Arabic

كتابة عربية

Abjad¹
4 c. CE - Present¹

Right-to-left¹

Languages¹

Arabic, Berber languages, Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, Balochi, Urdu, Sindhi, Kashmiri, Moplah, Sulu, Malagasy, Malay, Karaite, Uyghur, etc.

Places¹

Middle East, North Africa, Horn of Africa, Indian subcontinent, East Turkistan, and South East Asia.

Abecedary²

Order used in modern dictionaries and other reference books. Letters are grouped based on similarity in shape.

Arabic letter ʾalif × Arabic letter ʾalif ا أَلِف ʾ IPA: /aː/, /ʔ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ālaph. Numerical value: 1	Arabic letter Bāʾ × Arabic letter Bāʾ ب بَاء b IPA: /b/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Bēth. Numerical value: 2	Arabic letter Tāʾ × Arabic letter Tāʾ ت تَاء t IPA: /t/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Taw. Numerical value: 400	Arabic letter Thāʾ × Arabic letter Thāʾ ث ثَاء th IPA: /θ/ Derived from Arabic letter Tāʾ (ت). Numerical value: 500	Arabic letter Jīm × Arabic letter Jīm ج جِيم j IPA: /d͡ʒ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Gāmal. Numerical value: 3
Arabic letter Ḥāʾ × Arabic letter Ḥāʾ ح حَاء ḥ IPA: /ħ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Khēth. Numerical value: 8	Arabic letter Khāʾ × Arabic letter Khāʾ خ خَاء kh IPA: /x/ Derived from Arabic letter Ḥāʾ (ح). Numerical value: 600	Arabic letter Dāl × Arabic letter Dāl د دَال d IPA: /d/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Dālath. Numerical value: 4	Arabic letter Dhāl × Arabic letter Dhāl ذ ذَال dh IPA: /ð/ Derived from Arabic letter Dāl (د). Numerical value: 700	Arabic letter Rāʾ × Arabic letter Rāʾ ر رَاء r IPA: /r/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Rēš. Numerical value: 200
Arabic letter Zāy × Arabic letter Zāy ز زَاي z IPA: /z/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Zain. Numerical value: 7	Arabic letter Sīn × Arabic letter Sīn س سِين s IPA: /s/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Šīn. Numerical value: 60	Arabic letter Shīn × Arabic letter Shīn ش شِين sh IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Arabic letter Sīn (س). Numerical value: 300	Arabic letter Ṣād × Arabic letter Ṣād ص صَاد ṣ IPA: /sˤ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ṩādhē. Numerical value: 90	Arabic letter Ḍād × Arabic letter Ḍād ض ضَاد ḍ IPA: /dˤ/ Derived from Arabic letter Ṣād (ص). Numerical value: 800
Arabic letter Ṭāʾ × Arabic letter Ṭāʾ ط طَاء ṭ IPA: /tˤ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ṭēth. Numerical value: 9	Arabic letter Ẓāʾ × Arabic letter Ẓāʾ ظ ظَاء ẓ IPA: /ðˤ/ Derived from Arabic letter Ṭāʾ (ط). Numerical value: 900	Arabic letter ʿayn × Arabic letter ʿayn ع عَيْن ʿ IPA: /ʕ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ayin. Numerical value: 700	Arabic letter Ghayn × Arabic letter Ghayn غ غَيْن gh IPA: /ɣ/ Derived from Arabic letter ʿayn (ع). Numerical value: 1000	Arabic letter Fāʾ × Arabic letter Fāʾ ف فَاء f IPA: /f/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Pē. Numerical value: 80
Arabic letter Qāf × Arabic letter Qāf ق قَاف q IPA: /q/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Qoph. Numerical value: 100	Arabic letter Kāf × Arabic letter Kāf ك كَاف k IPA: /k/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Kāph. Numerical value: 20	Arabic letter Lām × Arabic letter Lām ل لاَم l IPA: /l/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Lāmadh. Numerical value: 30	Arabic letter Mīm × Arabic letter Mīm م مِيم m IPA: /m/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Mem. Numerical value: 40	Arabic letter Nūn × Arabic letter Nūn ن نُون n IPA: /n/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Nun. Numerical value: 50
Arabic letter Hāʾ × Arabic letter Hāʾ ه هَاء h IPA: /h/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Hē. Numerical value: 5	Arabic letter Wāw × Arabic letter Wāw و وَاو w IPA: /w/, /uː/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Waw. Numerical value: 6	Arabic letter Yāʾ × Arabic letter Yāʾ ي يَاء y IPA: /j/, /iː/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Iodh. Numerical value: 10	Arabic letter Hamzah × Arabic letter Hamzah ء هَمْزة ʔ IPA: /ʔ/ Derived from Arabic letter ʿayn (ع‎). Used in medial and final positions as an unlinked letter.

Order follows the earlier north Semitic alphabetic order with additional Arabic letters.

Arabic letter ʾalif × Arabic letter ʾalif ا أَلِف ʾ IPA: /aː/, /ʔ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ālaph. Numerical value: 1	Arabic letter Bāʾ × Arabic letter Bāʾ ب بَاء b IPA: /b/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Bēth. Numerical value: 2	Arabic letter Jīm × Arabic letter Jīm ج جِيم j IPA: /d͡ʒ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Gāmal. Numerical value: 3	Arabic letter Dāl × Arabic letter Dāl د دَال d IPA: /d/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Dālath. Numerical value: 4	Arabic letter Hāʾ × Arabic letter Hāʾ ه هَاء h IPA: /h/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Hē. Numerical value: 5
Arabic letter Wāw × Arabic letter Wāw و وَاو w IPA: /w/, /uː/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Waw. Numerical value: 6	Arabic letter Zāy × Arabic letter Zāy ز زَاي z IPA: /z/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Zain. Numerical value: 7	Arabic letter Ḥāʾ × Arabic letter Ḥāʾ ح حَاء ḥ IPA: /ħ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Khēth. Numerical value: 8	Arabic letter Ṭāʾ × Arabic letter Ṭāʾ ط طَاء ṭ IPA: /tˤ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ṭēth. Numerical value: 9	Arabic letter Yāʾ × Arabic letter Yāʾ ي يَاء y IPA: /j/, /iː/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Iodh. Numerical value: 10
Arabic letter Kāf × Arabic letter Kāf ك كَاف k IPA: /k/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Kāph. Numerical value: 20	Arabic letter Lām × Arabic letter Lām ل لاَم l IPA: /l/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Lāmadh. Numerical value: 30	Arabic letter Mīm × Arabic letter Mīm م مِيم m IPA: /m/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Mem. Numerical value: 40	Arabic letter Nūn × Arabic letter Nūn ن نُون n IPA: /n/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Nun. Numerical value: 50	Arabic letter Sīn × Arabic letter Sīn س سِين s IPA: /s/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Šīn. Numerical value: 60
Arabic letter ʿayn × Arabic letter ʿayn ع عَيْن ʿ IPA: /ʕ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ayin. Numerical value: 70	Arabic letter Fāʾ × Arabic letter Fāʾ ف فَاء f IPA: /f/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Pē. Numerical value: 80	Arabic letter Ṣād × Arabic letter Ṣād ص صَاد ṣ IPA: /sˤ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ṩādhē. Numerical value: 90	Arabic letter Qāf × Arabic letter Qāf ق قَاف q IPA: /q/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Qoph. Numerical value: 100	Arabic letter Rāʾ × Arabic letter Rāʾ ر رَاء r IPA: /r/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Rēš. Numerical value: 200
Arabic letter Shīn × Arabic letter Shīn ش شِين sh IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Arabic letter Sīn (س). Numerical value: 300	Arabic letter Tāʾ × Arabic letter Tāʾ ت تَاء t IPA: /t/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Taw. Numerical value: 400	Arabic letter Thāʾ × Arabic letter Thāʾ ث ثَاء th IPA: /θ/ Derived from Arabic letter Tāʾ (ت). Numerical value: 500	Arabic letter Khāʾ × Arabic letter Khāʾ خ خَاء kh IPA: /x/ Derived from Arabic letter Ḥāʾ (ح). Numerical value: 600	Arabic letter Dhāl × Arabic letter Dhāl ذ ذَال dh IPA: /ð/ Derived from Arabic letter Dāl (د). Numerical value: 700
Arabic letter Ḍād × Arabic letter Ḍād ض ضَاد ḍ IPA: /dˤ/ Derived from Arabic letter Ṣād (ص). Numerical value: 800	Arabic letter Ẓāʾ × Arabic letter Ẓāʾ ظ ظَاء ẓ IPA: /ðˤ/ Derived from Arabic letter Ṭāʾ (ط). Numerical value: 900	Arabic letter Ghayn × Arabic letter Ghayn غ غَيْن gh IPA: /ɣ/ Derived from Arabic letter ʿayn (ع). Numerical value: 1000	Arabic letter Hamzah × Arabic letter Hamzah ء هَمْزة ʔ IPA: /ʔ/ Derived from Arabic letter ʿayn (ع‎). Used in medial and final positions as an unlinked letter.

Contextual forms²

Isolated

Arabic letter ʾalif (isolated/initial)

Arabic letter Bāʾ (isolated)

Arabic letter Tāʾ (isolated)

Arabic letter Thāʾ (isolated)

Arabic letter Jīm (isolated)

Arabic letter Ḥāʾ (isolated)

Arabic letter Khāʾ (isolated)

Arabic letter Dāl (isolated/initial)

Arabic letter Dhāl (isolated/initial)

Arabic letter Rāʾ (isolated/initial)

Arabic letter Zāy (isolated/initial)

Arabic letter Sīn (isolated)

Arabic letter Shīn (isolated)

Arabic letter Ṣād (isolated)

Arabic letter Ḍād (isolated)

Arabic letter Ṭāʾ (isolated)

Arabic letter Ẓāʾ (isolated)

Arabic letter ʿayn (isolated)

Arabic letter Ghayn (isolated)

Arabic letter Fāʾ (isolated)

Arabic letter Qāf (isolated)

Arabic letter Kāf (isolated)

Arabic letter Lām (isolated)

Arabic letter Mīm (isolated)

Arabic letter Nūn (isolated)

Arabic letter Hāʾ (isolated)

Arabic letter Wāw (isolated/initial)

Arabic letter Yāʾ (isolated)

Initial

Arabic letter Bāʾ (initial)

Arabic letter Tāʾ (initial)

Arabic letter Thāʾ (initial)

Arabic letter Jīm (initial)

Arabic letter Ḥāʾ (initial)

Arabic letter Khāʾ (initial)

Arabic letter Sīn (initial)

Arabic letter Shīn (initial)

Arabic letter Ṣād (initial)

Arabic letter Ḍād (initial)

Arabic letter Ṭāʾ (initial)

Arabic letter Ẓāʾ (initial)

Arabic letter ʿayn (initial)

Arabic letter Ghayn (initial)

Arabic letter Fāʾ (initial)

Arabic letter Qāf (initial)

Arabic letter Kāf (initial)

Arabic letter Lām (initial)

Arabic letter Mīm (initial)

Arabic letter Nūn (initial)

Arabic letter Hāʾ (initial)

Arabic letter Yāʾ (initial)

Medial

Arabic letter ʾalif (medial/final)

Arabic letter Bāʾ (medial)

Arabic letter Tāʾ (medial)

Arabic letter Thāʾ (medial)

Arabic letter Jīm (medial)

Arabic letter Ḥāʾ (medial)

Arabic letter Khāʾ (medial)

Arabic letter Dāl (medial/final)

Arabic letter Dhāl (medial/final)

Arabic letter Rāʾ (medial/final)

Arabic letter Zāy (medial/final)

Arabic letter Sīn (medial)

Arabic letter Shīn (medial)

Arabic letter Ṣād (medial)

Arabic letter Ḍād (medial)

Arabic letter Ṭāʾ (medial)

Arabic letter Ẓāʾ(medial)

Arabic letter ʿayn (medial)

Arabic letter Ghayn (medial)

Arabic letter Fāʾ (medial)

Arabic letter Qāf (medial)

Arabic letter Kāf (medial)

Arabic letter Lām (medial)

Arabic letter Mīm (medial)

Arabic letter Nūn (medial)

Arabic letter Hā (medial)

Arabic letter Wāw (medial/final)

Arabic letter Yāʾ (medial)

Final

Arabic letter Bāʾ (final)

Arabic letter Tāʾ (final)

Arabic letter Thāʾ (final)

Arabic letter Jīm (final)

Arabic letter Ḥāʾ (final)

Arabic letter Khāʾ (final)

Arabic letter Sīn (final)

Arabic letter Shīn (final)

Arabic letter Ṣād (final)

Arabic letter Ḍād (final)

Arabic letter Ṭāʾ (final)

Arabic letter Ẓāʾ(final)

Arabic letter ʿayn (final)

Arabic letter Ghayn (final)

Arabic letter Fāʾ (final)

Arabic letter Qāf (final)

Arabic letter Kāf (final)

Arabic letter Lām (final)

Arabic letter Mīm (final)

Arabic letter Nūn (final)

Arabic letter Hāʾ (final)

Arabic letter Yāʾ (final)

Ligatures

Arabic ligature Lām-ʾalif (medial/final)

Arabic ligature Lām-ʾalif (isolated/initial)

=

Arabic letter ʾalif

+

Arabic letter Lām

Diacritics

Often omitted in day to day use.

Ḥarakāt حَرَكَات

Short vowel marks

Arabic diacritic Fat-ḥah

Arabic diacritic Kasrah

Arabic diacritic Ḍammah

Sukūn سُكُونْ

Indicates that the consonant to which it is attached is not followed by a vowel.

Arabic letter Bāʾ

Arabic letter Bāʾ sukūn

Shaddah شَدَّة

Indicates that the consonant is meant to be doubled.

Arabic letter Bāʾ

Arabic letter Bāʾ with shaddah

Stylistic variations³

Naskh

خط النسخ

Naskh Arabic letter ʾalif

Naskh Arabic letter Bāʾ

Naskh Arabic letter Tāʾ

Naskh Arabic letter Thāʾ

Naskh Arabic letter Jīm

Naskh Arabic letter Ḥāʾ

Naskh Arabic letter Khāʾ

Naskh Arabic letter Dāl

Naskh Arabic letter Dhāl

Naskh Arabic letter Rāʾ

Naskh Arabic letter Zāy

Naskh Arabic letter Sīn

Naskh Arabic letter Shīn

Naskh Arabic letter Ṣād

Naskh Arabic letter Ḍād

Naskh Arabic letter Ṭāʾ

Naskh Arabic letter Ẓāʾ

Naskh Arabic letter ʿayn

Naskh Arabic letter Ghayn

Naskh Arabic letter Fāʾ

Naskh Arabic letter Qāf

Naskh Arabic letter Kāf

Naskh Arabic letter Lām

Naskh Arabic letter Mīm

Naskh Arabic letter Nūn

Naskh Arabic letter Hāʾ

Naskh Arabic letter Wāw

Naskh Arabic letter Yāʾ

Kufic

الخط الكوفي

Kufic Arabic letter ʾalif

Kufic Arabic letter Bāʾ

Kufic Arabic letter Tāʾ

Kufic Arabic letter Thāʾ

Kufic Arabic letter Jīm

Kufic Arabic letter Ḥāʾ

Kufic Arabic letter Khāʾ

Kufic Arabic letter Dāl

Kufic Arabic letter Dhāl

Kufic Arabic letter Rāʾ

Kufic Arabic letter Zāy

Kufic Arabic letter Sīn

Kufic Arabic letter Shīn

Kufic Arabic letter Ṣād

Kufic Arabic letter Ḍād

Kufic Arabic letter Ṭāʾ

Kufic Arabic letter Ẓāʾ

Kufic Arabic letter ʿayn

Kufic Arabic letter Ghayn

Kufic Arabic letter Fāʾ

Kufic Arabic letter Qāf

Kufic Arabic letter Kāf

Kufic Arabic letter Lām

Kufic Arabic letter Mīm

Kufic Arabic letter Nūn

Kufic Arabic letter Hāʾ

Kufic Arabic letter Wāw

Kufic Arabic letter Yāʾ

Nastaliq

نستعليق

Nastaliq Arabic letter ʾalif

Nastaliq Arabic letter Bāʾ

Nastaliq Arabic letter Tāʾ

Nastaliq Arabic letter Thāʾ

Nastaliq Arabic letter Jīm

Nastaliq Arabic letter Ḥāʾ

Nastaliq Arabic letter Khāʾ

Nastaliq Arabic letter Dāl

Nastaliq Arabic letter Dhāl

Nastaliq Arabic letter Rāʾ

Nastaliq Arabic letter Zāy

Nastaliq Arabic letter Sīn

Nastaliq Arabic letter Shīn

Nastaliq Arabic letter Ṣād

Nastaliq Arabic letter Ḍād

Nastaliq Arabic letter Ṭāʾ

Nastaliq Arabic letter Ẓāʾ

Nastaliq Arabic letter ʿayn

Nastaliq Arabic letter Ghayn

Nastaliq Arabic letter Fāʾ

Nastaliq Arabic letter Qāf

Nastaliq Arabic letter Kāf

Nastaliq Arabic letter Lām

Nastaliq Arabic letter Mīm

Nastaliq Arabic letter Nūn

Nastaliq Arabic letter Hāʾ

Nastaliq Arabic letter Wāw

Nastaliq Arabic letter Yāʾ

Lineage^1,26-34

Egyptian Hieroglyphs
↳Hieratic Egyptian
↳Proto-Sinaitic
↳Phoenician
↳Imperial Aramaic
↳Classical Nabataean
↳Late Nabataean
↳Arabic

Commission artwork by Camiblux (Fiverr page - here)

Writing Script		Head of ox	House plan	Throw stick	Nile tilapia	Man with arms raised	Pear shaped mace	Two diagonal strokes	Plan of rectangular enclosure	Heart and trachea	Arm with downward facing palm	Hand	Crook	Water ripple	Cobra	Reed column	Eye	Mouth	Rush with shoots	Cord on stick	Head	Bow	Crossed sticks
Egyptian Hieroglyphs	Logography 32 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 𓃾 Head of Ox Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ka	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 𓉐 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 𓌙 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 𓆛 Bulti fish Phonogram in for: int “bulti”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 𓀠 Man with arms raised Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 𓌉 Pear shaped mace Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 𓏭 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6 𓉗 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 𓄤 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 𓂣 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 𓂧 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 𓋿 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 𓈖 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 𓆓 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 𓊽 Reed column Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/ Conventional Anglicisation: djed	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 𓁹 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 𓂋 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 𓇑 Rush with roots Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 𓎗 Cord on stick Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wedj	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 𓁶 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a 𓌓 Bow Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 𓏴 Crossed sticks Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”
Classical Nabataean	Abjad 2 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph × Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph 𐢁 𐢁𐢑𐢘 ʾ IPA: [ʔ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀). Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph (final) 𐢀 𐢁𐢑𐢘 ʾ IPA: [ʔ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).	Classical Nabataean letter Bēth × Classical Nabataean letter Bēth 𐢃 𐢃𐢞 b IPA: [b] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁). Classical Nabataean letter Bēth (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Bēth (final) 𐢂 𐢃𐢞 b IPA: [b] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).	Classical Nabataean letter Gāmal × Classical Nabataean letter Gāmal 𐢄 𐢄𐢓𐢐 g IPA: [ɡ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).	Classical Nabataean letter Dālath × Classical Nabataean letter Dālath 𐢅 𐢅𐢑𐢞 d IPA: [d] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).	Classical Nabataean letter Hē × Classical Nabataean letter Hē 𐢇 𐢇 h IPA: [h] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄). Classical Nabataean letter Hē (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Hē (final) 𐢆 𐢇 h IPA: [h] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).	Classical Nabataean letter Waw × Classical Nabataean letter Waw 𐢈 w IPA: [w] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).	Classical Nabataean letter Zain × Classical Nabataean letter Zain 𐢉 𐢉𐢍𐢔 z IPA: [z] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).	Classical Nabataean letter Khēth × Classical Nabataean letter Khēth 𐢊 𐢊𐢞 ḥ IPA: [ħ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).	Classical Nabataean letter Ṭēth × Classical Nabataean letter Ṭēth 𐢋 𐢋𐢞 ṭ IPA: [tˤ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).	Classical Nabataean letter Iodh × Classical Nabataean letter Iodh 𐢍 𐢍𐢅 y IPA: [j] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉). Classical Nabataean letter Iodh (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Iodh (final) 𐢌 𐢍𐢅 y IPA: [j] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).	Classical Nabataean letter Kāph × Classical Nabataean letter Kāph 𐢏 𐢏𐢘 k IPA: [k] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊). Classical Nabataean letter Kāph (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Kāph (final) 𐢎 𐢏𐢘 k IPA: [k] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).	Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh × Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh 𐢑 𐢑𐢓𐢅 l IPA: [l] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋). Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh (final) 𐢐 𐢑𐢓𐢅 l IPA: [l] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).	Classical Nabataean letter Mem × Classical Nabataean letter Mem 𐢓 𐢓𐢒 m IPA: [m] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌). Classical Nabataean letter Mem (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Mem (final) 𐢒 𐢓𐢒 m IPA: [m] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).	Classical Nabataean letter Nun × Classical Nabataean letter Nun 𐢕 𐢕𐢔 n IPA: [n] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍). Classical Nabataean letter Nun (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Nun (final) 𐢔 𐢕𐢔 n IPA: [n] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).	Classical Nabataean letter Semkath × Classical Nabataean letter Semkath 𐢖 𐢖𐢓𐢎 ś IPA: [s] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).	Classical Nabataean letter Ayin × Classical Nabataean letter Ayin 𐢗 𐢗𐢍𐢔 ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).	Classical Nabataean letter Pē × Classical Nabataean letter Pē 𐢘 𐢘 p IPA: [p] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).	Classical Nabataean letter Ṩādhē × Classical Nabataean letter Ṩādhē 𐢙 𐢙𐢅 ṣ IPA: [sˤ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).	Classical Nabataean letter Qoph × Classical Nabataean letter Qoph 𐢚 𐢚𐢘 q IPA: [q] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).	Classical Nabataean letter Rēš × Classical Nabataean letter Rēš 𐢛 𐢛𐢜 r IPA: [r] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).	Classical Nabataean letter Šīn × Classical Nabataean letter Šīn 𐢝 𐢝𐢔 š IPA: [ʃ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔). Classical Nabataean letter Šīn (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Šīn (final) 𐢜 𐢝𐢔 š IPA: [ʃ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).	Classical Nabataean letter Taw × Classical Nabataean letter Taw 𐢞 𐢞𐢈 t IPA: [t] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).
Late Nabataean	Abjad 3 c. CE - 5 c. CE	Late Nabataean letter Ālaph × Late Nabataean letter Ālaph ʾ IPA: [ʔ] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph (𐢁).	Late Nabataean letter Bēth × Late Nabataean letter Bēth b IPA: [b] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Bēth (𐢃).	Late Nabataean letter Gāmal × Late Nabataean letter Gāmal g IPA: [ɡ] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Gāmal (𐢄).	Late Nabataean letter Dālath × Late Nabataean letter Dālath d IPA: [d] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Dālath (𐢅).	Late Nabataean letter Hē × Late Nabataean letter Hē h IPA: [h] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Hē (𐢇). Late Nabataean letter Hē (final) × Late Nabataean letter Hē (final) h IPA: [h] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Hē (final) (𐢆).	Late Nabataean letter Waw × Late Nabataean letter Waw w IPA: [w] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Waw (𐢈).	Late Nabataean letter Zain × Late Nabataean letter Zain z IPA: [z] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Zain (𐢉).	Late Nabataean letter Khēth × Late Nabataean letter Khēth ḥ IPA: [ħ] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Khēth (𐢊).	Late Nabataean letter Ṭēth × Late Nabataean letter Ṭēth ṭ IPA: [tˤ] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Ṭēth (𐢋).	Late Nabataean letter Iodh × Late Nabataean letter Iodh y IPA: [j] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Iodh (𐢍). Late Nabataean letter Iodh (final) × Late Nabataean letter Iodh (final) y IPA: [j] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Iodh (final) (𐢌).	Late Nabataean letter Kāph × Late Nabataean letter Kāph k IPA: [k] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Kāph (𐢏).	Late Nabataean letter Lāmadh × Late Nabataean letter Lāmadh l IPA: [l] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh (𐢑).	Late Nabataean letter Mem × Late Nabataean letter Mem m IPA: [m] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Mem (𐢓).	Late Nabataean letter Nun × Late Nabataean letter Nun n IPA: [n] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Nun (𐢕).	Late Nabataean letter Semkath × Late Nabataean letter Semkath ś IPA: [s] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Semkath (𐢖).	Late Nabataean letter Ayin × Late Nabataean letter Ayin ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Ayin (𐢗).	Late Nabataean letter Pē × Late Nabataean letter Pē p IPA: [p] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Pē (𐢘).	Late Nabataean letter Ṩādhē × Late Nabataean letter Ṩādhē ṣ IPA: [sˤ] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Ṩādhē (𐢙).	Late Nabataean letter Qoph × Late Nabataean letter Qoph q IPA: [q] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Qoph (𐢚).	Late Nabataean letter Rēš × Late Nabataean letter Rēš r IPA: [r] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Rēš (𐢛).	Late Nabataean letter Šīn × Late Nabataean letter Šīn š IPA: [ʃ] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Šīn (𐢝).	Late Nabataean letter Taw × Late Nabataean letter Taw t IPA: [t] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Taw (𐢞).
Arabic	Abjad 4 c. CE - Present	Arabic letter ʾalif × Arabic letter ʾalif ا أَلِف ʾ IPA: /aː/, /ʔ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ālaph. Numerical value: 1	Arabic letter Bāʾ × Arabic letter Bāʾ ب بَاء b IPA: /b/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Bēth. Numerical value: 2	Arabic letter Jīm × Arabic letter Jīm ج جِيم j IPA: /d͡ʒ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Gāmal. Numerical value: 3	Arabic letter Dāl × Arabic letter Dāl د دَال d IPA: /d/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Dālath. Numerical value: 4	Arabic letter Hāʾ × Arabic letter Hāʾ ه هَاء h IPA: /h/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Hē. Numerical value: 5	Arabic letter Wāw × Arabic letter Wāw و وَاو w IPA: /w/, /uː/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Waw. Numerical value: 6	Arabic letter Zāy × Arabic letter Zāy ز زَاي z IPA: /z/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Zain. Numerical value: 7	Arabic letter Ḥāʾ × Arabic letter Ḥāʾ ح حَاء ḥ IPA: /ħ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Khēth. Numerical value: 8	Arabic letter Ṭāʾ × Arabic letter Ṭāʾ ط طَاء ṭ IPA: /tˤ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ṭēth. Numerical value: 9	Arabic letter Yāʾ × Arabic letter Yāʾ ي يَاء y IPA: /j/, /iː/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Iodh. Numerical value: 10	Arabic letter Kāf × Arabic letter Kāf ك كَاف k IPA: /k/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Kāph. Numerical value: 20	Arabic letter Lām × Arabic letter Lām ل لاَم l IPA: /l/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Lāmadh. Numerical value: 30	Arabic letter Mīm × Arabic letter Mīm م مِيم m IPA: /m/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Mem. Numerical value: 40	Arabic letter Nūn × Arabic letter Nūn ن نُون n IPA: /n/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Nun. Numerical value: 50		Arabic letter ʿayn × Arabic letter ʿayn ع عَيْن ʿ IPA: /ʕ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ayin. Numerical value: 70	Arabic letter Fāʾ × Arabic letter Fāʾ ف فَاء f IPA: /f/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Pē. Numerical value: 80	Arabic letter Ṣād × Arabic letter Ṣād ص صَاد ṣ IPA: /sˤ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ṩādhē. Numerical value: 90	Arabic letter Qāf × Arabic letter Qāf ق قَاف q IPA: /q/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Qoph. Numerical value: 100	Arabic letter Rāʾ × Arabic letter Rāʾ ر رَاء r IPA: /r/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Rēš. Numerical value: 200	Arabic letter Sīn × Arabic letter Sīn س سِين s IPA: /s/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Šīn. Numerical value: 60	Arabic letter Tāʾ × Arabic letter Tāʾ ت تَاء t IPA: /t/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Taw. Numerical value: 400

Arabic

كتابة عربية

Languages1

Places1

Abecedary2

Arabic letter ʾalif

ا

أَلِف

Arabic letter Bāʾ

ب

بَاء

Arabic letter Tāʾ

ت

تَاء

Arabic letter Thāʾ

ث

ثَاء

Arabic letter Jīm

ج

جِيم

Arabic letter Ḥāʾ

ح

حَاء

Arabic letter Khāʾ

خ

خَاء

Arabic letter Dāl

د

دَال

Arabic letter Dhāl

ذ

ذَال

Arabic letter Rāʾ

ر

رَاء

Arabic letter Zāy

ز

زَاي

Arabic letter Sīn

س

سِين

Arabic letter Shīn

ش

شِين

Arabic letter Ṣād

ص

صَاد

Arabic letter Ḍād

ض

ضَاد

Arabic letter Ṭāʾ

ط

طَاء

Arabic letter Ẓāʾ

ظ

ظَاء

Arabic letter ʿayn

ع

عَيْن

Arabic letter Ghayn

غ

غَيْن

Arabic letter Fāʾ

ف

فَاء

Arabic letter Qāf

ق

قَاف

Arabic letter Kāf

ك

كَاف

Arabic letter Lām

ل

لاَم

Arabic letter Mīm

م

مِيم

Arabic letter Nūn

ن

نُون

Languages¹

Places¹

Abecedary²