Egyptian

			House plan	Throw stick	Two diagonal strokes	Plan of rectangular enclosure	Heart and trachea	Arm with downward facing palm	Hand	Crook	Water ripple	Cobra	Eye	Wick	Mouth	Head	Pool with lilies	Horned viper	Lily plant	Elephant tusk & papyrus scroll	Fire drill	Basket with handle	Arm holding conical loaf & bread	Seated man	Two reeds	Lasso	Foot	Stool	Owl	Two rushes	Recumbent Lion	?Placenta	Ring stand	Door bolt	Goose	Sandy slope	Tethering rope	Reed shelter	Sandal strap
Egyptian Hieroglyphs			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 𓉐 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 𓌙 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 𓏭 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6 𓉗 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 𓄤 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 𓂣 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 𓂧 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 𓋿 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 𓈖 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 𓆓 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 𓁹 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28 𓎛 Wick Phonogram ḥ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 𓂋 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 𓁶 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M8 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M8 𓆷 Pool with lilies Phonogram šꜣ for: šꜣ “marsh” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ʃɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: sha Ideogram for: ꜣḫt “Inundation” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑxɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: akhet	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I9 𓆑 Horned viper Phonogram f Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /f/ Determinative in: it “father”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M12 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M12 𓆼 Lily plant Phonogram ḫꜣ, for: ḫꜣ “1,000” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /xɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: kha	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F18 & Y1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F18 𓄑 Tusk of elephant Phonogram bḥ or ḥw Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth” Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Y1 𓏛 Papyrus scroll Phonogram mḏꜣt Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth” Ideogram for: mḏꜣt “paypyrus roll, book” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛd͡ʒɑt/ Conventional Anglicisation: medjat Determinative for: rḫ “know” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛx/ Conventional Anglicisation: rekh	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. U29 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. U29 𓍒 Fire drill (Variation of Gardiner No. U28) Phonogram ḏꜣ for: ꜥnḫ.(w) (w)ḏꜣ snb “may he live, be prosperous, be healthy” Conventional Anglicisation: ankh wedja seneb	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V31 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V31 𓎡 Basket with handle Phonogram k Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /k/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D37 & X1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D37 𓂞 Arm holding conical loaf Phonogram dj for: rḏj “give” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈcʼiːjit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈtʼiːjiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾə)ˈtʼiːʔəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼiːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛd͡ʒi/ Conventional Anglicisation: redji Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. X1 𓏏 Small bread loaf Phonogram t Ideogram for: t “bread” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /t/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /t/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A1 𓀀 Seated man Determinative for: z “man” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /zuʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /suʀ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /suʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /søʔ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M17A × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M17A 𓇌 Two reeds Phonogram y	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V4 𓍯 Lasso Phonogram wꜣ for: wꜣḥ ”endure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈwaːʀaħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈwaːʀaħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈwoːʔəħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɑħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wah	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D58 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D58 𓃀 Foot Phonogram b Ideogram for: bw “place” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /buː/ Conventional Anglicisation: bu	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Q3 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Q3 𓊪 Stool Phonogram p	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. G17 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. G17 𓅓 Owl Phonogram m	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22A × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22A 𓇒 Two rushes Phonogram nn	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. E23 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. E23 𓃭 Recumbent Lion Phonogram rw Determinative or ideogram for: rw “lion” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ruː/ Conventional Anglicisation: ru	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Aa1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Aa1 𓐍 ?Placenta Phonogram ḫ	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. W11 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. W11 𓎼 Ring stand Phonogram g Determinative or ideogram for: nst “throne” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛsɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nest	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O34 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O34 𓊃 Door bolt Phonogram s for: s “bolt” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /zɛ/, /zɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ze, za	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. G38 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. G38 𓅬 Goose Phonogram gb for: gbb “Geb (the god)” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈkʼuːbab/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈkʼuːbab/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kʼeːβ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɡɛbɛb/ Conventional Anglicisation: gebeb Determinative for: ḥtm “perish” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħɛtɛm/ Conventional Anglicisation: hetem	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N29 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. E29 𓈎 Sandy slope Phonogram q	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V13 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V13 𓍿 Tethering rope Phonogram ṯ	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O4 𓉔 Reed shelter Phonogram h	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S34 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S34 𓋹 Sandal strap Phonogram ꜥnḫ ʿnḫ “live” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʕaːnaχ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʕaːnaχ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʕaːnəχ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʕoːnəχ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːnx/ Conventional Anglicisation: ankh
Hieratic Egyptian	Old Kingdom	Dynasty III 2686 - 2613 BCE	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O1	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. T14	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Z4	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. 06	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F35	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D46	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D4	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12		Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V31	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37 & X1	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. A1	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M17A	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V4	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D58	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Q3	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. G17	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M22A		Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Aa1	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. W11	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O34	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. G38	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N29	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V13	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O4	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S34
		Dynasty IV 2613 - 2498 BCE
		Dynasty V 2498 - 2345 BCE
		Dynasty VI 2345 - 2181 BCE
	First Intermediate Period	Dynasty VII ?ca. 2181 BCE
		Dynasty VIII 2181–2160 BCE
		Dynasty IX  2160 - 2130 BCE
		Dynasty X 2130 - 2040 BCE
		Early Dynasty XI 2134 - 2061
	Middle Kingdom	Late Dynasty XI 2061 - 1991 BCE						Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D46	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10		Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21		Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12		Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V31	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37 & X1	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. A1	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M17A		Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D58	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Q3	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. G17			Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Aa1	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. W11	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O34		Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N29	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V13	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O4
		Dynasty XII 1991 - 1803 BCE	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O1			Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. 06	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F35						Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D4			Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21										Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V4				Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M22A	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. E23				Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. G38				Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S34
		Dynasty XIII 1803 - 1649 BCE	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O1			Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. 06	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F35						Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D4			Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21										Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V4				Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M22A	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. E23				Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. G38				Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S34
		Dynasty XIV 1705 - 1690 BCE
	New Kingdom	Dynasty XVIII 1549 - 1292 BCE	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O1 House plan Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per			Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O6 Plan of rectangular enclosure Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F35 Heart and windpipe Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42 Arm with downward facing palm Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D46 Hand Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39 Crook Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35 Water ripple Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10 Cobra Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D4 Eye Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28 Wick Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram ḥ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħ/	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 Mouth Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D1 Head Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 & Y1	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V31	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37 & X1	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. A1 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. A1 Seated man Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Determinative for: z “man” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /zuʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /suʀ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /suʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /søʔ/	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M17A × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M17A Two reeds Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram y	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V4 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V4 Lasso Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram wꜣ for: wꜣḥ ”endure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈwaːʀaħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈwaːʀaħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈwoːʔəħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɑħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wah	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D58 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D58 Foot Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram b Ideogram for: bw “place” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /buː/ Conventional Anglicisation: bu	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Q3 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Q3 Stool Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram p	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. G17 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. G17 Owl Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram m	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M22A × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M22A Two rushes Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram nn	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. E23 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. E23 Recumbent Lion Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram rw Determinative or ideogram for: rw “lion” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ruː/ Conventional Anglicisation: ru	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Aa1 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Aa1 ?Placenta Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram ḫ	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. W11 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. W11 Ring stand Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram g Determinative or ideogram for: nst “throne” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛsɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nest	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O34 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O34 Door bolt Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram s for: s “bolt” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /zɛ/, /zɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ze, za	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. G38 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. G38 Goose Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram gb for: gbb “Geb (the god)” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈkʼuːbab/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈkʼuːbab/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kʼeːβ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɡɛbɛb/ Conventional Anglicisation: gebeb Determinative for: ḥtm “perish” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħɛtɛm/ Conventional Anglicisation: hetem	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N29 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. E29 Sandy slope Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram q	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V13 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V13 Tethering rope Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram ṯ	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O4 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O4 Reed shelter Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram h	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S34 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S34 Sandal strap Dynasty XVIII (1549 - 1292 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram ꜥnḫ ʿnḫ “live” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʕaːnaχ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʕaːnaχ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʕaːnəχ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʕoːnəχ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːnx/ Conventional Anglicisation: ankh
		Dynasty XIX 1292 - 1189 BCE	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O1 House plan Dynasty XIX (1292 - 1189 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per			Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O6 Plan of rectangular enclosure Dynasty XIX (1292 - 1189 BCE) New Kingdom Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F35 Heart and windpipe Dynasty XIX (1292 - 1189 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42 Arm with downward facing palm Dynasty XIX (1292 - 1189 BCE) New Kingdom Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D46 Hand Dynasty XIX (1292 - 1189 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39 Crook Dynasty XIX (1292 - 1189 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35 Water ripple Dynasty XIX (1292 - 1189 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10 Cobra Dynasty XIX (1292 - 1189 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D4 Eye Dynasty XIX (1292 - 1189 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28 Wick Dynasty XIX (1292 - 1189 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram ḥ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħ/	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 Mouth Dynasty XIX (1292 - 1189 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D1 Head Dynasty XIX (1292 - 1189 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw								Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. A1 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. A1 Seated man Dynasty XIX (1292 - 1189 BCE) New Kingdom Determinative for: z “man” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /zuʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /suʀ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /suʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /søʔ/	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M17A × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M17A Two reeds Dynasty XIX (1292 - 1189 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram y	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V4 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V4 Lasso Dynasty XIX (1292 - 1189 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram wꜣ for: wꜣḥ ”endure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈwaːʀaħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈwaːʀaħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈwoːʔəħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɑħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wah	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D58 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D58 Foot Dynasty XIX (1292 - 1189 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram b Ideogram for: bw “place” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /buː/ Conventional Anglicisation: bu	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Q3 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Q3 Stool Dynasty XIX (1292 - 1189 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram p	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. G17 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. G17 Owl Dynasty XIX (1292 - 1189 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram m	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M22A × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M22A Two rushes Dynasty XIX (1292 - 1189 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram nn	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. E23 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. E23 Recumbent Lion Dynasty XIX (1292 - 1189 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram rw Determinative or ideogram for: rw “lion” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ruː/ Conventional Anglicisation: ru	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Aa1 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Aa1 ?Placenta Dynasty XIX (1292 - 1189 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram ḫ	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. W11 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. W11 Ring stand Dynasty XIX (1292 - 1189 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram g Determinative or ideogram for: nst “throne” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛsɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nest	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O34 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O34 Door bolt Dynasty XIX (1292 - 1189 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram s for: s “bolt” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /zɛ/, /zɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ze, za		Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N29 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. E29 Sandy slope Dynasty XIX (1292 - 1189 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram q	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V13 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V13 Tethering rope Dynasty XIX (1292 - 1189 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram ṯ	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O4 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O4 Reed shelter Dynasty XIX (1292 - 1189 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram h	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S34 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S34 Sandal strap Dynasty XIX (1292 - 1189 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram ꜥnḫ ʿnḫ “live” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʕaːnaχ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʕaːnaχ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʕaːnəχ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʕoːnəχ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːnx/ Conventional Anglicisation: ankh
		Dynasty XX 1189 - 1077 BCE	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O1 House plan Dynasty XX (1189 - 1077 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per			Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O6 Plan of rectangular enclosure Dynasty XX (1189 - 1077 BCE) New Kingdom Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F35 Heart and windpipe Dynasty XX (1189 - 1077 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42 Arm with downward facing palm Dynasty XX (1189 - 1077 BCE) New Kingdom Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D46 Hand Dynasty XX (1189 - 1077 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39 Crook Dynasty XX (1189 - 1077 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35 Water ripple Dynasty XX (1189 - 1077 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10 Cobra Dynasty XX (1189 - 1077 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D4 Eye Dynasty XX (1189 - 1077 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28 Wick Dynasty XX (1189 - 1077 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram ḥ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħ/	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 Mouth Dynasty XX (1189 - 1077 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D1 Head Dynasty XX (1189 - 1077 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw								Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. A1 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. A1 Seated man Dynasty XX (1189 - 1077 BCE) New Kingdom Determinative for: z “man” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /zuʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /suʀ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /suʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /søʔ/	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M17A × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M17A Two reeds Dynasty XX (1189 - 1077 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram y	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V4 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V4 Lasso Dynasty XX (1189 - 1077 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram wꜣ for: wꜣḥ ”endure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈwaːʀaħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈwaːʀaħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈwoːʔəħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɑħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wah	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D58 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D58 Foot Dynasty XX (1189 - 1077 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram b Ideogram for: bw “place” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /buː/ Conventional Anglicisation: bu	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Q3 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Q3 Stool Dynasty XX (1189 - 1077 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram p	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. G17 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. G17 Owl Dynasty XX (1189 - 1077 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram m	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M22A × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M22A Two rushes Dynasty XX (1189 - 1077 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram nn	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. E23 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. E23 Recumbent Lion Dynasty XX (1189 - 1077 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram rw Determinative or ideogram for: rw “lion” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ruː/ Conventional Anglicisation: ru	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Aa1 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Aa1 ?Placenta Dynasty XX (1189 - 1077 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram ḫ	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. W11 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. W11 Ring stand Dynasty XX (1189 - 1077 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram g Determinative or ideogram for: nst “throne” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛsɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nest	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O34 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O34 Door bolt Dynasty XX (1189 - 1077 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram s for: s “bolt” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /zɛ/, /zɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ze, za		Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N29 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. E29 Sandy slope Dynasty XX (1189 - 1077 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram q	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V13 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V13 Tethering rope Dynasty XX (1189 - 1077 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram ṯ	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O4 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O4 Reed shelter Dynasty XX (1189 - 1077 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram h	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S34 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S34 Sandal strap Dynasty XX (1189 - 1077 BCE) New Kingdom Phonogram ꜥnḫ ʿnḫ “live” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʕaːnaχ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʕaːnaχ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʕaːnəχ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʕoːnəχ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːnx/ Conventional Anglicisation: ankh
	Third Intermediate Period
	Late Period	Dynasty XXXI 343 - 332 BCE
Demotic Egyptian								Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42.		Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10.		Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28 Wick Phonogram ḥ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħ/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21.		Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8 Pool with lilies Phonogram šꜣ for: šꜣ “marsh” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ʃɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: sha Ideogram for: ꜣḫt “Inundation” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑxɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: akhet Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9 Horned viper Phonogram f Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /f/ Determinative in: it “father” Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12 Lily plant Phonogram ḫꜣ, for: ḫꜣ “1,000” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /xɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: kha Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 & Y1 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 Tusk of elephant Phonogram bḥ or ḥw Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth” Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Y1 Papyrus scroll Phonogram mḏꜣt Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth” Ideogram for: mḏꜣt “paypyrus roll, book” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛd͡ʒɑt/ Conventional Anglicisation: medjat Determinative for: rḫ “know” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛx/ Conventional Anglicisation: rekh Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Y1.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29 Fire drill Phonogram ḏꜣ for: ꜥnḫ.(w) (w)ḏꜣ snb “may he live, be prosperous, be healthy” Conventional Anglicisation: ankh wedja seneb Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V31 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V31 Basket with handle Phonogram k Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /k/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No.V31.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37 & X1 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37 Arm holding conical loaf Phonogram dj for: rḏj “give” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈcʼiːjit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈtʼiːjiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾə)ˈtʼiːʔəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼiːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛd͡ʒi/ Conventional Anglicisation: redji Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37. Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. X1 Small bread loaf Phonogram t Ideogram for: t “bread” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /t/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /t/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. X1.			Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V4 (variant 1) × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V4 (variant 1) Lasso Phonogram wꜣ for: wꜣḥ ”endure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈwaːʀaħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈwaːʀaħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈwoːʔəħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɑħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wah Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V4 (variant 2) × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V4 (variant 2) Lasso Phonogram wꜣ for: wꜣḥ ”endure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈwaːʀaħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈwaːʀaħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈwoːʔəħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɑħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wah		Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Q3 (variant 1) × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Q3 (variant 1) Stool Phonogram p Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Q3 (variant 2) × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Q3 (variant 2) Stool Phonogram p	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. G17 (variant 1) × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. G17 (variant 1) Owl Phonogram m Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. G17 (variant 2) × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. G17 (variant 2) Owl Phonogram m		Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. E23 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. E23 Recumbent Lion Phonogram rw Determinative or ideogram for: rw “lion” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ruː/ Conventional Anglicisation: ru	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Aa1 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Aa1 ?Placenta Phonogram ḫ	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. W11 (variant 1) × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. W11 (variant 1) Ring stand Phonogram g Determinative or ideogram for: nst “throne” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛsɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nest Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. W11 (variant 2) × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. W11 (variant 2) Ring stand Phonogram g Determinative or ideogram for: nst “throne” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛsɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nest	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O34 (variant 1) × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O34 (variant 1) Door bolt Phonogram s for: s “bolt” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /zɛ/, /zɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ze, za Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O34 (variant 2) × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O34 (variant 2) Door bolt Phonogram s for: s “bolt” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /zɛ/, /zɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ze, za Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O34 (variant 3) × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O34 (variant 3) Door bolt Phonogram s for: s “bolt” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /zɛ/, /zɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ze, za	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. G38 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. G38 Goose Phonogram gb for: gbb “Geb (the god)” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈkʼuːbab/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈkʼuːbab/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kʼeːβ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɡɛbɛb/ Conventional Anglicisation: gebeb Determinative for: ḥtm “perish” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħɛtɛm/ Conventional Anglicisation: hetem			Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O4 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O4 Reed shelter Phonogram h
Coptic											Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Ni (majuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Ni (majuscule) Ⲻ Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Ni (minuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Ni (minuscule) ⲻ			Old Coptic letter Hat (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Hat (majuscule) Ⳕ Old Coptic letter Hat (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Hat (minuscule) ⳕ			Coptic letter Shai (majuscule) × Coptic letter Shai (majuscule) Ϣ š Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Coptic letter Shai (minuscule) × Coptic letter Shai (minuscule) ϣ š Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Old Coptic letter Shei (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Shei (majuscule) Ⳅ Old Coptic letter Shei (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Shei (minuscule) ⳅ	Coptic letter Fai (majuscule) × Coptic letter Fai (majuscule) Ϥ f Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Coptic letter Fai (minuscule) × Coptic letter Fai (minuscule) Ϥ f Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /f/	Coptic letter Khai (majuscule) × Coptic letter Khai (majuscule) Ϧ x Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: - Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /x/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /x/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /x/ Coptic letter Khai (minuscule) × Coptic letter Khai (majuscule) ϧ x Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: - Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /x/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /x/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /x/	Coptic letter Hori (majuscule) × Coptic letter Hori (majuscule) Ϩ h Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: h Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) × Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) ϩ h Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: h Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Old Coptic letter Hori (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Hori (majuscule) Ⳍ Old Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) ⳍ	Coptic letter Janja (majuscule) × Coptic letter Janja (majuscule) Ϫ j Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /t͡ʃ/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /t͡ʃ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ɟ/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /g/, /dʒ/ (before /e̞/ or /i/) Coptic letter Janja (minuscule) × Coptic letter Janja (minuscule) ϫ j Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /t͡ʃ/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /t͡ʃ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ɟ/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /g/, /dʒ/ (before /e̞/ or /i/) Old Coptic letter Gangia (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Gangia (majuscule) Ⳗ Old Coptic letter Gangia (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Gangia (minuscule) ⳗ	Coptic letter Cheema (majuscule) × Coptic letter Cheema (majuscule) Ϭ c Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /kʲ/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʰ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʃ/, [e̞tʃ] (usually following a consonant) Coptic letter Cheema (minuscule) × Coptic letter Cheema (minuscule) ϭ c Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /kʲ/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʰ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʃ/, [e̞tʃ] (usually following a consonant)	Coptic letter Ti (majuscule) × Coptic letter Ti (majuscule) Ϯ ti Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /tiː/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʼi/, /ti/, /tə/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /di/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ti/ Coptic letter Ti (minuscule) × Coptic letter Ti (minuscule) ϯ ti Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /tiː/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʼi/, /ti/, /tə/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /di/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ti/									Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Hori (majuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Hori (majuscule) Ⳋ Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Hori (minuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Hori (minuscule) ⳋ Old Coptic letter Hei (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Hei (majuscule) Ⳓ Old Coptic letter Hei (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Hei (minuscule) ⳓ	Old Coptic letter Shima (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Shima (majuscule) Ⳛ Old Coptic letter Shima (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Shima (minuscule) ⳛ			Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Kapa (majuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Kapa (majuscule) Ⲹ Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Kapa (minuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Kapa (minuscule) ⲹ		Old Coptic letter Ha (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Ha (majuscule) Ⳏ Old Coptic letter Ha (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Ha (minuscule) ⳏ

Writing Script		Head of ox	House plan	Throw stick	Nile tilapia	Man with arms raised	Pear shaped mace	Two diagonal strokes	Plan of rectangular enclosure	Heart and trachea	Arm with downward facing palm	Hand	Crook	Water ripple	Cobra	Reed column	Eye	Wick	Mouth	Rush with shoots	Cord on stick	Head	Bow	Basket of fruit or grain	Crossed sticks	Pool with lilies	Horned viper	Lily plant	Elephant tusk & papyrus scroll	Fire drill	Basket with handle	Arm holding conical loaf & bread	Seated man	Feather	Man beckoning	Two reeds	Lasso	Ram	Foot	Stool	Owl	Two rushes	Recumbent Lion	?Placenta	Ring stand	Door bolt	Goose	Sandy slope	Tethering rope	Flat land with grain	Flat land with grain & Reed shelter	Reed shelter	Tongue of land	Eye with paint	Sandal strap
Egyptian Hieroglyphs	Logography 32 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 𓃾 Head of Ox Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ka	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 𓉐 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 𓌙 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 𓆛 Bulti fish Phonogram in for: int “bulti”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 𓀠 Man with arms raised Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 𓌉 Pear shaped mace Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 𓏭 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6 𓉗 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 𓄤 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 𓂣 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 𓂧 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 𓋿 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 𓈖 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 𓆓 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 𓊽 Reed column Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/ Conventional Anglicisation: djed	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 𓁹 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28 𓎛 Wick Phonogram ḥ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 𓂋 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 𓇑 Rush with roots Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 𓎗 Cord on stick Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wedj	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 𓁶 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a 𓌓 Bow Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M39 𓇨 Basket of fruit or grain Determinative for: rnpt “vegetables”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 𓏴 Crossed sticks Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M8 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M8 𓆷 Pool with lilies Phonogram šꜣ for: šꜣ “marsh” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ʃɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: sha Ideogram for: ꜣḫt “Inundation” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑxɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: akhet	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I9 𓆑 Horned viper Phonogram f Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /f/ Determinative in: it “father”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M12 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M12 𓆼 Lily plant Phonogram ḫꜣ, for: ḫꜣ “1,000” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /xɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: kha	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F18 & Y1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F18 𓄑 Tusk of elephant Phonogram bḥ or ḥw Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth” Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Y1 𓏛 Papyrus scroll Phonogram mḏꜣt Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth” Ideogram for: mḏꜣt “paypyrus roll, book” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛd͡ʒɑt/ Conventional Anglicisation: medjat Determinative for: rḫ “know” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛx/ Conventional Anglicisation: rekh	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. U29 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. U29 𓍒 Fire drill (Variation of Gardiner No. U28) Phonogram ḏꜣ for: ꜥnḫ.(w) (w)ḏꜣ snb “may he live, be prosperous, be healthy” Conventional Anglicisation: ankh wedja seneb	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V31 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V31 𓎡 Basket with handle Phonogram k Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /k/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D37 & X1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D37 𓂞 Arm holding conical loaf Phonogram dj for: rḏj “give” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈcʼiːjit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈtʼiːjiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾə)ˈtʼiːʔəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼiːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛd͡ʒi/ Conventional Anglicisation: redji Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. X1 𓏏 Small bread loaf Phonogram t Ideogram for: t “bread” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /t/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /t/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A1 𓀀 Seated man Determinative for: z “man” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /zuʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /suʀ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /suʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /søʔ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. H6 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. H6 𓆄 Feather Phonogram šw Ideogram for: šwt “feather” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ʃuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: shut Determinative & ideogram for: mꜣꜥt “truth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈmuʀʕat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈmuʀʕaʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈmuːʕaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈmeːʕə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɑʔɑːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: maat	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A26 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A26 𓀞 Man beckoning Determinative for: nis “call” Ideogram for: vocative i “Oh!”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M17A × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M17A 𓇌 Two reeds Phonogram y	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V4 𓍯 Lasso Phonogram wꜣ for: wꜣḥ ”endure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈwaːʀaħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈwaːʀaħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈwoːʔəħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɑħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wah	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. E11 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. E11 𓃞 Ram Determinative for: bꜣ “ram” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /biʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /biʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /βej/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /bɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ba	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D58 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D58 𓃀 Foot Phonogram b Ideogram for: bw “place” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /buː/ Conventional Anglicisation: bu	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Q3 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Q3 𓊪 Stool Phonogram p	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. G17 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. G17 𓅓 Owl Phonogram m	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22A × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22A 𓇒 Two rushes Phonogram nn	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. E23 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. E23 𓃭 Recumbent Lion Phonogram rw Determinative or ideogram for: rw “lion” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ruː/ Conventional Anglicisation: ru	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Aa1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Aa1 𓐍 ?Placenta Phonogram ḫ	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. W11 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. W11 𓎼 Ring stand Phonogram g Determinative or ideogram for: nst “throne” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛsɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nest	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O34 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O34 𓊃 Door bolt Phonogram s for: s “bolt” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /zɛ/, /zɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ze, za	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. G38 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. G38 𓅬 Goose Phonogram gb for: gbb “Geb (the god)” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈkʼuːbab/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈkʼuːbab/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kʼeːβ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɡɛbɛb/ Conventional Anglicisation: gebeb Determinative for: ḥtm “perish” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħɛtɛm/ Conventional Anglicisation: hetem	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N29 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. E29 𓈎 Sandy slope Phonogram q	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V13 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V13 𓍿 Tethering rope Phonogram ṯ	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N16 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N16 𓇾 Flat land with grain Phonogram tꜣ for: tꜣ “land, earth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /taʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /taʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /taʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ta Determinative for: ḏt “eternity” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼajtuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈt͡ʃʼajtuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈt͡ʃʼajtəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼajt/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djet	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N16 & O4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign N16 & O4 𓇾 𓉔	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O4 𓉔 Reed shelter Phonogram h	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N21 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N21 𓈅 Tongue of land Ideogram for: jdb “bank” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /idɛb/ Conventional Anglicisation: ideb	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D6 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D6 𓁻 Eye with paint Determinative for actions or conditions of the eye: dgi “look” šp “blind”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S34 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S34 𓋹 Sandal strap Phonogram ꜥnḫ ʿnḫ “live” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʕaːnaχ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʕaːnaχ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʕaːnəχ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʕoːnəχ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːnx/ Conventional Anglicisation: ankh
Hieratic Egyptian	Logography 32 c. BCE - 3 c. CE		Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O1 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 (𓉐).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. T14 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 (𓌙).				Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 (𓏭).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O6 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 (𓉗).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F35 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 (𓄤).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 (𓂣).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D46 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 (𓂧).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 (𓋿).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/ Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 (𓈖).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/ Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 (𓆓).		Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D4 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 (𓁹).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28 Wick Phonogram ḥ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħ/ Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28 (𓎛).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/ Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 (𓂋).			Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D1 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 (𓁶).				Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8 Pool with lilies Phonogram šꜣ for: šꜣ “marsh” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ʃɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: sha Ideogram for: ꜣḫt “Inundation” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑxɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: akhet Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M8 (𓆷).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9 Horned viper Phonogram f Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /f/ Determinative in: it “father” Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I9 (𓆑).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12 Lily plant Phonogram ḫꜣ, for: ḫꜣ “1,000” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /xɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: kha Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M12 (𓆼).	Hieratic Egyptian, Gardiner No. F18 & Y1 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 Tusk of elephant Phonogram bḥ or ḥw Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth” Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F18 (𓄑). Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Y1 Papyrus scroll Phonogram mḏꜣt Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth” Ideogram for: mḏꜣt “paypyrus roll, book” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛd͡ʒɑt/ Conventional Anglicisation: medjat Determinative for: rḫ “know” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛx/ Conventional Anglicisation: rekh Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Y1 (𓏛).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29 Fire drill (Variation of Gardiner No. U28) Phonogram ḏꜣ for: ꜥnḫ.(w) (w)ḏꜣ snb “may he live, be prosperous, be healthy” Conventional Anglicisation: ankh wedja seneb Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. U29 (𓍒).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V31 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V31 𓎡 Basket with handle Phonogram k Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /k/ Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V31 (𓎡).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37 & X1 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37 Arm holding conical loaf Phonogram dj for: rḏj “give” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈcʼiːjit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈtʼiːjiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾə)ˈtʼiːʔəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼiːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛd͡ʒi/ Conventional Anglicisation: redji Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D37 (𓂞). Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. X1 Small bread loaf Phonogram t Ideogram for: t “bread” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /t/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /t/ Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. X1 (𓏏).
Demotic Egyptian	Logography 650 BCE - 5 c. CE										Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42.		Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10.			Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28 Wick Phonogram ḥ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħ/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21.							Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8 Pool with lilies Phonogram šꜣ for: šꜣ “marsh” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ʃɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: sha Ideogram for: ꜣḫt “Inundation” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑxɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: akhet Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9 Horned viper Phonogram f Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /f/ Determinative in: it “father” Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12 Lily plant Phonogram ḫꜣ, for: ḫꜣ “1,000” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /xɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: kha Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 & Y1 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 Tusk of elephant Phonogram bḥ or ḥw Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth” Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18. Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Y1 Papyrus scroll Phonogram mḏꜣt Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth” Ideogram for: mḏꜣt “paypyrus roll, book” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛd͡ʒɑt/ Conventional Anglicisation: medjat Determinative for: rḫ “know” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛx/ Conventional Anglicisation: rekh Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Y1.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29 Fire drill Phonogram ḏꜣ for: ꜥnḫ.(w) (w)ḏꜣ snb “may he live, be prosperous, be healthy” Conventional Anglicisation: ankh wedja seneb Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V31 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V31 Basket with handle Phonogram k Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /k/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No.V31.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37 & X1 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37 Arm holding conical loaf Phonogram dj for: rḏj “give” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈcʼiːjit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈtʼiːjiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾə)ˈtʼiːʔəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼiːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛd͡ʒi/ Conventional Anglicisation: redji Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37. Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. X1 Small bread loaf Phonogram t Ideogram for: t “bread” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /t/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /t/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. X1.
Meroitic Cursive (Child)	Abugida 3 c. BCE - 6 c. CE	Meroitic cursive letter O × Meroitic cursive letter O 𐦣												Meroitic cursive letter Na × Meroitic cursive letter Na 𐦩					Meroitic cursive letter Ra × Meroitic cursive letter Ra 𐦫							Meroitic cursive letter Sa × Meroitic cursive letter Sa 𐦯							Meroitic cursive letter A × Meroitic cursive letter A 𐦠	Meroitic cursive letter E × Meroitic cursive letter E 𐦡	Meroitic cursive letter I × Meroitic cursive letter I 𐦢	Meroitic cursive letter Ya × Meroitic cursive letter Ya 𐦤	Meroitic cursive letter Wa × Meroitic cursive letter Wa 𐦥	Meroitic cursive letter Ba × Meroitic cursive letter Ba 𐦦		Meroitic cursive letter Pa × Meroitic cursive letter Pa 𐦧	Meroitic cursive letter Ma × Meroitic cursive letter Ma 𐦨	Meroitic cursive letter Ne × Meroitic cursive letter Ne 𐦪	Meroitic cursive letter La × Meroitic cursive letter La 𐦬	Meroitic cursive letter Kha × Meroitic cursive letter Kha 𐦭	Meroitic cursive letter Hha × Meroitic cursive letter Hha 𐦮	Meroitic cursive letter Se × Meroitic cursive letter Se 𐦱	Meroitic cursive letter Ka × Meroitic cursive letter Ka 𐦲	Meroitic cursive letter Qa × Meroitic cursive letter Qa 𐦳	Meroitic cursive letter Ta × Meroitic cursive letter Ta 𐦴		Meroitic cursive letter Te × Meroitic cursive letter Te 𐦵		Meroitic cursive letter To × Meroitic cursive letter To 𐦶	Meroitic cursive letter Da × Meroitic cursive letter Da 𐦷
Proto-Sinaitic (Child)	Abjad 19 c. BCE - 15 c. BCE	Proto-Sinaitic letter ʾalp × Proto-Sinaitic letter ʾalp Ox ʾ IPA: /ʔ/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Bayt × Proto-Sinaitic letter Bayt House b IPA: /b/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Gaml × Proto-Sinaitic letter Gaml Throwstick g IPA: /g/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Dag × Proto-Sinaitic letter Dag Fish d IPA: /d/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Haw/Hillul × Proto-Sinaitic letter Haw/Hillul Praise h IPA: /h/	Proto-Sinaitic Was/Uph × Proto-Sinaitic letter Was/Uph Fowl w IPA: /w/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Zayn/Zayt × Proto-Sinaitic letter Zayn/Zayt Oxhide ingot/sword z IPA: /z/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Ḥaṣr × Proto-Sinaitic letter Ḥaṣr Courtyard or thread ḥ IPA: /ħ/ or /x/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṭab × Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṭab Wheel ṭ IPA: /tˤ/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Yad × Proto-Sinaitic letter Yad Hand j IPA: /j/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Kap × Proto-Sinaitic letter Kap Palm k IPA: /k/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Lamd × Proto-Sinaitic letter Lamd Goad l IPA: /l/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Maym × Proto-Sinaitic letter Maym Water m IPA: /m/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Naḥaš × Proto-Sinaitic letter Naḥaš Snake n IPA: /n/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṡamk × Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṡamk Peg s IPA: /s/	Proto-Sinaitic letter ‘ayn × Proto-Sinaitic letter ‘ayn Eye ʿ IPA: /ʕ/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Ġabiʿ × Proto-Sinaitic letter Ġabiʿ Calyx ġ IPA: /ɣ/	Proto-Sinaitic letter P’it × Proto-Sinaitic letter P’it Corner p IPA: /p/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṣaday × Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṣaday Plant ṣ IPA: /sˤ/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Qoba × Proto-Sinaitic letter Qoba Needle/nape/monkey q IPA: /kˤ/ or /q/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Raʾš × Proto-Sinaitic letter Raʾš Head r IPA: /r/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Šimš × Proto-Sinaitic letter Šimš Bow š IPA: /ʃ/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Śadeh × Proto-Sinaitic letter Śadeh Field, land or bow θ IPA: /ɬ/ or /θ/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Tāw × Proto-Sinaitic letter Tāw Mark t IPA: /t/
Byblos (Child)	Syllabary (or abugida) 18 c. BCE - 14 c. BCE													Byblos letter ???	Byblos letter ???		Byblos letter ???
Meroitic Hieroglyphs (Child)	Abugida 3 c. BCE - 6 c. CE CE	Meroitic hieroglyph letter O × Meroitic hieroglyph letter O 𐦃 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 (𓃾).												Meroitic hieroglyph letter Na × Meroitic hieroglyph letter Na 𐦊 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 (𓈖).					Meroitic hieroglyph letter Ra × Meroitic hieroglyph letter Ra 𐦎 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 (𓂋).							Meroitic hieroglyph letter Sa × Meroitic hieroglyph letter Sa 𐦓 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M8 (𓆷).							Meroitic hieroglyph letter A × Meroitic hieroglyph letter A 𐦀 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A1 (𓀀).	Meroitic hieroglyph letter E × Meroitic hieroglyph letter E 𐦁 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. H6 (𓆄).	Meroitic hieroglyph letter I × Meroitic hieroglyph letter I 𐦂 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A26 (𓀞).	Meroitic hieroglyph letter Ya × Meroitic hieroglyph letter Ya 𐦄 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M17A (𓇌).	Meroitic hieroglyph letter Wa × Meroitic hieroglyph letter Wa 𐦅 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V4 (𓍯).	Meroitic hieroglyph letter Ba × Meroitic hieroglyph letter Ba 𐦆 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. E11 (𓃞).	Meroitic hieroglyph letter Ba × Meroitic hieroglyph letter Ba 𐦇 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D58 (𓃀).	Meroitic hieroglyph letter Pa × Meroitic hieroglyph letter Pa 𐦈 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Q3 (𓊪).	Meroitic hieroglyph letter Ma × Meroitic hieroglyph letter Ma 𐦉 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. G17 (𓅓).	Meroitic hieroglyph letter Ne × Meroitic hieroglyph letter Ne 𐦌 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22A (𓇒).	Meroitic hieroglyph letter La × Meroitic hieroglyph letter La 𐦐 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. E23 (𓃭).	Meroitic hieroglyph letter Kha × Meroitic hieroglyph letter Kha 𐦑 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Aa1 (𓐍).	Meroitic hieroglyph letter Hha × Meroitic hieroglyph letter Hha 𐦒 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. W11 (𓎼).	Meroitic hieroglyph letter Sa × Meroitic hieroglyph letter Sa 𐦔 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O34 (𓊃). Meroitic hieroglyph letter Se × Meroitic hieroglyph letter Se 𐦕 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O34 (𓊃).	Meroitic hieroglyph letter Ka × Meroitic hieroglyph letter Ka 𐦖 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. G38 (𓅬).	Meroitic hieroglyph letter Qa × Meroitic hieroglyph letter Qa 𐦗 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. E29 (𓈎).	Meroitic hieroglyph letter Ta × Meroitic hieroglyph letter Ta 𐦘 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V13 (𓍿).	Meroitic hieroglyph letter Ta × Meroitic hieroglyph letter Ta 𐦙 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N16 (𓇾).	Meroitic hieroglyph letter Te × Meroitic hieroglyph letter Te 𐦚 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N16 (𓇾) and Gardiner's Sign No. O4 (𓉔).	Meroitic hieroglyph letter Te × Meroitic hieroglyph letter Te 𐦛 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O4 (𓉔).	Meroitic hieroglyph letter To × Meroitic hieroglyph letter To 𐦜 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N21 (𓈅).	Meroitic hieroglyph letter Da × Meroitic hieroglyph letter Da 𐦝 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D6 (𓁻).	Meroitic hieroglyph letter Vidj × Meroitic hieroglyph letter Vidj 𐦞 Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S34 (𓋹).

maˈtʼuww

Writing Scripts Descended from Egyptian Hieroglyphs

Egyptian Hieroglyphs

𓊹𓌃

Hieratic Egyptian

Demotic Egyptian

Languages¹

Places¹

Evolution^1-10

Epigraphy

Egyptian Hieroglyphs

Cursive Hieroglyphs

Hieratic Egyptian

Demotic Egyptian

Script comparison^1-8

Lineage^1-3,15-17

References

Egyptian Hieroglyphs

𓊹𓌃

Hieratic Egyptian

Demotic Egyptian

Languages1

Places1

Evolution1-10

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1

𓉐

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14

𓌙

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4

𓏭

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6

𓉗

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35

𓄤

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42

𓂣

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46

𓂧

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39

𓋿

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35

𓈖

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10

𓆓

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4

𓁹

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28

𓎛

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21

𓂋

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1

𓁶

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M8

𓆷

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I9

𓆑

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M12

𓆼

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F18

𓄑

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Y1

𓏛

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. U29

𓍒

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V31

𓎡

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D37

𓂞

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. X1

𓏏

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A1

𓀀

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M17A

𓇌

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V4

𓍯

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D58

𓃀

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Q3

𓊪

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. G17

𓅓

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22A

𓇒

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. E23

𓃭

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Aa1

𓐍

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. W11

𓎼

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O34

𓊃

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. G38

𓅬

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. E29

𓈎

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V13

Languages¹

Places¹

Evolution^1-10