter Dhāl ذ ذَال dh IPA: /ð/ Derived from Arabic letter Dāl (د). Numerical value: 700	Arabic letter Rāʾ × Arabic letter Rāʾ ر رَاء r IPA: /r/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Rēš. Numerical value: 200
Arabic letter Zāy × Arabic letter Zāy ز زَاي z IPA: /z/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Zain. Numerical value: 7	Arabic letter Sīn × Arabic letter Sīn س سِين s IPA: /s/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Šīn. Numerical value: 60	Arabic letter Shīn × Arabic letter Shīn ش شِين sh IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Arabic letter Sīn (س). Numerical value: 300	Arabic letter Ṣād × Arabic letter Ṣād ص صَاد ṣ IPA: /sˤ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ṩādhē. Numerical value: 90	Arabic letter Ḍād × Arabic letter Ḍād ض ضَاد ḍ IPA: /dˤ/ Derived from Arabic letter Ṣād (ص). Numerical value: 800
Arabic letter Ṭāʾ × Arabic letter Ṭāʾ ط طَاء ṭ IPA: /tˤ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ṭēth. Numerical value: 9	Arabic letter Ẓāʾ × Arabic letter Ẓāʾ ظ ظَاء ẓ IPA: /ðˤ/ Derived from Arabic letter Ṭāʾ (ط). Numerical value: 900	Arabic letter ʿayn × Arabic letter ʿayn ع عَيْن ʿ IPA: /ʕ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ayin. Numerical value: 700	Arabic letter Ghayn × Arabic letter Ghayn غ غَيْن gh IPA: /ɣ/ Derived from Arabic letter ʿayn (ع). Numerical value: 1000	Arabic letter Fāʾ × Arabic letter Fāʾ ف فَاء f IPA: /f/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Pē. Numerical value: 80
Arabic letter Qāf × Arabic letter Qāf ق قَاف q IPA: /q/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Qoph. Numerical value: 100	Arabic letter Kāf × Arabic letter Kāf ك كَاف k IPA: /k/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Kāph. Numerical value: 20	Arabic letter Lām × Arabic letter Lām ل لاَم l IPA: /l/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Lāmadh. Numerical value: 30	Arabic letter Mīm × Arabic letter Mīm م مِيم m IPA: /m/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Mem. Numerical value: 40	Arabic letter Nūn × Arabic letter Nūn ن نُون n IPA: /n/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Nun. Numerical value: 50
Arabic letter Hāʾ × Arabic letter Hāʾ ه هَاء h IPA: /h/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Hē. Numerical value: 5	Arabic letter Wāw × Arabic letter Wāw و وَاو w IPA: /w/, /uː/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Waw. Numerical value: 6	Arabic letter Yāʾ × Arabic letter Yāʾ ي يَاء y IPA: /j/, /iː/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Iodh. Numerical value: 10	Arabic letter Hamzah × Arabic letter Hamzah ء هَمْزة ʔ IPA: /ʔ/ Derived from Arabic letter ʿayn (ع‎). Used in medial and final positions as an unlinked letter.

Order follows the earlier north Semitic alphabetic order with additional Arabic letters.

Arabic letter ʾalif × Arabic letter ʾalif ا أَلِف ʾ IPA: /aː/, /ʔ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ālaph. Numerical value: 1	Arabic letter Bāʾ × Arabic letter Bāʾ ب بَاء b IPA: /b/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Bēth. Numerical value: 2	Arabic letter Jīm × Arabic letter Jīm ج جِيم j IPA: /d͡ʒ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Gāmal. Numerical value: 3	Arabic letter Dāl × Arabic letter Dāl د دَال d IPA: /d/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Dālath. Numerical value: 4	Arabic letter Hāʾ × Arabic letter Hāʾ ه هَاء h IPA: /h/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Hē. Numerical value: 5
Arabic letter Wāw × Arabic letter Wāw و وَاو w IPA: /w/, /uː/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Waw. Numerical value: 6	Arabic letter Zāy × Arabic letter Zāy ز زَاي z IPA: /z/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Zain. Numerical value: 7	Arabic letter Ḥāʾ × Arabic letter Ḥāʾ ح حَاء ḥ IPA: /ħ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Khēth. Numerical value: 8	Arabic letter Ṭāʾ × Arabic letter Ṭāʾ ط طَاء ṭ IPA: /tˤ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ṭēth. Numerical value: 9	Arabic letter Yāʾ × Arabic letter Yāʾ ي يَاء y IPA: /j/, /iː/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Iodh. Numerical value: 10
Arabic letter Kāf × Arabic letter Kāf ك كَاف k IPA: /k/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Kāph. Numerical value: 20	Arabic letter Lām × Arabic letter Lām ل لاَم l IPA: /l/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Lāmadh. Numerical value: 30	Arabic letter Mīm × Arabic letter Mīm م مِيم m IPA: /m/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Mem. Numerical value: 40	Arabic letter Nūn × Arabic letter Nūn ن نُون n IPA: /n/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Nun. Numerical value: 50	Arabic letter Sīn × Arabic letter Sīn س سِين s IPA: /s/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Šīn. Numerical value: 60
Arabic letter ʿayn × Arabic letter ʿayn ع عَيْن ʿ IPA: /ʕ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ayin. Numerical value: 70	Arabic letter Fāʾ × Arabic letter Fāʾ ف فَاء f IPA: /f/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Pē. Numerical value: 80	Arabic letter Ṣād × Arabic letter Ṣād ص صَاد ṣ IPA: /sˤ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ṩādhē. Numerical value: 90	Arabic letter Qāf × Arabic letter Qāf ق قَاف q IPA: /q/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Qoph. Numerical value: 100	Arabic letter Rāʾ × Arabic letter Rāʾ ر رَاء r IPA: /r/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Rēš. Numerical value: 200
Arabic letter Shīn × Arabic letter Shīn ش شِين sh IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Arabic letter Sīn (س). Numerical value: 300	Arabic letter Tāʾ × Arabic letter Tāʾ ت تَاء t IPA: /t/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Taw. Numerical value: 400	Arabic letter Thāʾ × Arabic letter Thāʾ ث ثَاء th IPA: /θ/ Derived from Arabic letter Tāʾ (ت). Numerical value: 500	Arabic letter Khāʾ × Arabic letter Khāʾ خ خَاء kh IPA: /x/ Derived from Arabic letter Ḥāʾ (ح). Numerical value: 600	Arabic letter Dhāl × Arabic letter Dhāl ذ ذَال dh IPA: /ð/ Derived from Arabic letter Dāl (د). Numerical value: 700
Arabic letter Ḍād × Arabic letter Ḍād ض ضَاد ḍ IPA: /dˤ/ Derived from Arabic letter Ṣād (ص). Numerical value: 800	Arabic letter Ẓāʾ × Arabic letter Ẓāʾ ظ ظَاء ẓ IPA: /ðˤ/ Derived from Arabic letter Ṭāʾ (ط). Numerical value: 900	Arabic letter Ghayn × Arabic letter Ghayn غ غَيْن gh IPA: /ɣ/ Derived from Arabic letter ʿayn (ع). Numerical value: 1000	Arabic letter Hamzah × Arabic letter Hamzah ء هَمْزة ʔ IPA: /ʔ/ Derived from Arabic letter ʿayn (ع‎). Used in medial and final positions as an unlinked letter.

Contextual forms²

Isolated

Ar01a1

Arabic letter ʾalif (isolated/initial)

Ar02a1

Arabic letter Bāʾ (isolated)

Ar24.0a1

Arabic letter Tāʾ (isolated)

Ar24.1a1

Arabic letter Thāʾ (isolated)

Ar03b1

Arabic letter Jīm (isolated)

Ar08.0a1

Arabic letter Ḥāʾ (isolated)

Ar08.1a1

Arabic letter Khāʾ (isolated)

Ar04.0a1

Arabic letter Dāl (isolated/initial)

Ar04.1a1

Arabic letter Dhāl (isolated/initial)

Ar21a1

Arabic letter Rāʾ (isolated/initial)

Ar07a1

Arabic letter Zāy (isolated/initial)

Ar22.0a1

Arabic letter Sīn (isolated)

Ar22.1a1

Arabic letter Shīn (isolated)

Ar19.0a1

Arabic letter Ṣād (isolated)

Ar19.1a1

Arabic letter Ḍād (isolated)

Ar09.0a1

Arabic letter Ṭāʾ (isolated)

Ar09.1a1

Arabic letter Ẓāʾ (isolated)

Ar16a1

Arabic letter ʿayn (isolated)

Ar17a1

Arabic letter Ghayn (isolated)

Ar18a1

Arabic letter Fāʾ (isolated)

Ar20a1

Arabic letter Qāf (isolated)

Ar11a1

Arabic letter Kāf (isolated)

Ar12a1

Arabic letter Lām (isolated)

Ar13a1

Arabic letter Mīm (isolated)

Ar14a1

Arabic letter Nūn (isolated)

Ar05a1

Arabic letter Hāʾ (isolated)

Ar06a1

Arabic letter Wāw (isolated/initial)

Ar10a1

Arabic letter Yāʾ (isolated)

Initial

Ar02b1

Arabic letter Bāʾ (initial)

Ar24.0b1

Arabic letter Tāʾ (initial)

Ar24.1b1

Arabic letter Thāʾ (initial)

Ar03b1

Arabic letter Jīm (initial)

Ar08.0b1

Arabic letter Ḥāʾ (initial)

Ar08.1b1

Arabic letter Khāʾ (initial)

Ar22.0b1

Arabic letter Sīn (initial)

Ar22.1b1

Arabic letter Shīn (initial)

Ar19.0b1

Arabic letter Ṣād (initial)

Ar19.1b1

Arabic letter Ḍād (initial)

Ar09.0b1

Arabic letter Ṭāʾ (initial)

Ar09.1b1

Arabic letter Ẓāʾ (initial)

Ar16b1

Arabic letter ʿayn (initial)

Ar17b1

Arabic letter Ghayn (initial)

Ar18b1

Arabic letter Fāʾ (initial)

Ar20b1

Arabic letter Qāf (initial)

Ar11a1

Arabic letter Kāf (initial)

Ar12b1

Arabic letter Lām (initial)

Ar13b1

Arabic letter Mīm (initial)

Ar14b1

Arabic letter Nūn (initial)

Ar05b1

Arabic letter Hāʾ (initial)

Ar10b1

Arabic letter Yāʾ (initial)

Medial

Ar01b1

Arabic letter ʾalif (medial/final)

Ar02b1

Arabic letter Bāʾ (medial)

Ar24.0c1

Arabic letter Tāʾ (medial)

Ar24.1c1

Arabic letter Thāʾ (medial)

Ar03b1

Arabic letter Jīm (medial)

Ar08.0c1

Arabic letter Ḥāʾ (medial)

Ar08.1c1

Arabic letter Khāʾ (medial)

Ar04.0b1

Arabic letter Dāl (medial/final)

Ar04.1b1

Arabic letter Dhāl (medial/final)

Ar21b1

Arabic letter Rāʾ (medial/final)

Ar07b1

Arabic letter Zāy (medial/final)

Ar22.0c1

Arabic letter Sīn (medial)

Ar22.1c1

Arabic letter Shīn (medial)

Ar19.0c1

Arabic letter Ṣād (medial)

Ar19.1c1

Arabic letter Ḍād (medial)

Ar09.0c1

Arabic letter Ṭāʾ (medial)

Ar09.1c1

Arabic letter Ẓāʾ(medial)

Ar16c1

Arabic letter ʿayn (medial)

Ar17c1

Arabic letter Ghayn (medial)

Ar18c1

Arabic letter Fāʾ (medial)

Ar20c1

Arabic letter Qāf (medial)

Ar11a1

Arabic letter Kāf (medial)

Ar12c1

Arabic letter Lām (medial)

Ar13c1

Arabic letter Mīm (medial)

Ar14c1

Arabic letter Nūn (medial)

Ar05c1

Arabic letter Hā (medial)

Ar06b1

Arabic letter Wāw (medial/final)

Ar10c1

Arabic letter Yāʾ (medial)

Final

Ar02b1

Arabic letter Bāʾ (final)

Ar24.0d1

Arabic letter Tāʾ (final)

Ar24.1d1

Arabic letter Thāʾ (final)

Ar03b1

Arabic letter Jīm (final)

Ar08.0d1

Arabic letter Ḥāʾ (final)

Ar08.1d1

Arabic letter Khāʾ (final)

Ar22.0d1

Arabic letter Sīn (final)

Ar22.1d1

Arabic letter Shīn (final)

Ar19.0d1

Arabic letter Ṣād (final)

Ar19.1d1

Arabic letter Ḍād (final)

Ar09.0d1

Arabic letter Ṭāʾ (final)

Ar09.1d1

Arabic letter Ẓāʾ(final)

Ar16d1

Arabic letter ʿayn (final)

Ar17d1

Arabic letter Ghayn (final)

Ar18d1

Arabic letter Fāʾ (final)

Ar20d1

Arabic letter Qāf (final)

Ar11a1

Arabic letter Kāf (final)

Ar12d1

Arabic letter Lām (final)

Ar13d1

Arabic letter Mīm (final)

Ar14d1

Arabic letter Nūn (final)

Ar05d1

Arabic letter Hāʾ (final)

Ar10d1

Arabic letter Yāʾ (final)

Ligatures

Ar1201b

Arabic ligature Lām-ʾalif (medial/final)

Ar1201a

Arabic ligature Lām-ʾalif (isolated/initial)

=

Ar01

Arabic letter ʾalif

+

Ar12

Arabic letter Lām

Diacritics

Often omitted in day to day use.

Ḥarakāt حَرَكَات

Short vowel marks

Ar01_1

Arabic diacritic Fat-ḥah

Ar01_2

Arabic diacritic Kasrah

Ar01_3

Arabic diacritic Ḍammah

Sukūn سُكُونْ

Indicates that the consonant to which it is attached is not followed by a vowel.

Ar02

Arabic letter Bāʾ

Ar02_1

Arabic letter Bāʾ sukūn

Shaddah شَدَّة

Indicates that the consonant is meant to be doubled.

Ar02

Arabic letter Bāʾ

Ar02_2

Arabic letter Bāʾ with shaddah

Handwritten forms³

Handwritten forms are highly non-standardised.
Letters of similar morphology were purposefully depicted in differently to demonstrate heterogenity in handwriting.

Isolated

Ar01a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter ʾalif (isolated/initial)

Ar02a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Bāʾ (isolated)

Ar24.0a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Tāʾ (isolated)

Ar24.1a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Thāʾ (isolated)

Ar03b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Jīm (isolated)

Ar08.0a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Ḥāʾ (isolated)

Ar08.1a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Khāʾ (isolated)

Ar04.0a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Dāl (isolated/initial)

Ar04.1a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Dhāl (isolated/initial)

Ar21a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Rāʾ (isolated/initial)

Ar07a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Zāy (isolated/initial)

Ar22.0a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Sīn (isolated)

Ar22.1a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Shīn (isolated)

Ar19.0a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Ṣād (isolated)

Ar19.1a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Ḍād (isolated)

Ar09.0a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Ṭāʾ (isolated)

Ar09.1a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Ẓāʾ (isolated)

Ar16a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter ʿayn (isolated)

Ar17a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Ghayn (isolated)

Ar18a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Fāʾ (isolated)

Ar20a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Qāf (isolated)

Ar11a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Kāf (isolated)

Ar12a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Lām (isolated)

Ar13a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Mīm (isolated)

Ar14a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Nūn (isolated)

Ar05a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Hāʾ (isolated)

Ar06a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Wāw (isolated/initial)

Ar10a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Yāʾ (isolated)

Initial

Ar02b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Bāʾ (initial)

Ar24.0b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Tāʾ (initial)

Ar24.1b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Thāʾ (initial)

Ar03b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Jīm (initial)

Ar08.0b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Ḥāʾ (initial)

Ar08.1b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Khāʾ (initial)

Ar22.0b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Sīn (initial)

Ar22.1b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Shīn (initial)

Ar19.0b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Ṣād (initial)

Ar19.1b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Ḍād (initial)

Ar09.0b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Ṭāʾ (initial)

Ar09.1b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Ẓāʾ (initial)

Ar16b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter ʿayn (initial)

Ar17b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Ghayn (initial)

Ar18b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Fāʾ (initial)

Ar20b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Qāf (initial)

Ar11a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Kāf (initial)

Ar12b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Lām (initial)

Ar13b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Mīm (initial)

Ar14b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Nūn (initial)

Ar05b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Hāʾ (initial)

Ar10b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Yāʾ (initial)

Medial

Ar01b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter ʾalif (medial/final)

Ar02b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Bāʾ (medial)

Ar24.0c1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Tāʾ (medial)

Ar24.1c1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Thāʾ (medial)

Ar03b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Jīm (medial)

Ar08.0c1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Ḥāʾ (medial)

Ar08.1c1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Khāʾ (medial)

Ar04.0b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Dāl (medial/final)

Ar04.1b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Dhāl (medial/final)

Ar21b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Rāʾ (medial/final)

Ar07b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Zāy (medial/final)

Ar22.0c1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Sīn (medial)

Ar22.1c1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Shīn (medial)

Ar19.0c1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Ṣād (medial)

Ar19.1c1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Ḍād (medial)

Ar09.0c1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Ṭāʾ (medial)

Ar09.1c1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Ẓāʾ(medial)

Ar16c1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter ʿayn (medial)

Ar17c1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Ghayn (medial)

Ar18c1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Fāʾ (medial)

Ar20c1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Qāf (medial)

Ar11a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Kāf (medial)

Ar12c1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Lām (medial)

Ar13c1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Mīm (medial)

Ar14c1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Nūn (medial)

Ar05c1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Hā (medial)

Ar06b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Wāw (medial/final)

Ar10c1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Yāʾ (medial)

Final

Ar02b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Bāʾ (final)

Ar24.0d1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Tāʾ (final)

Ar24.1d1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Thāʾ (final)

Ar03b1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Jīm (final)

Ar08.0d1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Ḥāʾ (final)

Ar08.1d1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Khāʾ (final)

Ar22.0d1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Sīn (final)

Ar22.1d1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Shīn (final)

Ar19.0d1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Ṣād (final)

Ar19.1d1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Ḍād (final)

Ar09.0d1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Ṭāʾ (final)

Ar09.1d1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Ẓāʾ(final)

Ar16d1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter ʿayn (final)

Ar17d1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Ghayn (final)

Ar18d1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Fāʾ (final)

Ar20d1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Qāf (final)

Ar11a1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Kāf (final)

Ar12d1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Lām (final)

Ar13d1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Mīm (final)

Ar14d1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Nūn (final)

Ar05d1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Hāʾ (final)

Ar10d1_h

Handwritten Arabic letter Yāʾ (final)

Stylistic variations⁴

Naskh

خط النسخ

Ar01_nas

Naskh Arabic letter ʾalif

Ar02_nas

Naskh Arabic letter Bāʾ

Ar24.0_nas

Naskh Arabic letter Tāʾ

Ar24.1_nas

Naskh Arabic letter Thāʾ

Ar03b1_nas

Naskh Arabic letter Jīm

Ar08.0_nas

Naskh Arabic letter Ḥāʾ

Ar08.1_nas

Naskh Arabic letter Khāʾ

Ar04.0_nas

Naskh Arabic letter Dāl

Ar04.1_nas

Naskh Arabic letter Dhāl

Ar21_nas

Naskh Arabic letter Rāʾ

Ar07_nas

Naskh Arabic letter Zāy

Ar22.0_nas

Naskh Arabic letter Sīn

Ar22.1_nas

Naskh Arabic letter Shīn

Ar19.0_nas

Naskh Arabic letter Ṣād

Ar19.1_nas

Naskh Arabic letter Ḍād

Ar09.0_nas

Naskh Arabic letter Ṭāʾ

Ar09.1_nas

Naskh Arabic letter Ẓāʾ

Ar16_nas

Naskh Arabic letter ʿayn

Ar17_nas

Naskh Arabic letter Ghayn

Ar18_nas

Naskh Arabic letter Fāʾ

Ar20_nas

Naskh Arabic letter Qāf

Ar11_nas

Naskh Arabic letter Kāf

Ar12_nas

Naskh Arabic letter Lām

Ar13_nas

Naskh Arabic letter Mīm

Ar14_nas

Naskh Arabic letter Nūn

Ar05_nas

Naskh Arabic letter Hāʾ

Ar06_nas

Naskh Arabic letter Wāw

Ar10_nas

Naskh Arabic letter Yāʾ

Kufic

الخط الكوفي

Ar01_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter ʾalif

Ar02_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter Bāʾ

Ar24.0_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter Tāʾ

Ar24.1_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter Thāʾ

Ar03b1_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter Jīm

Ar08.0_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter Ḥāʾ

Ar08.1_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter Khāʾ

Ar04.0_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter Dāl

Ar04.1_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter Dhāl

Ar21_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter Rāʾ

Ar07_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter Zāy

Ar22.0_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter Sīn

Ar22.1_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter Shīn

Ar19.0_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter Ṣād

Ar19.1_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter Ḍād

Ar09.0_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter Ṭāʾ

Ar09.1_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter Ẓāʾ

Ar16_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter ʿayn

Ar17_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter Ghayn

Ar18_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter Fāʾ

Ar20_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter Qāf

Ar11_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter Kāf

Ar12_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter Lām

Ar13_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter Mīm

Ar14_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter Nūn

Ar05_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter Hāʾ

Ar06_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter Wāw

Ar10_kuf

Kufic Arabic letter Yāʾ

Nastaliq

نستعليق

Ar01_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter ʾalif

Ar02_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter Bāʾ

Ar24.0_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter Tāʾ

Ar24.1_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter Thāʾ

Ar03b1_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter Jīm

Ar08.0_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter Ḥāʾ

Ar08.1_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter Khāʾ

Ar04.0_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter Dāl

Ar04.1_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter Dhāl

Ar21_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter Rāʾ

Ar07_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter Zāy

Ar22.0_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter Sīn

Ar22.1_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter Shīn

Ar19.0_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter Ṣād

Ar19.1_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter Ḍād

Ar09.0_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter Ṭāʾ

Ar09.1_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter Ẓāʾ

Ar16_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter ʿayn

Ar17_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter Ghayn

Ar18_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter Fāʾ

Ar20_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter Qāf

Ar11_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter Kāf

Ar12_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter Lām

Ar13_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter Mīm

Ar14_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter Nūn

Ar05_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter Hāʾ

Ar06_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter Wāw

Ar10_ntq

Nastaliq Arabic letter Yāʾ

Regionial adaptations¹

As the use of the Arabic script spread, regional variants were adopted by modifiying it for local languages.

Indo-European	Turkic

Austronesian

الفبای فارسی

Farsi

Farsi letter Alef	Farsi letter Be	Farsi letter Pe	Farsi letter Te	Farsi letter Se
Farsi letter Jim	Farsi letter Če	Farsi letter He	Farsi letter Xe	Farsi letter Dâl
Farsi letter Zâl	Farsi letter Re	Farsi letter Ze	Farsi letter Že	Farsi letter Sin
Farsi letter Šin	Farsi letter Sâd	Farsi letter Zâd	Farsi letter Tâ	Farsi letter Zâ
Farsi letter ʿeyn	Farsi letter Geyn	Farsi letter Fe	Farsi letter Qâf	Farsi letter Kâf
Farsi letter Gâf	Farsi letter Lâm	Farsi letter Mim	Farsi letter Nun	Farsi letter Vâv
Farsi letter He	Farsi letter Ye

ئەلفوبێکانی کوردی

Kurdish

Kurdish letter Elif	Kurdish letter Bê	Kurdish letter Pê	Kurdish letter Tê	Kurdish letter Cê
Kurdish letter Çê	Kurdish letter Ḧê	Kurdish letter Xê	Kurdish letter Dal	Kurdish letter Rê
Kurdish letter Rêy Qellew	Kurdish letter Zê	Kurdish letter Zê	Kurdish letter Sîn	Kurdish letter Şîn
Kurdish letter Eyn	Kurdish letter Ẍeyn	Kurdish letter Fê	Kurdish letter Vê	Kurdish letter Qaf
Kurdish letter Kaf	Kurdish letter Gaf	Kurdish letter Lam	Kurdish letter Lamî Qellew	Kurdish letter Mîm
Kurdish letter Nûn	Kurdish letter Hê	Kurdish letter Ser	Kurdish letter Waw	Kurdish letter Berî Krawe
Kurdish letter Wawî Qûçaw	Kurdish letter Yê	Kurdish letter Jêrî Krawe

پښتو الفبې

Pashto

Pashto letter Alep/Alif	Pashto letter Be	Pashto letter Pe	Pashto letter Te	Pashto letter Ṭe
Pashto letter Se	Pashto letter Jim	Pashto letter Če	Pashto letter He	Pashto letter Xe
Pashto letter Tse/Śe	Pashto letter Dzim/Źim	Pashto letter Dāl	Pashto letter Ḍāl	Pashto letter Zāl
Pashto letter Re	Pashto letter Ṛe	Pashto letter Ze	Pashto letter Že	Pashto letter Ẓ̌ey/Z̄ey/Ǵey/Gey
Pashto letter Sin	Pashto letter Šin	Pashto letter Ṣ̌in/S̄in/X̌in/Xin	Pashto letter Swād	Pashto letter Zwād
Pashto letter Twe	Pashto letter Zwe	Pashto letter Ayn	Pashto letter Gayn	Pashto letter Pe/Fe
Pashto letter Qāp	Pashto letter Kāp	Pashto letter Kāp	Pashto letter Lām	Pashto letter Mim
Pashto letter Nun	Pashto letter Ṇun	Pashto letter Nun Póza	Pashto letter Wāw	Pashto letter Ğwə́nḍa He
Pashto letter Kajíra He	Pashto letter Tsərgánda Ye	Pashto letter Úǵda Ye	Pashto letter Nāriná/Wə́ča Ye	Pashto letter X̌əźiná/Lakə́y Ye
Pashto letter Fālí Ye

کٲشِرؠ اَچھَر

Kashmiri

Kashmiri letter Ạlif	Kashmiri letter Bē	Kashmiri letter Pē	Kashmiri letter Pha	Kashmiri letter Tē
Kashmiri letter Tha	Kashmiri letter Ṭē	Kashmiri letter Ṭha	Kashmiri letter Sē	Kashmiri letter Jīm
Kashmiri letter Chīm	Kashmiri letter Chha	Kashmiri letter Hay	Kashmiri letter Khay	Kashmiri letter Dāl
Kashmiri letter Dāl	Kashmiri letter Zāl	Kashmiri letter Rē	Kashmiri letter Ṛē	Kashmiri letter Zē
Kashmiri letter Tsē	Kashmiri letter Tsha	Kashmiri letter Sīn	Kashmiri letter Shīn	Kashmiri letter Sọ̄d
Kashmiri letter Zọ̄d	Kashmiri letter Tọy	Kashmiri letter Zọy	Kashmiri letter Ạ̄n	Kashmiri letter Gạ̄n
Kashmiri letter Fē	Kashmiri letter Qāf	Kashmiri letter Kīf	Kashmiri letter Kha	Kashmiri letter Gāf
Kashmiri letter Lām	Kashmiri letter Mim	Kashmiri letter Nūn	Kashmiri letter Nūn Gọna	Kashmiri letter Wāw
Kashmiri letter Hē	Kashmiri letter Yē	Kashmiri letter Boḍ Yē	Kashmiri letter Tālür'

اُردُو حُرُوفِ تَہَجِّی‌

Urdu

Urdu letter Alif	Urdu letter Bē	Urdu letter Pē	Urdu letter Tē	Urdu letter Ṭē
Urdu letter S̱ē	Urdu letter Jīm	Urdu letter Cē	Urdu letter Baṛī Ḥē/ Ḥā'e Huttī/ Ḥā'e Muhmala	Urdu letter K͟hē
Urdu letter Dāl	Urdu letter Ḍāl	Urdu letter Ẕāl	Urdu letter Rē	Urdu letter Ṛē
Urdu letter Zē	Urdu letter Zhē	Urdu letter Sīn	Urdu letter Shīn	Urdu letter Ṣwād
Urdu letter Ẓwād	Urdu letter T̤oʼē	Urdu letter Z̤oʼē	Urdu letter ʿain	Urdu letter G͟hain
Urdu letter Fē	Urdu letter Qāf	Urdu letter Kāf	Urdu letter Gāf	Urdu letter Lām
Urdu letter Mīm	Urdu letter Nūn	Urdu letter Nūn G͟hunnā	Urdu letter Wāʼo	Urdu letter Hē/ Choṭī Hē
Urdu letter Do-cashmī Hē	Urdu letter Yē	Urdu letter Baṛī Yē	Urdu letter Hamzah

سنڌي آئيويٽا

Sindhi

Sindhi letter Alif	Sindhi letter Bē	Sindhi letter B̤ē	Sindhi letter Bhē	Sindhi letter Tē
Sindhi letter Thē	Sindhi letter Ṭē	Sindhi letter Ṭhē	Sindhi letter S̱ē	Sindhi letter Pē
Sindhi letter Jīm	Sindhi letter Jē	Sindhi letter Jhīm	Sindhi letter Ñē	Sindhi letter Cē
Sindhi letter Chē	Sindhi letter Ḥē	Sindhi letter Ḵẖē	Sindhi letter Dāl	Sindhi letter Dhāl
Sindhi letter D̤āl	Sindhi letter Ḍāl	Sindhi letter Ḍhāl	Sindhi letter Ẕāl	Sindhi letter Rē
Sindhi letter Ṛē	Sindhi letter Zē	Sindhi letter Sīn	Sindhi letter Shīn	Sindhi letter Ṣād
Sindhi letter Z̤ād	Sindhi letter T̤ōē	Sindhi letter Ẓōē	Sindhi letter ʿayn	Sindhi letter Ghayn
Sindhi letter Fē	Sindhi letter Phē	Sindhi letter Qāf	Sindhi letter Kāf	Sindhi letter Khē
Sindhi letter Gāf	Sindhi letter G̈ē	Sindhi letter Ghāf	Sindhi letter Ṇē	Sindhi letter Lām
Sindhi letter Mīm	Sindhi letter Nūn	Sindhi letter Ṇūn	Sindhi letter Vāō	Sindhi letter Dō-cashmī Hē
Sindhi letter Hamza	Sindhi letter Yē

الفبا

Ottoman Turkish (formerly used)

Ottoman Turkish letter Elif	Ottoman Turkish letter Hemze	Ottoman Turkish letter Be	Ottoman Turkish letter Pe	Ottoman Turkish letter Te
Ottoman Turkish letter Se	Ottoman Turkish letter Cim	Ottoman Turkish letter Çim	Ottoman Turkish letter Ha	Ottoman Turkish letter Hı
Ottoman Turkish letter Dal	Ottoman Turkish letter Zel	Ottoman Turkish letter Re	Ottoman Turkish letter Ze	Ottoman Turkish letter Je
Ottoman Turkish letter Sin	Ottoman Turkish letter Şın	Ottoman Turkish letter Sad	Ottoman Turkish letter Dad	Ottoman Turkish letter Tı
Ottoman Turkish letter Zı	Ottoman Turkish letter Ayn	Ottoman Turkish letter gayn	Ottoman Turkish letter Fe	Ottoman Turkish letter Qaf
Ottoman Turkish letter Kef	Ottoman Turkish letter Gef	Ottoman Turkish letter Nef	Ottoman Turkish letter Lam	Ottoman Turkish letter Mim
Ottoman Turkish letter Nun	Ottoman Turkish letter Vav	Ottoman Turkish letter He	Ottoman Turkish letter Ye

ئۇيغۇر كونا يېزىقى

Uyghur

Uyghur letter A	Uyghur letter E	Uyghur letter B	Uyghur letter P	Uyghur letter T
Uyghur letter J	Uyghur letter Q/Ch	Uyghur letter H/X	Uyghur letter D	Uyghur letter R
Uyghur letter Z	Uyghur letter Zh	Uyghur letter S	Uyghur letter X/Sh	Uyghur letter Gh
Uyghur letter F	Uyghur letter K/Q	Uyghur letter K	Uyghur letter G	Uyghur letter Ng
Uyghur letter L	Uyghur letter M	Uyghur letter O	Uyghur letter U	Uyghur letter Ö
Uyghur letter Ü	Uyghur letter V/W	Uyghur letter É

جاوي

Jawi

Jawi letter Alif	Jawi letter Ba	Jawi letter Ta	Jawi letter Ta Marbutah	Jawi letter Sa
Jawi letter Jim	Jawi letter Ca	Jawi letter Ha	Jawi letter Kha	Jawi letter Dal
Jawi letter Zal	Jawi letter Rai	Jawi letter Zai	Jawi letter Sin	Jawi letter Syin
Jawi letter Sad	Jawi letter Dad	Jawi letter Ta	Jawi letter Za	Jawi letter Ain
Jawi letter Ghain	Jawi letter Nga	Jawi letter Fa	Jawi letter Pa	Jawi letter Qaf
Jawi letter Kaf	Jawi letter Gaf	Jawi letter Lam	Jawi letter Mim	Jawi letter Nun
Jawi letter Wau	Jawi letter Va	Jawi letter Ha	Jawi letter Hamzah	Jawi letter Ya
Jawi letter Ye	Jawi letter Nya

Epigraphy^5,6

Third stanza of Mawṭinī (My Homeland)
in Arabic

Arabic

مَوْطِنِيْ مَوْطِنِيْ
اَلْحُسَامُ وَ الْيَرَاعُ لَا الْكَلَامُ وَالنِّزَاعُ
رَمْزُنَا رَمْزُنَا
مَجْدُنَا وَ عَهْدُنَا وَوَاجِبٌ مِّنَ الْوَفَاء
يَهُزُّنَا يَهُزُّنَا
عِزُّنَا عِزُّنَا
غَايَةٌ تُشَرِّفُ وَ رَايَةٌ تُرَفْرِفُ
يَا هَنَاكْ فِيْ عُلَاكْ
قَاهِراً عِدَاكْ قَاهِراً عِدَاكْ
مَوْطِنِيْ مَوطِنِيْ

Transliteration

Mawṭinī mawṭinī
Al-ḥusāmu wa-l-yarāʿu lā l-kalāmu wa-n-nizāʿu
Ramzunā ramzunā
Majdunā wa ʿahdunā wa-wājibun mina l-wafāʾ
Yahuzzunā yahuzzunā
ʿIzzunā ʿizzunā
Ġāyatun tušarrifu wa rāyatun turafrifu
Yā hanāk fī ʿulāk
Qāhiran ʿidāk qāhirān ʿidāk
Mawṭinī mawṭinī

Translation

My homeland, my homeland,
The sword and the pen, not the talk nor the quarrel
Are our symbols, are our symbols.
Our glory and our covenant, and a faithful duty
Moves us, moves us.
Our glory, our glory,
Is an honorable cause, and a waving flag.
O, behold you, in your eminence,
Victorious over your enemies, victorious over your enemies.
My homeland, my homeland!

Calligraphy⁷

Extracted from Unit Two: Arabic Script and the Art of Calligraphy, Art of the Islamic World.
To access the full document, click here.

Kufic script^7-9

الخط الكوفي

Eponymous of the city of Kufa, Iraq.
Used in 3/4 - 13 c. CE.

Ar_Epi05

Qur'an (Koran) page with eleven lines of Kufic script in black ink on vellum recto and verso; vocalisations shown with red dots; traces of binding on the right. 9/10 c. CE. Iraq.
(Description - here)

Floriated Kufic^7,10

الكوفي المزهّر

Ar_Epi06

Arabic calligraphy pattern-sheet or template. 1939 CE. Zanzibar, Tanzania.
Floriated Kufic on the bottom and Naskh on the bottom.
(Translation and description - here)

Knotted/plaited Kufic^7,11

الكوفي المضفّر

Ar_Epi07

Qur'anic verses. 11-13 c. CE.
Floriated Kufic on the top and Thuluth on the bottom.
(Translation and description - here)

"New style" Kufic^7,12

Ar_Epi08

Tile, part of a tomb cover, made of fritware, with colours painted into the glaze and lustre painted over the glaze. 1250-1300 CE. Perhaps Kashan, Iran.
New style Kufic on the outer arch and top of inner arch. Naskh on the rest of the tile.
(Transcription, translation, and description - here)

Sqaure Kufic^7,13

خط كوفي مربع

Ar_Epi09

Jameh Mosque of Yazd, Yazd, Iran. 14.c. CE.
Square Kufic on the outer arch.
(Description - here)

Six pens (proportional scripts)

خطوط ستة

Naskh script^7,8,14

خط النسخ

Derived from the Arabic word "nasakha" (نَسَخَ), meaning "to copy". Often used in conjunction with Thuluth.
Developed in 10 c. CE and still used today.

Ar_Epi10

Eight-pointed star tile. Fritware (stonepaste), painted in blue, turquoise and lustre over an opaque white glaze. 13-14 c. CE. Kashan, Iran.
An inscription of Persian love poetry in Naskh decorates the border of the tile.
(Description - here)

Thuluth script^7,8,15

خط الثلث

Meaning "one-third" (of pen size used to write this) in Arabic. Often used in conjunction with Naskh.
Developed in 10 c. CE and still used today.

Ar_Epi11

Black basalt foundation inscription of a water structure. 1504/5 CE. Bengal, India.
(Transcription, transliteration, translation, and description - here)

Muhaqqaq script^7,8,16

خط المحقق

Meaning “fully-realised” and “strongly expressed” in Arabic. Often used in conjunction with Rayhani.
Used in 10 - 17 c. CE.

Ar_Epi12

Qur'an.
Arabic inscription of 11 lines of Muhaqqaq script with shamsas and a Nasta'liq gloss. c. 1501 - 1736 CE. India.
(Transcription and description - here)

Rayhani script^7,8,17

خط الريحان

Meaning “the aromatic plant basil” or “having a fragrance” in Arabic. Often used in conjunction with Muhaqqaq.
Developed in 10 c. CE and declined in 17 c. CE.

Ar_Epi13

Double page from a manuscript of the Qur’an (37:13-23; 73-86). 14 c. CE. Egypt or Syria.
(Description - here)

Tawqiʿ script^7,8,18

خط الإجازة

Derived from the Arabic verb "waqa’a" (وَقَّعَ), meaning "to sign". Often used in conjunction with Riqaʿ.
Used in 10-19 c. CE.

Ar_Epi14

Ar_Epi15

Qur'anic verses.
Larger horizontal Arabic text in Tawqi' and smaller diagonal Persian translations are in Naskh. 14 c. CE. Iran.
(Description - here)

Riqaʿ script^7,8,19

خط الرقعة

Derived from the Arabic noun "ruq’a" (رُقْعَة), meaning "a patch or piece of cloth". Often used in conjunction with Tawqiʿ.
Developed in 10 c. CE, now obselete.

Ar_Epi16

Folios from a painted manuscript. 15 c. CE. Iran.
(Description - here)

Regional variants

Nasta‘liq script^7,8,20

نستعليق

It is thought to be a portmanteau of “Naskh” and “Ta‘liq”.
Developed in 15 c. CE in Iran and still used today.

Ar_Epi17

6 lines of Nastaʿlíq script on an illuminated spiral blossom scroll ground on paper.
(Transliteration and description - here)

Ta‘liq script^7,8,21

تعلیق

Meaning “suspension,” or “hanging together” in Farsi.
Developed in 11 c. CE in and still used today.

Ar_Epi18

Page of calligraphy; text: Persian and Arabic in white, red, and black ta'liq script set against a blue ground embellished with gold floral motifs. Kamal al-Din Ikhtiyar. 1540-1550 CE. Herat, Afghanistan
(Description - here)

Shikaste script^7,8,22

شکسته

Meaning "broken" in Farsi.
Developed in 14 c. CE in and still used today.

Ar_Epi19

Page of Calligraphy. Abd al-Majid Taleqani. 1763 C.E. Iran.
(Description - here)

Diwani script^7,8,23,24

دِيوَانِيّ

Derived from the Ottoman Turkish noun "divan" (دیوان), meaning "council of state".
Developed in 16/17 c. CE in the Ottoman Empire.

Ar_Epi20

Page of Calligraphy. 1664/5 CE. Turkey.
(Description - here)

Sini script^7,8,25,26

ٱلْخَطُ ٱلصِّينِيُّ

Developed in China when many msulims migrated to China during the Yuan dynasty in 12-13 c. CE.

Ar_Epi21

Quran with Chinese translation recorded in both Sini and Chinese scripts.
(Description - here)

Keyboard²⁷

Ar_kb

Arabic keyboard on Gboard.

Script comparison^1,2,28-31

Writing Script		Head of ox		House plan		Throw stick		Nile tilapia			Man with arms raised				Pear shaped mace				Two diagonal strokes	Plan of rectangular enclosure		Heart and trachea		Arm with downward facing palm		Hand	Crook	Water ripple	Cobra	Reed column		Eye		Mouth	Rush with shoots			Cord on stick	Head	Bow						Crossed sticks
Egyptian Hieroglyphs	Logography 32 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 𓃾 Head of Ox Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ka		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 𓉐 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 𓌙 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 𓆛 Bulti fish Phonogram in for: int “bulti”			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 𓀠 Man with arms raised Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 𓌉 Pear shaped mace Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 𓏭 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6 𓉗 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 𓄤 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 𓂣 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 𓂧 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 𓋿 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 𓈖 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 𓆓 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 𓊽 Reed column Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/ Conventional Anglicisation: djed		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 𓁹 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 𓂋 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 𓇑 Rush with roots Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 𓎗 Cord on stick Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wedj	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 𓁶 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a 𓌓 Bow Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet						Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 𓏴 Crossed sticks Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”
Classical Nabataean	Abjad 2 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph × Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph 𐢁 𐢁𐢑𐢘 ʾ IPA: [ʔ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀). Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph (final) 𐢀 𐢁𐢑𐢘 ʾ IPA: [ʔ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).		Classical Nabataean letter Bēth × Classical Nabataean letter Bēth 𐢃 𐢃𐢞 b IPA: [b] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁). Classical Nabataean letter Bēth (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Bēth (final) 𐢂 𐢃𐢞 b IPA: [b] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).		Classical Nabataean letter Gāmal × Classical Nabataean letter Gāmal 𐢄 𐢄𐢓𐢐 g IPA: [ɡ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).		Classical Nabataean letter Dālath × Classical Nabataean letter Dālath 𐢅 𐢅𐢑𐢞 d IPA: [d] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).			Classical Nabataean letter Hē × Classical Nabataean letter Hē 𐢇 𐢇 h IPA: [h] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄). Classical Nabataean letter Hē (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Hē (final) 𐢆 𐢇 h IPA: [h] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).				Classical Nabataean letter Waw × Classical Nabataean letter Waw 𐢈 w IPA: [w] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).				Classical Nabataean letter Zain × Classical Nabataean letter Zain 𐢉 𐢉𐢍𐢔 z IPA: [z] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).	Classical Nabataean letter Khēth × Classical Nabataean letter Khēth 𐢊 𐢊𐢞 ḥ IPA: [ħ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).		Classical Nabataean letter Ṭēth × Classical Nabataean letter Ṭēth 𐢋 𐢋𐢞 ṭ IPA: [tˤ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).		Classical Nabataean letter Iodh × Classical Nabataean letter Iodh 𐢍 𐢍𐢅 y IPA: [j] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉). Classical Nabataean letter Iodh (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Iodh (final) 𐢌 𐢍𐢅 y IPA: [j] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).		Classical Nabataean letter Kāph × Classical Nabataean letter Kāph 𐢏 𐢏𐢘 k IPA: [k] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊). Classical Nabataean letter Kāph (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Kāph (final) 𐢎 𐢏𐢘 k IPA: [k] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).	Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh × Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh 𐢑 𐢑𐢓𐢅 l IPA: [l] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋). Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh (final) 𐢐 𐢑𐢓𐢅 l IPA: [l] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).	Classical Nabataean letter Mem × Classical Nabataean letter Mem 𐢓 𐢓𐢒 m IPA: [m] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌). Classical Nabataean letter Mem (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Mem (final) 𐢒 𐢓𐢒 m IPA: [m] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).	Classical Nabataean letter Nun × Classical Nabataean letter Nun 𐢕 𐢕𐢔 n IPA: [n] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍). Classical Nabataean letter Nun (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Nun (final) 𐢔 𐢕𐢔 n IPA: [n] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).	Classical Nabataean letter Semkath × Classical Nabataean letter Semkath 𐢖 𐢖𐢓𐢎 ś IPA: [s] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).		Classical Nabataean letter Ayin × Classical Nabataean letter Ayin 𐢗 𐢗𐢍𐢔 ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).		Classical Nabataean letter Pē × Classical Nabataean letter Pē 𐢘 𐢘 p IPA: [p] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).	Classical Nabataean letter Ṩādhē × Classical Nabataean letter Ṩādhē 𐢙 𐢙𐢅 ṣ IPA: [sˤ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).			Classical Nabataean letter Qoph × Classical Nabataean letter Qoph 𐢚 𐢚𐢘 q IPA: [q] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).	Classical Nabataean letter Rēš × Classical Nabataean letter Rēš 𐢛 𐢛𐢜 r IPA: [r] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).	Classical Nabataean letter Šīn × Classical Nabataean letter Šīn 𐢝 𐢝𐢔 š IPA: [ʃ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔). Classical Nabataean letter Šīn (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Šīn (final) 𐢜 𐢝𐢔 š IPA: [ʃ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).						Classical Nabataean letter Taw × Classical Nabataean letter Taw 𐢞 𐢞𐢈 t IPA: [t] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).
Late Nabataean	Abjad 3 c. CE - 5 c. CE	Late Nabataean letter Ālaph × Late Nabataean letter Ālaph ʾ IPA: [ʔ] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph (𐢁).		Late Nabataean letter Bēth × Late Nabataean letter Bēth b IPA: [b] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Bēth (𐢃).		Late Nabataean letter Gāmal × Late Nabataean letter Gāmal g IPA: [ɡ] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Gāmal (𐢄).		Late Nabataean letter Dālath × Late Nabataean letter Dālath d IPA: [d] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Dālath (𐢅).			Late Nabataean letter Hē × Late Nabataean letter Hē h IPA: [h] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Hē (𐢇). Late Nabataean letter Hē (final) × Late Nabataean letter Hē (final) h IPA: [h] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Hē (final) (𐢆).				Late Nabataean letter Waw × Late Nabataean letter Waw w IPA: [w] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Waw (𐢈).				Late Nabataean letter Zain × Late Nabataean letter Zain z IPA: [z] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Zain (𐢉).	Late Nabataean letter Khēth × Late Nabataean letter Khēth ḥ IPA: [ħ] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Khēth (𐢊).		Late Nabataean letter Ṭēth × Late Nabataean letter Ṭēth ṭ IPA: [tˤ] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Ṭēth (𐢋).		Late Nabataean letter Iodh × Late Nabataean letter Iodh y IPA: [j] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Iodh (𐢍). Late Nabataean letter Iodh (final) × Late Nabataean letter Iodh (final) y IPA: [j] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Iodh (final) (𐢌).		Late Nabataean letter Kāph × Late Nabataean letter Kāph k IPA: [k] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Kāph (𐢏).	Late Nabataean letter Lāmadh × Late Nabataean letter Lāmadh l IPA: [l] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh (𐢑).	Late Nabataean letter Mem × Late Nabataean letter Mem m IPA: [m] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Mem (𐢓).	Late Nabataean letter Nun × Late Nabataean letter Nun n IPA: [n] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Nun (𐢕).	Late Nabataean letter Semkath × Late Nabataean letter Semkath ś IPA: [s] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Semkath (𐢖).		Late Nabataean letter Ayin × Late Nabataean letter Ayin ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Ayin (𐢗).		Late Nabataean letter Pē × Late Nabataean letter Pē p IPA: [p] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Pē (𐢘).	Late Nabataean letter Ṩādhē × Late Nabataean letter Ṩādhē ṣ IPA: [sˤ] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Ṩādhē (𐢙).			Late Nabataean letter Qoph × Late Nabataean letter Qoph q IPA: [q] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Qoph (𐢚).	Late Nabataean letter Rēš × Late Nabataean letter Rēš r IPA: [r] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Rēš (𐢛).	Late Nabataean letter Šīn × Late Nabataean letter Šīn š IPA: [ʃ] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Šīn (𐢝).						Late Nabataean letter Taw × Late Nabataean letter Taw t IPA: [t] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Taw (𐢞).
Arabic	Abjad 4 c. CE - Present	Arabic letter ʾalif × Arabic letter ʾalif ا أَلِف ʾ IPA: /aː/, /ʔ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ālaph. Numerical value: 1		Arabic letter Bāʾ × Arabic letter Bāʾ ب بَاء b IPA: /b/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Bēth. Numerical value: 2		Arabic letter Jīm × Arabic letter Jīm ج جِيم j IPA: /d͡ʒ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Gāmal. Numerical value: 3		Arabic letter Dāl × Arabic letter Dāl د دَال d IPA: /d/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Dālath. Numerical value: 4			Arabic letter Hāʾ × Arabic letter Hāʾ ه هَاء h IPA: /h/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Hē. Numerical value: 5				Arabic letter Wāw × Arabic letter Wāw و وَاو w IPA: /w/, /uː/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Waw. Numerical value: 6				Arabic letter Zāy × Arabic letter Zāy ز زَاي z IPA: /z/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Zain. Numerical value: 7	Arabic letter Ḥāʾ × Arabic letter Ḥāʾ ح حَاء ḥ IPA: /ħ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Khēth. Numerical value: 8		Arabic letter Ṭāʾ × Arabic letter Ṭāʾ ط طَاء ṭ IPA: /tˤ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ṭēth. Numerical value: 9		Arabic letter Yāʾ × Arabic letter Yāʾ ي يَاء y IPA: /j/, /iː/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Iodh. Numerical value: 10		Arabic letter Kāf × Arabic letter Kāf ك كَاف k IPA: /k/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Kāph. Numerical value: 20	Arabic letter Lām × Arabic letter Lām ل لاَم l IPA: /l/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Lāmadh. Numerical value: 30	Arabic letter Mīm × Arabic letter Mīm م مِيم m IPA: /m/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Mem. Numerical value: 40	Arabic letter Nūn × Arabic letter Nūn ن نُون n IPA: /n/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Nun. Numerical value: 50			Arabic letter ʿayn × Arabic letter ʿayn ع عَيْن ʿ IPA: /ʕ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ayin. Numerical value: 70		Arabic letter Fāʾ × Arabic letter Fāʾ ف فَاء f IPA: /f/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Pē. Numerical value: 80	Arabic letter Ṣād × Arabic letter Ṣād ص صَاد ṣ IPA: /sˤ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ṩādhē. Numerical value: 90			Arabic letter Qāf × Arabic letter Qāf ق قَاف q IPA: /q/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Qoph. Numerical value: 100	Arabic letter Rāʾ × Arabic letter Rāʾ ر رَاء r IPA: /r/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Rēš. Numerical value: 200	Arabic letter Sīn × Arabic letter Sīn س سِين s IPA: /s/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Šīn. Numerical value: 60						Arabic letter Tāʾ × Arabic letter Tāʾ ت تَاء t IPA: /t/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Taw. Numerical value: 400

Lineage^1,28-36

Egyptian Hieroglyphs
↳Hieratic Egyptian
↳Proto-Sinaitic
↳Phoenician
↳Imperial Aramaic
↳Classical Nabataean
↳Late Nabataean
↳Arabic

Arab

Commission artwork by Camiblux (Fiverr page - here)

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