maˈtʼuww

Writing Scripts Descended from Egyptian Hieroglyphs

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Proto-Sinaitic

Abjad¹
19 c. - 15 c. BCE²
Mixed direction^{citation needed}

Proto-Sinaitic

Languages¹

Northwest Semitic languages

Places¹

Sinai Peninsula, the Levant

Abecedary¹

Proto-Sinaitic letter ʾalp × Proto-Sinaitic letter ʾalp Ox ʾ IPA: /ʔ/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Bayt × Proto-Sinaitic letter Bayt House b IPA: /b/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. T14.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Gaml × Proto-Sinaitic letter Gaml Throwstick g IPA: /g/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. .	Proto-Sinaitic letter Dag × Proto-Sinaitic letter Dag Fish d IPA: /d/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Haw/Hillul × Proto-Sinaitic letter Haw/Hillul Praise h IPA: /h/
Proto-Sinaitic Was/Uph × Proto-Sinaitic letter Was/Uph Fowl w IPA: /w/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Zayn/Zayt × Proto-Sinaitic letter Zayn/Zayt Oxhide ingot/sword z IPA: /z/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Z4.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Ḥaṣr × Proto-Sinaitic letter Ḥaṣr Courtyard or thread ḥ IPA: /ħ/ or /x/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O6.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṭab × Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṭab Wheel ṭ IPA: /tˤ/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F35.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Yad × Proto-Sinaitic letter Yad Hand j IPA: /j/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42.
Proto-Sinaitic letter Kap × Proto-Sinaitic letter Kap Palm k IPA: /k/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D46.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Lamd × Proto-Sinaitic letter Lamd Goad l IPA: /l/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Maym × Proto-Sinaitic letter Maym Water m IPA: /m/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Naḥaš × Proto-Sinaitic letter Naḥaš Snake n IPA: /n/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṡamk × Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṡamk Peg s IPA: /s/
Proto-Sinaitic letter ‘ayn × Proto-Sinaitic letter ‘ayn Eye ʿ IPA: /ʕ/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D4.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Ġabiʿ × Proto-Sinaitic letter Ġabiʿ Calyx ġ IPA: /ɣ/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28.	Proto-Sinaitic letter P’it × Proto-Sinaitic letter P’it Corner p IPA: /p/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṣaday × Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṣaday Plant ṣ IPA: /sˤ/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Qoba × Proto-Sinaitic letter Qoba Needle/nape/monkey q IPA: /kˤ/ or /q/
Proto-Sinaitic letter Raʾš × Proto-Sinaitic letter Raʾš Head r IPA: /r/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Šimš × Proto-Sinaitic letter Šimš Bow š IPA: /ʃ/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Śadeh × Proto-Sinaitic letter Śadeh Field, land or bow θ IPA: /ɬ/ or /θ/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Tāw × Proto-Sinaitic letter Tāw Mark t IPA: /t/

Epigraphy³

Wadi el-Hol inscriptions

Wadi el-Hol inscriptions (description and interpretation - here)

Script comparison^1,4-12

Writing Script		Head of ox		House plan		Throw stick		Nile tilapia			Man with arms raised				Pear shaped mace				Two diagonal strokes	Plan of rectangular enclosure		Heart and trachea		Arm with downward facing palm		Hand	Crook	Water ripple	Cobra	Reed column		Eye	Wick	Mouth	Rush with shoots			Cord on stick	Head	Bow				Basket of fruit or grain		Crossed sticks
Egyptian Hieroglyphs	Logography 32 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 𓃾 Head of Ox Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ka		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 𓉐 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 𓌙 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 𓆛 Bulti fish Phonogram in for: int “bulti”			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 𓀠 Man with arms raised Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 𓌉 Pear shaped mace Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 𓏭 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6 𓉗 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 𓄤 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 𓂣 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 𓂧 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 𓋿 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 𓈖 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 𓆓 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 𓊽 Reed column Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/ Conventional Anglicisation: djed		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 𓁹 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28 𓎛 Wick Phonogram ḥ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 𓂋 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 𓇑 Rush with roots Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 𓎗 Cord on stick Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wedj	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 𓁶 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a 𓌓 Bow Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M39 𓇨 Basket of fruit or grain Determinative for: rnpt “vegetables”		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 𓏴 Crossed sticks Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”
Hieratic Egyptian (Parent)	Logography 32 c. BCE - 3 c. CE			Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O1 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 (𓉐).		Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. T14 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 (𓌙).													Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 (𓏭).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O6 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O6 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 (𓉗).		Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F35 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 (𓄤).		Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 (𓂣).		Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D46 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 (𓂧).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 (𓋿).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/ Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 (𓈖).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/ Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 (𓆓).			Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D4 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 (𓁹).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28 Wick Phonogram ḥ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħ/ Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28 (𓎛).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/ Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 (𓂋).					Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D1 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 (𓁶).
Byblos (Sibling)	Syllabary (or abugida) 18 c. BCE - 14 c. BCE																											Byblos letter ???	Byblos letter ???			Byblos letter ???
Proto-Sinaitic	Abjad 19 c. BCE - 15 c. BCE	Proto-Sinaitic letter ʾalp × Proto-Sinaitic letter ʾalp Ox ʾ IPA: /ʔ/		Proto-Sinaitic letter Bayt × Proto-Sinaitic letter Bayt House b IPA: /b/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. T14.		Proto-Sinaitic letter Gaml × Proto-Sinaitic letter Gaml Throwstick g IPA: /g/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. .		Proto-Sinaitic letter Dag × Proto-Sinaitic letter Dag Fish d IPA: /d/			Proto-Sinaitic letter Haw/Hillul × Proto-Sinaitic letter Haw/Hillul Praise h IPA: /h/				Proto-Sinaitic Was/Uph × Proto-Sinaitic letter Was/Uph Fowl w IPA: /w/				Proto-Sinaitic letter Zayn/Zayt × Proto-Sinaitic letter Zayn/Zayt Oxhide ingot/sword z IPA: /z/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Z4.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Ḥaṣr × Proto-Sinaitic letter Ḥaṣr Courtyard or thread ḥ IPA: /ħ/ or /x/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O6.		Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṭab × Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṭab Wheel ṭ IPA: /tˤ/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F35.		Proto-Sinaitic letter Yad × Proto-Sinaitic letter Yad Hand j IPA: /j/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42.		Proto-Sinaitic letter Kap × Proto-Sinaitic letter Kap Palm k IPA: /k/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D46.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Lamd × Proto-Sinaitic letter Lamd Goad l IPA: /l/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Maym × Proto-Sinaitic letter Maym Water m IPA: /m/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Naḥaš × Proto-Sinaitic letter Naḥaš Snake n IPA: /n/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṡamk × Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṡamk Peg s IPA: /s/		Proto-Sinaitic letter ‘ayn × Proto-Sinaitic letter ‘ayn Eye ʿ IPA: /ʕ/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D4.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Ġabiʿ × Proto-Sinaitic letter Ġabiʿ Calyx ġ IPA: /ɣ/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28.	Proto-Sinaitic letter P’it × Proto-Sinaitic letter P’it Corner p IPA: /p/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṣaday × Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṣaday Plant ṣ IPA: /sˤ/			Proto-Sinaitic letter Qoba × Proto-Sinaitic letter Qoba Needle/nape/monkey q IPA: /kˤ/ or /q/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Raʾš × Proto-Sinaitic letter Raʾš Head r IPA: /r/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Šimš × Proto-Sinaitic letter Šimš Bow š IPA: /ʃ/				Proto-Sinaitic letter Śadeh × Proto-Sinaitic letter Śadeh Field, land or bow θ IPA: /ɬ/ or /θ/		Proto-Sinaitic letter Tāw × Proto-Sinaitic letter Tāw Mark t IPA: /t/
Ugaritic (Child)	Abjad 15/13 c. BCE - ???	Ugaritic letter Alpa × Ugaritic letter Alpa 𐎀 ʾa IPA: /ʔa/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter ʾalp.		Ugaritic letter Beta × Ugaritic letter Beta 𐎁 b IPA: /b/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Bayt.		Ugaritic letter Gamla × Ugaritic letter Gamla 𐎂 g IPA: /g/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Gaml.		Ugaritic letter Delta × Ugaritic letter Delta 𐎄 d IPA: /d/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Dag.			Ugaritic letter Ho × Ugaritic letter Ho 𐎅 h IPA: /h/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Haw/Hillul.				Ugaritic letter Wo × Ugaritic letter Wo 𐎆 w IPA: /w/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Was/Uph.				Ugaritic letter Zeta × Ugaritic letter Zeta 𐎇 z IPA: /z/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Zayn/Zayt.	Ugaritic letter Hota × Ugaritic letter Hota 𐎈 ḥ IPA: /ħ/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ḥaṣr.		Ugaritic letter Tet × Ugaritic letter Tet 𐎉 ṭ IPA: /tˤ/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṭab.		Ugaritic letter Yod × Ugaritic letter Yod 𐎊 y IPA: /j/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Yad.		Ugaritic letter Kaf × Ugaritic letter Kaf 𐎋 k IPA: /k/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Kap.	Ugaritic letter Lamda × Ugaritic letter Lamda 𐎍 l IPA: /l/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Lamd.	Ugaritic letter Mem × Ugaritic letter Mem 𐎎 m IPA: /m/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Maym.	Ugaritic letter Nun × Ugaritic letter Nun 𐎐 n IPA: /n/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Naḥaš.	Ugaritic letter Samka × Ugaritic letter Samka 𐎒 s IPA: /s/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṡamk.		Ugaritic letter Ain × Ugaritic letter Ain 𐎓 ʿ IPA: /ʕ/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter ‘ayn.	Ugaritic letter Ghain × Ugaritic letter Ghain 𐎙 ġ IPA: /ɣ/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ġabiʿ.	Ugaritic letter Pu × Ugaritic letter Pu 𐎔 p IPA: /p/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter P’it.	Ugaritic letter Sade × Ugaritic letter Sade 𐎕 ṣ IPA: /sˤ/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṣaday.			Ugaritic letter Qopa × Ugaritic letter Qopa 𐎖 q IPA: /q/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Qoba.	Ugaritic letter Rasha × Ugaritic letter Rasha 𐎗 r IPA: /r/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Raʾš.	Ugaritic letter Shin × Ugaritic letter Shin 𐎌 š IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Šimš.						Ugaritic letter To × Ugaritic letter To 𐎚 t IPA: /t/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Tāw.
Phoenician (Child)	Abjad 12 c. BCE - 135 BCE	Phoenician letter ʾālep × Phoenician letter ʾālep 𐤀 𐤀𐤋𐤐 Ox, head of cattle ʾ IPA: [ʔ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter ʾalp.		Phoenician letter Bēt × Phoenician letter Bēt 𐤁 𐤁𐤕 House b IPA: [b] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Bayt.		Phoenician letter Gīml × Phoenician letter Gīml 𐤂 𐤂𐤌𐤋 Throwing stick (or camel) g IPA: [g] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Gaml.		Phoenician letter Dālet × Phoenician letter Dālet 𐤃 𐤃𐤋𐤕 Door (or fish) d IPA: [d] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Dag.			Phoenician letter He × Phoenician letter He 𐤄 𐤄 Window (or jubilation) h IPA: [h] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Haw/Hillul.				Phoenician letter Wāw × Phoenician letter Wāw 𐤅 𐤅𐤅 Hook w IPA: [w] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Was/Uph.				Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin × Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin 𐤆 𐤆𐤉𐤍 Weapon (or manacle) z IPA: [z] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Zayn/Zayt.	Phoenician letter Hēt × Phoenician letter Hēt 𐤇 𐤇𐤕 Courtyard/wall ḥ IPA: [ħ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ḥaṣr.		Phoenician letter Ṭēt × Phoenician letter Ṭēt 𐤈 𐤈𐤕 Wheel ṭ IPA: [tˤ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṭab.		Phoenician letter Yod × Phoenician letter Yod 𐤉 𐤉𐤃 Arm, hand j IPA: [j] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Yad.		Phoenician letter Kāp × Phoenician letter Kāp 𐤊 𐤊𐤐 Palm of a hand k IPA: [k] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Kap.	Phoenician letter Lāmed × Phoenician letter Lāmed 𐤋 𐤋𐤌𐤃 Goad l IPA: [l] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Lamd.	Phoenician letter Mēm × Phoenician letter Mēm 𐤌 𐤌𐤌 Water m IPA: [m] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Maym.	Phoenician letter Nūn × Phoenician letter Nūn 𐤍 𐤍𐤍 Serpent (or fish) n IPA: [n] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Naḥaš.	Phoenician letter Śāmek × Phoenician letter Śāmek 𐤎 𐤎𐤌𐤊 Pillar s IPA: [s] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṡamk.		Phoenician letter ʿayin × Phoenician letter ʿayin 𐤏 𐤏𐤉𐤍 Eye ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter ‘ayn.		Phoenician letter Pē × Phoenician letter Pē 𐤐 𐤐 Mouth (or corner) p IPA: [p] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter P’it.	Phoenician letter Ṩādē × Phoenician letter Ṩādē 𐤑 𐤑𐤃 Papyrus plant/fish hook ṣ IPA: [sˤ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṣaday.			Phoenician letter Qōp × Phoenician letter Qōp 𐤒 𐤒𐤐 Needle eye q IPA: [q] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Qoba.	Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh × Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh 𐤓 𐤓𐤔 Head r IPA: [r] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Raʾš.	Phoenician letter Šīn × Phoenician letter Šīn 𐤔 𐤔𐤍 Tooth (or sun) š IPA: [ʃ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Šimš.						Phoenician letter Tāw × Phoenician letter Tāw 𐤕 𐤕𐤅 Mark t IPA: [t] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Tāw.
Ancient South Arabian (Sibling)	Abugida 9 c. BCE - 7 c. CE	Ancient South Arabian letter Alef (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Alef (monumental variant) 𐩱 ʾ IPA: [ʔ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter ʾalp. Ancient South Arabian letter Alef (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Alef (minuscule) 𐩱 ʾ IPA: [ʔ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter ʾalp.		Ancient South Arabian letter Beth (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Beth (monumental variant) 𐩨 b IPA: [b] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Bayt. Ancient South Arabian letter Beth (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Beth (minuscule) 𐩨 b IPA: [b] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Bayt.		Ancient South Arabian letter Gimel (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Gimel (monumental variant) 𐩴 g IPA: [g] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Gaml. Ancient South Arabian letter Gimel (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Gimel (minuscule) 𐩴 g IPA: [g] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Gaml.		Ancient South Arabian letter Daleth (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Daleth (monumental variant) 𐩵 d IPA: [d] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Dag. Ancient South Arabian letter Daleth (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Daleth (minuscule) 𐩵 d IPA: [d] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Dag.		Ancient South Arabian letter Dhadhe (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Dhadhe (monumental variant) 𐩳 ḍ IPA: [ɬˤ] Ancient South Arabian letter Dhadhe (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Dhadhe (minuscule) 𐩳 ḍ IPA: [ɬˤ]	Ancient South Arabian letter He (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter He (monumental variant) 𐩠 h IPA: [h] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Haw/Hillul. Ancient South Arabian letter He (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter He (minuscule) 𐩠 h IPA: [h] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Haw/Hillul.				Ancient South Arabian letter Waw (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Waw (monumental variant) 𐩥 w IPA: [w], [uː] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Was/Uph. Ancient South Arabian letter Waw (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Waw (minuscule) 𐩥 w IPA: [w], [uː] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Was/Uph.				Ancient South Arabian letter Zayn (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Zayn (monumental variant) 𐩸 z IPA: [z] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Zayn/Zayt. Ancient South Arabian letter Zayn (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Zayn (minuscule) 𐩸 z IPA: [z] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Zayn/Zayt.	Ancient South Arabian letter Heth (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Heth (monumental variant) 𐩢 ḥ IPA: [ħ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ḥaṣr. Ancient South Arabian letter Heth (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Heth (minuscule) 𐩢 ḥ IPA: [ħ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ḥaṣr.	Ancient South Arabian letter Kheth (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Kheth (monumental variant) 𐩭 ḫ IPA: [x] Ancient South Arabian letter Kheth (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Kheth (minuscule) 𐩭 ḫ IPA: [x]	Ancient South Arabian letter Teth (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Teth (monumental variant) 𐩷 ṭ IPA: [tˤ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṭab. Ancient South Arabian letter Teth (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Teth (minuscule) 𐩷 ṭ IPA: [tˤ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṭab.		Ancient South Arabian letter Yodh (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Yodh (monumental variant) 𐩺 𐩺 IPA: [j], [iː] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Yad. Ancient South Arabian letter Yodh (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Yodh (minuscule) 𐩺 𐩺 IPA: [j], [iː] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Yad.		Ancient South Arabian letter Kaph (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Kaph (monumental variant) 𐩫 k IPA: [k] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Kap. Ancient South Arabian letter Kaph (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Kaph (minuscule) 𐩫 k IPA: [k] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Kap.	Ancient South Arabian letter Lamedh (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Lamedh (monumental variant) 𐩡 l IPA: [l] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Lamd. Ancient South Arabian letter Lamedh (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Lamedh (minuscule) 𐩡 l IPA: [l] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Lamd.	Ancient South Arabian letter Mem (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Mem (monumental variant) 𐩣 m IPA: [m] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Maym. Ancient South Arabian letter Mem (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Mem (minuscule) 𐩣 m IPA: [m] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Maym.	Ancient South Arabian letter Nun (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Nun (monumental variant) 𐩬 n IPA: [n] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Naḥaš. Ancient South Arabian letter Nun (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Nun (minuscule) 𐩬 n IPA: [n] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Naḥaš.	Ancient South Arabian letter Samekh (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Samekh (monumental variant) 𐩯 s³ (s) IPA: [s̪] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṡamk. Ancient South Arabian letter Samekh (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Samekh (minuscule) 𐩯 s³ (s) IPA: [s̪] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṡamk.	Ancient South Arabian letter Sat (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Sat (monumental variant) 𐩪 s¹ (š) IPA: [s] Ancient South Arabian letter Sat (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Sat (minuscule) 𐩪 s¹ (š) IPA: [s]	Ancient South Arabian letter Ayn (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Ayn (monumental variant) 𐩲 ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter ‘ayn. Ancient South Arabian letter Ayn (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Ayn (minuscule) 𐩲 ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter ‘ayn.	Ancient South Arabian letter Ghayn (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Ghayn (monumental variant) 𐩶 ġ IPA: [ɣ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ġabiʿ. Ancient South Arabian letter Ghayn (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Ghayn (minuscule) 𐩶 ġ IPA: [ɣ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ġabiʿ.	Ancient South Arabian letter Fe (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Fe (monumental variant) 𐩰 f IPA: [f] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter P’it. Ancient South Arabian letter Fe (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Fe (minuscule) 𐩰 f IPA: [f] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter P’it.	Ancient South Arabian letter Sadhe (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Sadhe (monumental variant) 𐩮 ṣ IPA: [sˤ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṣaday. Ancient South Arabian letter Sadhe (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Sadhe (minuscule) 𐩮 ṣ IPA: [sˤ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṣaday.			Ancient South Arabian letter Qoph (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Qoph (monumental variant) 𐩤 q IPA: [q] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Qoba. Ancient South Arabian letter Qoph (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Qoph (minuscule) 𐩤 q IPA: [q] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Qoba.	Ancient South Arabian letter Resh (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Resh (monumental variant) 𐩧 r IPA: [r] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Raʾš. Ancient South Arabian letter Resh (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Resh (minuscule) 𐩧 r IPA: [r] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Raʾš.	Ancient South Arabian letter Shin (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Shin (monumental variant) 𐩦 s² (ś) IPA: [ɬ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Šimš. Ancient South Arabian letter Shin (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Shin (minuscule) 𐩦 s² (ś) IPA: [ɬ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Šimš.						Ancient South Arabian letter Taw (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Taw (monumental variant) 𐩩 t IPA: [t] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Tāw. Ancient South Arabian letter Taw (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Taw (minuscule) 𐩩 t IPA: [t] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Tāw.
Ancient North Arabian (Child)	Abjad 8 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Ancient North Arabian letter Alef (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Alef (Dadantic variant) 𐪑 ʾ IPA: [ʔ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter ʾalp. Ancient North Arabian letter Alef (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Alef (Safaitic variant) ʾ IPA: [ʔ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter ʾalp. Ancient North Arabian letter Alef (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Alef (Taymanitic variant) ʾ IPA: [ʔ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter ʾalp. Ancient North Arabian letter Alef (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Alef (Hismaic variant) ʾ IPA: [ʔ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter ʾalp.		Ancient North Arabian letter Beh (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Beh (Dadantic variant) 𐪈 b IPA: [b] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Bayt. Ancient North Arabian letter Beh (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Beh (Safaitic variant) b IPA: [b] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Bayt. Ancient North Arabian letter Beh (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Beh (Taymanitic variant) b IPA: [b] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Bayt. Ancient North Arabian letter Beh (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Beh (Hismaic variant) b IPA: [b] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Bayt.		Ancient North Arabian letter Geem (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Geem (Dadantic variant) 𐪔 g IPA: [g] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Gaml. Ancient North Arabian letter Geem (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Geem (Safaitic variant) g IPA: [g] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Gaml. Ancient North Arabian letter Geem (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Geem (Taymanitic variant) g IPA: [g] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Gaml. Ancient North Arabian letter Geem (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Geem (Hismaic variant) g IPA: [g] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Gaml.		Ancient North Arabian letter Dal (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Dal (Dadantic variant) 𐪕 d IPA: [d] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Dag. Ancient North Arabian letter Dal (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Dal (Safaitic variant) d IPA: [d] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Dag. Ancient North Arabian letter Dal (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Dal (Taymanitic variant) d IPA: [d] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Dag. Ancient North Arabian letter Dal (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Dal (Hismaic variant) d IPA: [d] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Dag.	Ancient North Arabian letter Thal (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Thal (Dadantic variant) 𐪙 ḏ IPA: [ð] Ancient North Arabian letter Thal (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Thal (Safaitic variant) ḏ IPA: [ð] Ancient North Arabian letter Thal (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Thal (Taymanitic variant) ḏ IPA: [ð] Ancient North Arabian letter Thal (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Thal (Hismaic variant) ḏ IPA: [ð]	Ancient North Arabian letter Dad (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Dad (Dadantic variant) 𐪓 ḍ IPA: [dˤ] Ancient North Arabian letter Dad (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Dad (Safaitic variant) ḍ IPA: [dˤ] Ancient North Arabian letter Thal (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Thal (Taymanitic variant) ḏ IPA: [ð] Ancient North Arabian letter Dad (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Dad (Hismaic variant) ḍ IPA: [dˤ]	Ancient North Arabian letter Heh (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Heh (Dadantic variant) 𐪀 h IPA: [h] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Haw/Hillul. Ancient North Arabian letter Heh (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Heh (Safaitic variant) h IPA: [h] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Haw/Hillul. Ancient North Arabian letter Heh (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Heh (Taymanitic variant) h IPA: [h] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Haw/Hillul. Ancient North Arabian letter Heh (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Heh (Hismaic variant) h IPA: [h] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Haw/Hillul.				Ancient North Arabian letter Waw (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Waw (Dadantic variant) 𐪅 w IPA: [w], [uː] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Was/Uph. Ancient North Arabian letter Waw (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Waw (Safaitic variant) w IPA: [w], [uː] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Was/Uph. Ancient North Arabian letter Waw (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Waw (Taymanitic variant) w IPA: [w], [uː] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Was/Uph. Ancient North Arabian letter Waw (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Waw (Hismaic variant) w IPA: [w], [uː] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Was/Uph.				Ancient North Arabian letter Zain (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Zain (Dadantic variant) 𐪘 z IPA: [z] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Zayn/Zayt. Ancient North Arabian letter Zain (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Zain (Safaitic variant) z IPA: [z] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Zayn/Zayt. Ancient North Arabian letter Zain (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Zain (Taymanitic variant) z IPA: [z] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Zayn/Zayt. Ancient North Arabian letter Zain (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Zain (Hismaic variant) z IPA: [z] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Zayn/Zayt.	Ancient North Arabian letter Hah (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Hah (Dadantic variant) 𐪂 ḥ IPA: [ħ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ḥaṣr. Ancient North Arabian letter Hah (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Hah (Safaitic variant) ḥ IPA: [ħ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ḥaṣr. Ancient North Arabian letter Hah (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Hah (Taymanitic variant) ḥ IPA: [ħ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ḥaṣr. Ancient North Arabian letter Hah (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Hah (Hismaic variant) ḥ IPA: [ħ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ḥaṣr.	Ancient North Arabian letter Khah (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Khah (Dadantic variant) 𐪍 ḫ IPA: [x] Ancient North Arabian letter Khah (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Khah (Safaitic variant) ḫ IPA: [x] Ancient North Arabian letter Khah (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Khah (Taymanitic variant) ḫ IPA: [x] Ancient North Arabian letter Khah (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Khah (Hismaic variant) ḫ IPA: [x]	Ancient North Arabian letter Tah (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Tah (Dadantic variant) 𐪗 ṭ IPA: [tˤ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṭab. Ancient North Arabian letter Tah (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Tah (Safaitic variant) ṭ IPA: [tˤ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṭab. Ancient North Arabian letter Tah (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Tah (Taymanitic variant) ṭ IPA: [tˤ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṭab. Ancient North Arabian letter Tah (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Tah (Hismaic variant) ṭ IPA: [tˤ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṭab.	Ancient North Arabian letter Zah (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Zah (Dadantic variant) 𐪜 ẓ IPA: [θˤ] Ancient North Arabian letter Zah (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Zah (Safaitic variant) ẓ IPA: [θˤ] Ancient North Arabian letter Zah (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Zah (Taymanitic variant) ẓ IPA: [θˤ] Ancient North Arabian letter Zah (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Zah (Hismaic variant) ẓ IPA: [θˤ]	Ancient North Arabian letter Yeh (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Yeh (Dadantic variant) 𐪚 y IPA: [y], [iː] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Yad. Ancient North Arabian letter Yeh (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Yeh (Safaitic variant) y IPA: [y], [iː] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Yad. Ancient North Arabian letter Yeh (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Yeh (Taymanitic variant) y IPA: [y], [iː] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Yad. Ancient North Arabian letter Yeh (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Yeh (Hismaic variant) y IPA: [y], [iː] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Yad.		Ancient North Arabian letter Kaf (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Kaf (Dadantic variant) 𐪋 k IPA: [k] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Kap. Ancient North Arabian letter Kaf (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Kaf (Safaitic variant) k IPA: [k] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Kap. Ancient North Arabian letter Kaf (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Kaf (Taymanitic variant) k IPA: [k] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Kap. Ancient North Arabian letter Kaf (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Kaf (Hismaic variant) k IPA: [k] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Kap.	Ancient North Arabian letter Lam (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Lam (Dadantic variant) 𐪁 l IPA: [l] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Lamd. Ancient North Arabian letter Lam (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Lam (Safaitic variant) l IPA: [l] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Lamd. Ancient North Arabian letter Lam (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Lam (Taymanitic variant) l IPA: [l] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Lamd. Ancient North Arabian letter Lam (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Lam (Hismaic variant) l IPA: [l] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Lamd.	Ancient North Arabian letter Meem (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Meem (Dadantic variant) 𐪃 m IPA: [m] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Maym. Ancient North Arabian letter Meem (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Meem (Safaitic variant) m IPA: [m] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Maym. Ancient North Arabian letter Meem (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Meem (Taymanitic variant) m IPA: [m] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Maym. Ancient North Arabian letter Meem (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Meem (Hismaic variant) m IPA: [m] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Maym.	Ancient North Arabian letter Noon (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Noon (Dadantic variant) 𐪌 n IPA: [n] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Naḥaš. Ancient North Arabian letter Noon (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Noon (Safaitic variant) n IPA: [n] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Naḥaš. Ancient North Arabian letter Noon (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Noon (Taymanitic variant) n IPA: [n] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Naḥaš. Ancient North Arabian letter Noon (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Noon (Hismaic variant) n IPA: [n] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Naḥaš.	Ancient North Arabian letter Es-3 (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Es-3 (Dadantic variant) 𐪏 s³ (s) IPA: [s] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṡamk. Ancient North Arabian letter Es-3 (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Es-3 (Safaitic variant) s³ (s) IPA: [s] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṡamk. Ancient North Arabian letter Es-3 (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Es-3 (Taymanitic variant) s³ (s) IPA: [s] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṡamk. Ancient North Arabian letter Es-3 (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Es-3 (Hismaic variant) s³ (s) IPA: [s] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṡamk.	Ancient North Arabian letter Es-1 (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Es-1 (Dadantic variant) 𐪊 s¹ (š) IPA: [ʃ] Ancient North Arabian letter Es-1 (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Es-1 (Safaitic variant) s¹ (š) IPA: [ʃ] Ancient North Arabian letter Es-1 (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Es-1 (Taymanitic variant) s¹ (š) IPA: [ʃ] Ancient North Arabian letter Es-1 (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Es-1 (Hismaic variant) s¹ (š) IPA: [ʃ]	Ancient North Arabian letter Ain (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Ain (Dadantic variant) 𐪒 ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter ‘ayn. Ancient North Arabian letter Ain (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Ain (Safaitic variant) ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter ‘ayn. Ancient North Arabian letter Ain (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Ain (Taymanitic variant) ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter ‘ayn. Ancient North Arabian letter Ain (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Ain (Hismaic variant) ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter ‘ayn.	Ancient North Arabian letter Ghain (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Ghain (Dadantic variant) 𐪖 ġ IPA: [ɣ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ġabiʿ. Ancient North Arabian letter Ghain (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Ghain (Safaitic variant) ġ IPA: [ɣ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ġabiʿ. Ancient North Arabian letter Ghain (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Ghain (Taymanitic variant) ġ IPA: [ɣ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ġabiʿ. Ancient North Arabian letter Ghain (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Ghain (Hismaic variant) ġ IPA: [ɣ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ġabiʿ.	Ancient North Arabian letter Feh (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Feh (Dadantic variant) 𐪐 f IPA: [f] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter P’it. Ancient North Arabian letter Feh (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Feh (Safaitic variant) f IPA: [f] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter P’it. Ancient North Arabian letter Feh (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Feh (Taymanitic variant) f IPA: [f] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter P’it. Ancient North Arabian letter Feh (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Feh (Hismaic variant) f IPA: [f] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter P’it.	Ancient North Arabian letter Sad (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Sad (Dadantic variant) 𐪎 ṣ IPA: [sˤ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṣaday. Ancient North Arabian letter Sad (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Sad (Safaitic variant) ṣ IPA: [sˤ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṣaday. Ancient North Arabian letter Sad (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Sad (Taymanitic variant) ṣ IPA: [sˤ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṣaday. Ancient North Arabian letter Sad (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Sad (Hismaic variant) ṣ IPA: [sˤ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṣaday.			Ancient North Arabian letter Qaf (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Qaf (Dadantic variant) 𐪄 q IPA: [q] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Qoba. Ancient North Arabian letter Qaf (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Qaf (Safaitic variant) q IPA: [q] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Qoba. Ancient North Arabian letter Qaf (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Qaf (Taymanitic variant) q IPA: [q] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Qoba. Ancient North Arabian letter Qaf (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Qaf (Hismaic variant) q IPA: [q] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Qoba.	Ancient North Arabian letter Reh (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Reh (Dadantic variant) 𐪇 r IPA: [r] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Raʾš. Ancient North Arabian letter Reh (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Reh (Safaitic variant) r IPA: [r] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Raʾš. Ancient North Arabian letter Reh (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Reh (Taymanitic variant) r IPA: [r] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Raʾš. Ancient North Arabian letter Reh (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Reh (Hismaic variant) r IPA: [r] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Raʾš.	Ancient North Arabian letter Es-2 (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Es-2 (Dadantic variant) 𐪆 s² (ś) IPA: [ɬ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Šimš. Ancient North Arabian letter Es-2 (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Es-2 (Safaitic variant) s² (ś) IPA: [ɬ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Šimš. Ancient North Arabian letter Es-2 (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Es-2 (Taymanitic variant) s² (ś) IPA: [ɬ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Šimš. Ancient North Arabian letter Es-2 (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Es-2 (Hismaic variant) s² (ś) IPA: [ɬ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Šimš.						Ancient North Arabian letter Teh (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Teh (Dadantic variant) 𐪉 t IPA: [t] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Tāw. Ancient North Arabian letter Teh (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Teh (Safaitic variant) t IPA: [t] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Tāw. Ancient North Arabian letter Teh (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Teh (Taymanitic variant) t IPA: [t] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Tāw. Ancient North Arabian letter Teh (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Teh (Hismaic variant) t IPA: [t] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Tāw.

Lineage^{2,4,5,9,13-16}

Egyptian Hieroglyphs
↳Hieratic Egyptian
↳Proto-Sinaitic
↳Ugaritic
↳Phoenician
↳Ancient South Arabian
↳Ancient North Arabian
↳?Byblos

Proto-Sinaitic

References

1. Albright, William F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and their Decipherment.
2. Simons, Frank (2011). "Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet" (PDF). Rosetta. 9: 16–40.
3. Coleman Darnell, J. (2005). Two Early Alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi el-Hôl: New Evidence for the Origin of the Alphabet from the Western Desert of Egypt. Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 59, 63–124.
4. Colless, Brian E (1990). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Sinai". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 28: 1–52. doi:10.2143/anes.28.0.525711
5. Darnell Coleman, J. (2005). Two Early Alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi el-Hôl: New Evidence for the Origin of the Alphabet from the Western Desert of Egypt. Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 59, 63–124.
6. Roberson, J. A. (2018). A Very Brief Introduction to Hieratic. Retrieved from http://www.egyptologyforum.org/bbs/Stableford/Roberson,%20A_Very_Brief_Introduction_to_Hieratic.pdf
7. Möller, G. (1909). Hieratische Paläographie. Die aegyptische Buchschrift in ihrer Entwicklung von der fünften Dynastie bis zur römischen
8. Kaiserzeit (T. Stableford, Trans.). Retrieved from http://www.egyptologyforum.org/bbs/Stableford/HieraticPalaeo_I.pdf, http://www.egyptologyforum.org/bbs/Stableford/HieraticPalaeo_II.pdf
9. Hoch, James E. (1990). "The Byblos Syllabary: Bridging the Gap Between Egyptian Hieroglyphs and Semitic Alphabets". Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities. 20: 115–124.
10. Daniels, P. T., & Bright, W. (Eds.). (1996). The world’s writing systems. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
11. Maktari, Sultan; Mansour, Kamal. "N3395: Proposal to encode Old South Arabian script" (PDF)
12. Phoenician. (2022). unicode.org. https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10900.pdf
13. Woodard, R. D. (Ed.). (2008). The ancient languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. Cambridge University Press.
14. Healey, J. F. (1990). The Early Alphabet. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
15. Markoe, G. E. (2000). Phoenicians. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
16. Al-Jallad, A. (2015). An outline of the grammar of the safaitic inscriptions. doi:10.1163/9789004289826