maˈtʼuww

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Writing Script		Head of ox	House plan		Throw stick	Nile tilapia		Man with arms raised	Pear shaped mace			Two diagonal strokes	Plan of rectangular enclosure	Heart and trachea		Arm with downward facing palm	Hand	Crook	Water ripple	Cobra			Reed column	Eye	Wick	Mouth	Rush with shoots			Cord on stick	Head	Bow	Basket of fruit or grain	Crossed sticks	Pool with lilies	Horned viper	Lily plant	Elephant tusk & papyrus scroll	Fire drill	Basket with handle	Arm holding conical loaf & bread
Egyptian Hieroglyphs	Logography 32 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 𓃾 Head of Ox Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ka	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 𓉐 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 𓌙 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 𓆛 Bulti fish Phonogram in for: int “bulti”		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 𓀠 Man with arms raised Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 𓌉 Pear shaped mace Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 𓏭 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6 𓉗 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 𓄤 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 𓂣 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 𓂧 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 𓋿 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 𓈖 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 𓆓 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 𓊽 Reed column Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/ Conventional Anglicisation: djed	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 𓁹 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28 𓎛 Wick Phonogram ḥ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 𓂋 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 𓇑 Rush with roots Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 𓎗 Cord on stick Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wedj	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 𓁶 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a 𓌓 Bow Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M39 𓇨 Basket of fruit or grain Determinative for: rnpt “vegetables”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 𓏴 Crossed sticks Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M8 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M8 𓆷 Pool with lilies Phonogram šꜣ for: šꜣ “marsh” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ʃɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: sha Ideogram for: ꜣḫt “Inundation” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑxɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: akhet	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I9 𓆑 Horned viper Phonogram f Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /f/ Determinative in: it “father”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M12 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M12 𓆼 Lily plant Phonogram ḫꜣ, for: ḫꜣ “1,000” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /xɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: kha	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F18 & Y1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F18 𓄑 Tusk of elephant Phonogram bḥ or ḥw Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth” Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Y1 𓏛 Papyrus scroll Phonogram mḏꜣt Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth” Ideogram for: mḏꜣt “paypyrus roll, book” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛd͡ʒɑt/ Conventional Anglicisation: medjat Determinative for: rḫ “know” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛx/ Conventional Anglicisation: rekh	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. U29 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. U29 𓍒 Fire drill (Variation of Gardiner No. U28) Phonogram ḏꜣ for: ꜥnḫ.(w) (w)ḏꜣ snb “may he live, be prosperous, be healthy” Conventional Anglicisation: ankh wedja seneb	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V31 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V31 𓎡 Basket with handle Phonogram k Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /k/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D37 & X1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D37 𓂞 Arm holding conical loaf Phonogram dj for: rḏj “give” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈcʼiːjit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈtʼiːjiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾə)ˈtʼiːʔəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼiːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛd͡ʒi/ Conventional Anglicisation: redji Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. X1 𓏏 Small bread loaf Phonogram t Ideogram for: t “bread” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /t/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /t/
Hieratic Egyptian	Logography 32 c. BCE - 3 c. CE		Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O1 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 (𓉐).		Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. T14 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 (𓌙).							Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 (𓏭).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O6 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 (𓉗).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F35 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 (𓄤).		Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 (𓂣).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D46 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 (𓂧).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 (𓋿).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/ Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 (𓈖).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/ Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 (𓆓).				Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D4 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 (𓁹).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28 Wick Phonogram ḥ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħ/ Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28 (𓎛).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/ Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 (𓂋).					Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D1 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 (𓁶).				Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8 Pool with lilies Phonogram šꜣ for: šꜣ “marsh” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ʃɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: sha Ideogram for: ꜣḫt “Inundation” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑxɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: akhet Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M8 (𓆷).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9 Horned viper Phonogram f Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /f/ Determinative in: it “father” Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I9 (𓆑).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12 Lily plant Phonogram ḫꜣ, for: ḫꜣ “1,000” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /xɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: kha Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M12 (𓆼).	Hieratic Egyptian, Gardiner No. F18 & Y1 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 Tusk of elephant Phonogram bḥ or ḥw Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth” Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F18 (𓄑). Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Y1 Papyrus scroll Phonogram mḏꜣt Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth” Ideogram for: mḏꜣt “paypyrus roll, book” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛd͡ʒɑt/ Conventional Anglicisation: medjat Determinative for: rḫ “know” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛx/ Conventional Anglicisation: rekh Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Y1 (𓏛).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29 Fire drill (Variation of Gardiner No. U28) Phonogram ḏꜣ for: ꜥnḫ.(w) (w)ḏꜣ snb “may he live, be prosperous, be healthy” Conventional Anglicisation: ankh wedja seneb Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. U29 (𓍒).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V31 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V31 𓎡 Basket with handle Phonogram k Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /k/ Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V31 (𓎡).	Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37 & X1 × Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37 Arm holding conical loaf Phonogram dj for: rḏj “give” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈcʼiːjit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈtʼiːjiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾə)ˈtʼiːʔəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼiːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛd͡ʒi/ Conventional Anglicisation: redji Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D37 (𓂞). Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. X1 Small bread loaf Phonogram t Ideogram for: t “bread” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /t/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /t/ Derived from Egyptian hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. X1 (𓏏).
Demotic Egyptian	Logography 650 BCE - 5 c. CE															Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42.		Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10.					Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28 Wick Phonogram ḥ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħ/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21.									Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8 Pool with lilies Phonogram šꜣ for: šꜣ “marsh” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ʃɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: sha Ideogram for: ꜣḫt “Inundation” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑxɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: akhet Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9 Horned viper Phonogram f Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /f/ Determinative in: it “father” Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12 Lily plant Phonogram ḫꜣ, for: ḫꜣ “1,000” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /xɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: kha Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 & Y1 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 Tusk of elephant Phonogram bḥ or ḥw Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth” Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18. Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Y1 Papyrus scroll Phonogram mḏꜣt Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth” Ideogram for: mḏꜣt “paypyrus roll, book” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛd͡ʒɑt/ Conventional Anglicisation: medjat Determinative for: rḫ “know” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛx/ Conventional Anglicisation: rekh Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Y1.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29 Fire drill Phonogram ḏꜣ for: ꜥnḫ.(w) (w)ḏꜣ snb “may he live, be prosperous, be healthy” Conventional Anglicisation: ankh wedja seneb Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V31 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V31 Basket with handle Phonogram k Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /k/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No.V31.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37 & X1 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37 Arm holding conical loaf Phonogram dj for: rḏj “give” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈcʼiːjit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈtʼiːjiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾə)ˈtʼiːʔəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼiːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛd͡ʒi/ Conventional Anglicisation: redji Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37. Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. X1 Small bread loaf Phonogram t Ideogram for: t “bread” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /t/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /t/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. X1.
Meroitic Cursive	Abugida 3 c. BCE - 6 c. CE	Meroitic cursive letter O × Meroitic cursive letter O 𐦣																	Meroitic cursive letter Na × Meroitic cursive letter Na 𐦩							Meroitic cursive letter Ra × Meroitic cursive letter Ra 𐦫									Meroitic cursive letter Sa × Meroitic cursive letter Sa 𐦯
Proto-Sinaitic	Abjad 19 c. BCE - 15 c. BCE	Proto-Sinaitic letter ʾalp × Proto-Sinaitic letter ʾalp Ox ʾ IPA: /ʔ/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Bayt × Proto-Sinaitic letter Bayt House b IPA: /b/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. T14.		Proto-Sinaitic letter Gaml × Proto-Sinaitic letter Gaml Throwstick g IPA: /g/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. .	Proto-Sinaitic letter Dag × Proto-Sinaitic letter Dag Fish d IPA: /d/		Proto-Sinaitic letter Haw/Hillul × Proto-Sinaitic letter Haw/Hillul Praise h IPA: /h/	Proto-Sinaitic Was/Uph × Proto-Sinaitic letter Was/Uph Fowl w IPA: /w/			Proto-Sinaitic letter Zayn/Zayt × Proto-Sinaitic letter Zayn/Zayt Oxhide ingot/sword z IPA: /z/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Z4.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Ḥaṣr × Proto-Sinaitic letter Ḥaṣr Courtyard or thread ḥ IPA: /ħ/ or /x/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O6.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṭab × Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṭab Wheel ṭ IPA: /tˤ/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F35.		Proto-Sinaitic letter Yad × Proto-Sinaitic letter Yad Hand j IPA: /j/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Kap × Proto-Sinaitic letter Kap Palm k IPA: /k/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D46.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Lamd × Proto-Sinaitic letter Lamd Goad l IPA: /l/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Maym × Proto-Sinaitic letter Maym Water m IPA: /m/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Naḥaš × Proto-Sinaitic letter Naḥaš Snake n IPA: /n/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10.			Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṡamk × Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṡamk Peg s IPA: /s/	Proto-Sinaitic letter ‘ayn × Proto-Sinaitic letter ‘ayn Eye ʿ IPA: /ʕ/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D4.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Ġabiʿ × Proto-Sinaitic letter Ġabiʿ Calyx ġ IPA: /ɣ/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28.	Proto-Sinaitic letter P’it × Proto-Sinaitic letter P’it Corner p IPA: /p/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṣaday × Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṣaday Plant ṣ IPA: /sˤ/			Proto-Sinaitic letter Qoba × Proto-Sinaitic letter Qoba Needle/nape/monkey q IPA: /kˤ/ or /q/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Raʾš × Proto-Sinaitic letter Raʾš Head r IPA: /r/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21.	Proto-Sinaitic letter Šimš × Proto-Sinaitic letter Šimš Bow š IPA: /ʃ/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Śadeh × Proto-Sinaitic letter Śadeh Field, land or bow θ IPA: /ɬ/ or /θ/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Tāw × Proto-Sinaitic letter Tāw Mark t IPA: /t/
Ugaritic	Abjad 15/13 c. BCE - ???	Ugaritic letter Alpa × Ugaritic letter Alpa 𐎀 ʾa IPA: /ʔa/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter ʾalp.	Ugaritic letter Beta × Ugaritic letter Beta 𐎁 b IPA: /b/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Bayt.		Ugaritic letter Gamla × Ugaritic letter Gamla 𐎂 g IPA: /g/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Gaml.	Ugaritic letter Delta × Ugaritic letter Delta 𐎄 d IPA: /d/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Dag.		Ugaritic letter Ho × Ugaritic letter Ho 𐎅 h IPA: /h/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Haw/Hillul.	Ugaritic letter Wo × Ugaritic letter Wo 𐎆 w IPA: /w/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Was/Uph.			Ugaritic letter Zeta × Ugaritic letter Zeta 𐎇 z IPA: /z/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Zayn/Zayt.	Ugaritic letter Hota × Ugaritic letter Hota 𐎈 ḥ IPA: /ħ/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ḥaṣr.	Ugaritic letter Tet × Ugaritic letter Tet 𐎉 ṭ IPA: /tˤ/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṭab.		Ugaritic letter Yod × Ugaritic letter Yod 𐎊 y IPA: /j/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Yad.	Ugaritic letter Kaf × Ugaritic letter Kaf 𐎋 k IPA: /k/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Kap.	Ugaritic letter Lamda × Ugaritic letter Lamda 𐎍 l IPA: /l/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Lamd.	Ugaritic letter Mem × Ugaritic letter Mem 𐎎 m IPA: /m/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Maym.	Ugaritic letter Nun × Ugaritic letter Nun 𐎐 n IPA: /n/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Naḥaš.			Ugaritic letter Samka × Ugaritic letter Samka 𐎒 s IPA: /s/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṡamk.	Ugaritic letter Ain × Ugaritic letter Ain 𐎓 ʿ IPA: /ʕ/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter ‘ayn.	Ugaritic letter Ghain × Ugaritic letter Ghain 𐎙 ġ IPA: /ɣ/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ġabiʿ.	Ugaritic letter Pu × Ugaritic letter Pu 𐎔 p IPA: /p/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter P’it.	Ugaritic letter Sade × Ugaritic letter Sade 𐎕 ṣ IPA: /sˤ/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṣaday.			Ugaritic letter Qopa × Ugaritic letter Qopa 𐎖 q IPA: /q/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Qoba.	Ugaritic letter Rasha × Ugaritic letter Rasha 𐎗 r IPA: /r/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Raʾš.	Ugaritic letter Shin × Ugaritic letter Shin 𐎌 š IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Šimš.		Ugaritic letter To × Ugaritic letter To 𐎚 t IPA: /t/ Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Tāw.
Phoenician	Abjad 12 c. BCE - 135 BCE	Phoenician letter ʾālep × Phoenician letter ʾālep 𐤀 𐤀𐤋𐤐 Ox, head of cattle ʾ IPA: [ʔ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter ʾalp.	Phoenician letter Bēt × Phoenician letter Bēt 𐤁 𐤁𐤕 House b IPA: [b] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Bayt.		Phoenician letter Gīml × Phoenician letter Gīml 𐤂 𐤂𐤌𐤋 Throwing stick (or camel) g IPA: [g] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Gaml.	Phoenician letter Dālet × Phoenician letter Dālet 𐤃 𐤃𐤋𐤕 Door (or fish) d IPA: [d] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Dag.		Phoenician letter He × Phoenician letter He 𐤄 𐤄 Window (or jubilation) h IPA: [h] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Haw/Hillul.	Phoenician letter Wāw × Phoenician letter Wāw 𐤅 𐤅𐤅 Hook w IPA: [w] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Was/Uph.			Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin × Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin 𐤆 𐤆𐤉𐤍 Weapon (or manacle) z IPA: [z] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Zayn/Zayt.	Phoenician letter Hēt × Phoenician letter Hēt 𐤇 𐤇𐤕 Courtyard/wall ḥ IPA: [ħ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ḥaṣr.	Phoenician letter Ṭēt × Phoenician letter Ṭēt 𐤈 𐤈𐤕 Wheel ṭ IPA: [tˤ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṭab.		Phoenician letter Yod × Phoenician letter Yod 𐤉 𐤉𐤃 Arm, hand j IPA: [j] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Yad.	Phoenician letter Kāp × Phoenician letter Kāp 𐤊 𐤊𐤐 Palm of a hand k IPA: [k] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Kap.	Phoenician letter Lāmed × Phoenician letter Lāmed 𐤋 𐤋𐤌𐤃 Goad l IPA: [l] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Lamd.	Phoenician letter Mēm × Phoenician letter Mēm 𐤌 𐤌𐤌 Water m IPA: [m] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Maym.	Phoenician letter Nūn × Phoenician letter Nūn 𐤍 𐤍𐤍 Serpent (or fish) n IPA: [n] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Naḥaš.			Phoenician letter Śāmek × Phoenician letter Śāmek 𐤎 𐤎𐤌𐤊 Pillar s IPA: [s] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṡamk.	Phoenician letter ʿayin × Phoenician letter ʿayin 𐤏 𐤏𐤉𐤍 Eye ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter ‘ayn.		Phoenician letter Pē × Phoenician letter Pē 𐤐 𐤐 Mouth (or corner) p IPA: [p] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter P’it.	Phoenician letter Ṩādē × Phoenician letter Ṩādē 𐤑 𐤑𐤃 Papyrus plant/fish hook ṣ IPA: [sˤ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṣaday.			Phoenician letter Qōp × Phoenician letter Qōp 𐤒 𐤒𐤐 Needle eye q IPA: [q] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Qoba.	Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh × Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh 𐤓 𐤓𐤔 Head r IPA: [r] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Raʾš.	Phoenician letter Šīn × Phoenician letter Šīn 𐤔 𐤔𐤍 Tooth (or sun) š IPA: [ʃ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Šimš.		Phoenician letter Tāw × Phoenician letter Tāw 𐤕 𐤕𐤅 Mark t IPA: [t] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Tāw.
Paleo-Hebrew	Abjad 10 c. BCE - 135 CE	Paleo-Hebrew letter ʾālep × Paleo-Hebrew letter ʾālep 𐤀 𐤀𐤋𐤐 Ox, head of cattle ʾ IPA: [ʔ] Derived from Phoenician letter ʾālep (𐤀).	Paleo-Hebrew letter Bēt × Paleo-Hebrew letter Bēt 𐤁 𐤁𐤕 House b IPA: [b] Derived from Phoenician letter Bēt (𐤁).		Paleo-Hebrew letter Gīml × Paleo-Hebrew letter Gīml 𐤂 𐤂𐤌𐤋 Throwing stick (or camel) g IPA: [g] Derived from Phoenician letter Gīml (𐤂).	Paleo-Hebrew letter Dālet × Paleo-Hebrew letter Dālet 𐤃 𐤃𐤋𐤕 Door (or fish) d IPA: [d] Derived from Phoenician letter Dālet (𐤃).		Paleo-Hebrew letter He × Paleo-Hebrew letter He 𐤄 𐤄 Window (or jubilation) h IPA: [h] Derived from Phoenician letter He (𐤄).	Paleo-Hebrew letter Wāw × Paleo-Hebrew letter Wāw 𐤅 𐤅𐤅 Hook w IPA: [w] Derived from Phoenician letter Wāw (𐤅).			Paleo-Hebrew letter Zajin/Zayin × Paleo-Hebrew letter Zajin/Zayin 𐤆 𐤆𐤉𐤍 Weapon (or manacle) z IPA: [z] Derived from Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆).	Paleo-Hebrew letter Hēt × Paleo-Hebrew letter Hēt 𐤇 𐤇𐤕 Courtyard/wall ḥ IPA: [ħ] Derived from Phoenician letter Hēt (𐤇).	Paleo-Hebrew letter Ṭēt × Paleo-Hebrew letter Ṭēt 𐤈 𐤈𐤕 Wheel ṭ IPA: [tˤ] Derived from Phoenician letter Ṭēt (𐤈).		Paleo-Hebrew letter Yod × Paleo-Hebrew letter Yod 𐤉 𐤉𐤃 Arm, hand j IPA: [j] Derived from Phoenician letter Yod (𐤉).	Paleo-Hebrew letter Kāp × Paleo-Hebrew letter Kāp 𐤊 𐤊𐤐 Palm of a hand k IPA: [k] Derived from Phoenician letter Kāp (𐤊).	Paleo-Hebrew letter Lāmed × Paleo-Hebrew letter Lāmed 𐤋 𐤋𐤌𐤃 Goad l IPA: [l] Derived from Phoenician letter Lāmed (𐤋).	Paleo-Hebrew letter Mēm × Paleo-Hebrew letter Mēm 𐤌 𐤌𐤌 Water m IPA: [m] Derived from Phoenician letter Mēm (𐤌).	Paleo-Hebrew letter Nūn × Paleo-Hebrew letter Nūn 𐤍 𐤍𐤍 Serpent (or fish) n IPA: [n] Derived from Phoenician letter Nūn (𐤍).			Paleo-Hebrew letter Śāmek × Paleo-Hebrew letter Śāmek 𐤎 𐤎𐤌𐤊 Pillar s IPA: [s] Derived from Phoenician letter Śāmek (𐤎).	Paleo-Hebrew letter ʿayin × Paleo-Hebrew letter ʿayin 𐤏 𐤏𐤉𐤍 Eye ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Derived from Phoenician letter ʿayin (𐤏).		Paleo-Hebrew letter Pē × Paleo-Hebrew letter Pē 𐤐 𐤐 Mouth (or corner) p IPA: [p] Derived from Phoenician letter Pē (𐤐).	Paleo-Hebrew letter Ṩādē × Paleo-Hebrew letter Ṩādē 𐤑 𐤑𐤃 Papyrus plant/fish hook ṣ IPA: [sˤ] Derived from Phoenician letter Ṩādē (𐤑).			Paleo-Hebrew letter Qōp × Paleo-Hebrew letter Qōp 𐤒 𐤒𐤐 Needle eye q IPA: [q] Derived from Phoenician letter Qōp (𐤒).	Paleo-Hebrew letter Rēs/Resh × Paleo-Hebrew letter Rēs/Resh 𐤓 𐤓𐤔 Head r IPA: [r] Derived from Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh (𐤓).	Paleo-Hebrew letter Šīn × Paleo-Hebrew letter Šīn 𐤔 𐤔𐤍 Tooth (or sun) š IPA: [ʃ] Derived from Phoenician letter Šīn (𐤔).		Paleo-Hebrew letter Tāw × Paleo-Hebrew letter Tāw 𐤕 𐤕𐤅 Mark t IPA: [t] Derived from Phoenician letter Tāw (𐤕).
Samaritan	Abjad 6 c. BCE - Present	Samaritan letter Ā'lāf × Samaritan letter Ā'lāf ࠀ ʾ Derived from Paleo-Hebrew letter ʾālep (𐤀).	Samaritan letter Bīt × Samaritan letter Bīt ࠁ b Derived from Paleo-Hebrew letter Bēt (𐤁).		Samaritan letter Gā'mān × Samaritan letter Gā'mān ࠂ g Derived from Paleo-Hebrew letter Gīml (𐤂).	Samaritan letter Dā'lāt × Samaritan letter Dā'lāt ࠃ d Derived from Paleo-Hebrew letter Dālet (𐤃).		Samaritan letter Īy × Samaritan letter Īy ࠄ h Derived from Paleo-Hebrew letter He (𐤄).	Samaritan letter Bā̊ × Samaritan letter Bā̊ ࠅ w Derived from Paleo-Hebrew letter Wāw (𐤅).			Samaritan letter Zēn × Samaritan letter Zēn ࠆ z Derived from Paleo-Hebrew letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆).	Samaritan letter Īt × Samaritan letter Īt ࠇ ḥ Derived from Paleo-Hebrew letter Hēt (𐤇).	Samaritan letter Ṭīt × Samaritan letter Ṭīt ࠈ ṭ Derived from Paleo-Hebrew letter Ṭēt (𐤈).		Samaritan letter Yūt × Samaritan letter Yūt ࠉ y Derived from Paleo-Hebrew letter Yod (𐤉).	Samaritan letter Kā̊f × Samaritan letter Kā̊f ࠊ k Derived from Paleo-Hebrew letter Kāp (𐤊).	Samaritan letter Lā'bāt × Samaritan letter Lā'bāt ࠋ l Derived from Paleo-Hebrew letter Lāmed (𐤋).	Samaritan letter Mīm × Samaritan letter Mīm ࠌ m Derived from Paleo-Hebrew letter Mēm (𐤌).	Samaritan letter Nūn × Samaritan letter Nūn ࠍ n Derived from Paleo-Hebrew letter Nūn (𐤍).			Samaritan letter Sin'gā̊t × Samaritan letter Sin'gā̊t ࠎ s Derived from Paleo-Hebrew letter Śāmek (𐤎).	Samaritan letter Īn × Samaritan letter Īn ࠏ ʿ Derived from Paleo-Hebrew letter ʿayin (𐤏).		Samaritan letter Fī × Samaritan letter Fī ࠐ f Derived from Paleo-Hebrew letter Pē (𐤐).	Samaritan letter Ṣā̊'dīy × Samaritan letter Ṣā̊'dīy ࠑ ṣ Derived from Paleo-Hebrew letter Pē (𐤐).			Samaritan letter Qūf × Samaritan letter Qūf ࠒ q Derived from Paleo-Hebrew letter Qōp (𐤒).	Samaritan letter Rīš × Samaritan letter Rīš ࠓ r Derived from Paleo-Hebrew letter Rēs/Resh (𐤓).	Samaritan letter × Samaritan letter Šān ࠔ š Derived from Paleo-Hebrew letter Šīn (𐤔).		Samaritan letter Tā̊f × Samaritan letter Tā̊f ࠕ t Derived from Paleo-Hebrew letter Tāw (𐤕).
Imperial Aramaic	Abjad 8 c. BCE - 7 c. CE	Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph × Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph 𐡀 𐡀𐡐𐡓 ʾ IPA: /ʔ/; /aː/, /eː/ Derived from Phoenician letter ʾālep (𐤀).	Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth × Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth 𐡁 𐡁𐡕 b IPA: /b/, /v/ Derived from Phoenician letter Bēt (𐤁).		Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal × Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal 𐡂 𐡂𐡌𐡋 g IPA: /ɡ/, /ɣ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Gīml (𐤂).	Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath × Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath 𐡃 𐡃𐡋𐡕 d IPA: /d/, /ð/ Derived from Phoenician letter Dālet (𐤃).		Imperial Aramaic letter Hē × Imperial Aramaic letter Hē 𐡄 𐡄 h IPA: /h/ Derived from Phoenician letter He (𐤄).	Imperial Aramaic letter Waw × Imperial Aramaic letter Waw 𐡅 𐡅𐡅 w IPA: /w/; /oː/, /uː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Wāw (𐤅).			Imperial Aramaic letter Zain × Imperial Aramaic letter Zain 𐡆 𐡆𐡉𐡍 z IPA: /z/ Derived from Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆).	Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth × Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth 𐡇 𐡇𐡕 ḥ IPA: /ħ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Hēt (𐤇).	Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth × Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth 𐡈 𐡈𐡕 ṭ IPA: /tˤ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṭēt (𐤈).		Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh × Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh 𐡉 𐡉𐡃 j IPA: /j/; /iː/, /eː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Yod (𐤉).	Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph × Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph 𐡊 𐡊𐡐 k IPA: /k/, /x/ Derived from Phoenician letter Kāp (𐤊).	Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh × Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh 𐡋 𐡋𐡌𐡃 l IPA: /l/ Derived from Phoenician letter Lāmed (𐤋).	Imperial Aramaic letter Mem × Imperial Aramaic letter Mem 𐡌 𐡌𐡌 m IPA: /m/ Derived from Phoenician letter Mēm (𐤌).	Imperial Aramaic letter Nun × Imperial Aramaic letter Nun 𐡍 𐡍𐡍 n IPA: /n/ Derived from Phoenician letter Nūn (𐤍).			Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath × Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath 𐡎 𐡎𐡌𐡊 s IPA: /s/ Derived from Phoenician letter Śāmek (𐤎).	Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin × Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin 𐡏 𐡏𐡉𐡍 ʿ IPA: /ʕ/ Derived from Phoenician letter ʿayin (𐤏).		Imperial Aramaic letter Pē × Imperial Aramaic letter Pē 𐡐 𐡐 p IPA: /p/, /f/ Derived from Phoenician letter Pē (𐤐).	Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē × Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē 𐡑 𐡑𐡃 ṣ IPA: /sˤ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṩādē (𐤑).			Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph × Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph 𐡒 𐡒𐡐 q IPA: /q/ Derived from Phoenician letter Qōp (𐤒).	Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš × Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš 𐡓 𐡓𐡔 r IPA: /r/ Derived from Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh (𐤓).	Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn × Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn 𐡔 𐡔𐡍 š IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Šīn (𐤔).		Imperial Aramaic letter Taw × Imperial Aramaic letter Taw 𐡕 𐡕𐡅 t IPA: /t/, /θ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Tāw (𐤕).
Kharoṣṭhī	Abugida 4 c. BCE - 3 c. CE	Kharoṣṭhī letter A × Kharoṣṭhī letter A 𐨀 a IPA: /ə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).	Kharoṣṭhī letter Ba × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ba 𐨦 ba IPA: /bə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).		Kharoṣṭhī letter Ga × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ga 𐨒 ga IPA: /gə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).	Kharoṣṭhī letter Dha × Kharoṣṭhī letter Dha 𐨢 dha IPA: /dʰə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).		Kharoṣṭhī letter Ha × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ha 𐨱 ha IPA: /hə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).	Kharoṣṭhī letter Va × Kharoṣṭhī letter Va 𐨬 va IPA: /ʋə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).			Kharoṣṭhī letter Ja × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ja 𐨗 ja IPA: /ɟə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).	Kharoṣṭhī letter Gha × Kharoṣṭhī letter Gha 𐨓 gha IPA: /gʰə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).	Kharoṣṭhī letter Tha × Kharoṣṭhī letter Tha 𐨠 tha IPA: /tʰə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).		Kharoṣṭhī letter Ya × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ya 𐨩 ya IPA: /jə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).	Kharoṣṭhī letter Ka × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ka 𐨐 ka IPA: /kə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).	Kharoṣṭhī letter La × Kharoṣṭhī letter La 𐨫 la IPA: /lə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).	Kharoṣṭhī letter Ma × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ma 𐨨 ma IPA: /mə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).	Kharoṣṭhī letter Na × Kharoṣṭhī letter Na 𐨣 na IPA: /nə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).			Kharoṣṭhī letter Śa × Kharoṣṭhī letter Śa 𐨭 śa IPA: /ɕə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).			Kharoṣṭhī letter Pa × Kharoṣṭhī letter Pa 𐨤 pa IPA: /pə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).	Kharoṣṭhī letter Sa × Kharoṣṭhī letter Sa 𐨯 sa IPA: /sə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).			Kharoṣṭhī letter Kha × Kharoṣṭhī letter Kha 𐨑 kha IPA: /kʰə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).	Kharoṣṭhī letter Ra × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ra 𐨪 ra IPA: /rə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).	Kharoṣṭhī letter Ṣa × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ṣa 𐨮 ṣa IPA: /ʂə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).		Kharoṣṭhī letter Ta × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ta 𐨟 ta IPA: /tə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).
Early/Ashokan Brahmi	Abugida 3 c. BCE - 1 c. CE	Early Brahmi letter A × Early Brahmi letter A 𑀅 a IPA: /ɐ/ Likely derived from a variant of Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).	Early Brahmi letter Ba × Early Brahmi letter Ba 𑀩 ba IPA: /bɐ/ Likely derived from Classical Nabataean letter Bēth (final) (𐢂), with a closing back stroke.	Early Brahmi letter Bha × Early Brahmi letter Bha 𑀪 bha IPA: /bʱɐ/ Likely derived from Classical Nabataean letter Bēth (final) (𐢂), rotated and with a hook to represent the aspirate.	Early Brahmi letter Ga × Early Brahmi letter Ga 𑀕 ga IPA: /gɐ/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).	Early Brahmi letter Ḍa × Early Brahmi letter Ḍa 𑀟 ḍa IPA: /ɖɐ/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃), reversed.	Early Brahmi letter Dha × Early Brahmi letter Dha 𑀥 dha IPA: /d̪ʱɐ/ Likely derived from a rounded variant of Modern Greek letter Delta (Δ).	Early Brahmi letter Ha × Early Brahmi letter Ha 𑀳 ha IPA: /ɦɐ/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄), reversed and upside down.	Early Brahmi letter U × Early Brahmi letter U 𑀉 u IPA: /u/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅), reversed and upside down.	Early Brahmi letter Va × Early Brahmi letter Va 𑀯 va IPA: /wɐ/, /ʋɐ/ Likely derived from a variant of Classical Nabataean letter Waw (𐢈).	Early Brahmi letter Ja × Early Brahmi letter Ja 𑀚 ja IPA: /ɟɐ/ Likely derived from a variant of Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆).	Early Brahmi letter Jha × Early Brahmi letter Jha 𑀛 jha IPA: /ɟʱɐ/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆), with an upper hook to the right to represent the aspirate.		Early Brahmi letter Ṭha × Early Brahmi letter Ṭha 𑀞 ṭha IPA: /ʈʰɐ/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).	Early Brahmi letter Tha × Early Brahmi letter Tha 𑀣 tha IPA: /t̪ʰɐ/ Likely derived from a variant of Modern Greek letter Theta (Θ).	Early Brahmi letter Ya × Early Brahmi letter Ya 𑀬 ya IPA: /jɐ/ Likely derived from Phoenician letter Yod (𐤉), upside down with an extension of the middle projection.	Early Brahmi letter Ka × Early Brahmi letter Ka 𑀓 ka IPA: /kɐ/ Likely derived from a variant of Modern Greek letter Chi (Χ).	Early Brahmi letter La × Early Brahmi letter La 𑀮 la IPA: /lɐ/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋), reversed.	Early Brahmi letter Ma × Early Brahmi letter Ma 𑀫 ma IPA: /mɐ/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌), with the top closed in a loop and turned upside down.	Early Brahmi letter Ña × Early Brahmi letter Ña 𑀜 ña IPA: /ɲɐ/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).	Early Brahmi letter Ṅa × Early Brahmi letter Ṅa 𑀗 ṅa IPA: /ŋɐ/ Likely derived from Hebrew letter Nun (נ), reversed.	Early Brahmi letter Na × Early Brahmi letter Na 𑀦 na IPA: /nɐ/ Likely derived from a variant of Classical Nabataean letter Nun (𐢕).		Early Brahmi letter E × Early Brahmi letter E 𑀏 e IPA: /eː/ Likely derived from a triangular variant of Phoenician letter ʿayin (𐤏).	Early Brahmi letter Gha × Early Brahmi letter Gha 𑀖 gha IPA: /ɡʱɐ/ Likely derived from a variant of Late Nabataean letter Ayin.	Early Brahmi letter Ṣa × Early Brahmi letter Ṣa 𑀱 ṣa IPA: /ʂɐ/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐), rotated and upside down.	Early Brahmi letter Sa × Early Brahmi letter Sa 𑀧 sa IPA: /sɐ/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑), upside down, reversed, with a horizontal midline extension to the right.	Early Brahmi letter Ca × Early Brahmi letter Ca 𑀲 ca IPA: /cɐ/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑), upside down, eversed, with the elongation of a hook to the left.	Early Brahmi letter Pa × Early Brahmi letter Pa 𑀘 pa IPA: /pɐ/ Likely derived from Classical Nabataean letter Ṩādhē (𐢙), upside down.	Early Brahmi letter Kha × Early Brahmi letter Kha 𑀔 kha IPA: /kʰɐ/ Likely derived from Classical Nabataean letter Qoph (𐢚), reversed and upside down.	Early Brahmi letter Ra × Early Brahmi letter Ra 𑀭 ra IPA: /rɐ/ Likely derived from Classical Nabataean letter Rēš.	Early Brahmi letter Śa × Early Brahmi letter Śa 𑀰 śa IPA: /ɕɐ/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔), upside down with slight adjustment of the middle extension.		Early Brahmi letter Ta × Early Brahmi letter Ta 𑀢 ta IPA: /t̪ɐ/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).
Brahmic scripts reworked. Coming soon
Early Steppean Rovash	Alphabet 3 c. BCE - 10 c. CE					Early Steppean Rovash letter Sharp D × Early Steppean Rovash letter Sharp D d IPA: /ð/ Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter Daleth (𐭃).						Early Steppean Rovash letter Sz × Early Steppean Rovash letter Sz sz IPA: /s/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zayin (𐡆). Early Steppean Rovash letter Forked Sz × Early Steppean Rovash letter Forked Sz sz IPA: /s/ Derived from Kharoṣṭhī letter Ja (𐨗).	Early Steppean Rovash letter Gh × Early Steppean Rovash letter Gh gh IPA: /ɣ/ Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter Heth (𐭇).	Early Steppean Rovash letter Sharp T × Early Steppean Rovash letter Sharp T t IPA: /t/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Sharp T. Early Steppean Rovash letter Arched T × Early Steppean Rovash letter Arched T t IPA: /t/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).		Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled I × Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled I i IPA: /i/, /e/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉). Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed J × Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed J j IPA: /j/ Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Yodh (𐭩). Early Steppean Rovash letter Circle-ended I × Early Steppean Rovash letter Circle-ended I i IPA: /i/ Derived from Book Pahlavi letter Yodh.		Early Steppean Rovash letter Crossed L × Early Steppean Rovash letter Crossed L l IPA: /l/ Derived from Kharoṣṭhī letter La (𐨫). Early Steppean Rovash letter Sharp L × Early Steppean Rovash letter Sharp L l IPA: /l/ Derived from Kharoṣṭhī letter La (𐨫).	Early Steppean Rovash letter Open M × Early Steppean Rovash letter Open M m IPA: /m/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Open M. Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed G × Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed G g IPA: /g/, /x/ Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Mem-Qoph (𐭬).	Early Steppean Rovash letter N × Early Steppean Rovash letter N n IPA: /n/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).			Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed R × Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed R r IPA: /r/ Derived from variant of Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath.			Early Steppean Rovash letter Simple P × Early Steppean Rovash letter Simple P p IPA: /p/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Simple P.				Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled Q × Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled Q q IPA: /q/ Attestedly derived from Phoenician letter Angled Q.				Early Steppean Rovash letter Forked T × Early Steppean Rovash letter Forked T t IPA: /t/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).
Old Turkic	Alphabet 8 c. CE - 10 c. CE	Old Turkic letter A (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter A (Orkhon variant) 𐰀 a, ä IPA: /ɑ/, /æ/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀) or from Old Sogdian letter Aleph (𐼀). Old Turkic letter A (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter A (Yenisei variant) 𐰁 a, ä IPA: /ɑ/, /æ/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀). Old Turkic letter E × Old Turkic letter E 𐰅 e IPA: /e/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter E.	Old Turkic letter Ab (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Ab (Orkhon variant) 𐰉 b¹ IPA: /b/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Arched B. Old Turkic letter Ab (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ab (Yenisei variant) 𐰊 b¹ IPA: /b/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Arched B.		Old Turkic letter Aeg (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Aeg (Orkhon variant) 𐰏 g/g² IPA: /g/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Gimel. Old Turkic letter Aeg (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Aeg (Yenisei variant) 𐰐 g/g² IPA: /g/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).	Old Turkic letter Ad (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Ad (Orkhon variant) 𐰑 d¹ IPA: /d/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Teth. Old Turkic letter Ad (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ad (Yenisei variant) 𐰒 d¹ IPA: /d/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).		Old Turkic letter Aek (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Aek (Orkhon variant) 𐰚 k IPA: /k/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Forked K. Old Turkic letter Aek (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Aek (Yenisei variant) 𐰛 k IPA: /k/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄) or from Old Turkic letter Aek (Orkhon variant) (𐰚).	Old Turkic letter O × Old Turkic letter O 𐰆 o, u IPA: /o/, /u/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Waw.			Old Turkic letter Aes × Old Turkic letter Aes 𐰾 s² IPA: /s/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Sz.	Old Turkic letter Aq (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Aq (Orkhon variant) 𐰴 q IPA: /q/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇) or from Old Turkic letter Oek (Orkhon variant) (𐰜). Old Turkic letter Aq (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Aq (Yenisei variant) 𐰵 q IPA: /q/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇). Old Turkic letter Oe (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Oe (Yenisei variant) 𐰇 ö, ü IPA: /ø/, /y/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled Ue.	Old Turkic letter At (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter At (Yenisei variant) 𐱄 t¹ IPA: /t/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Teth. Old Turkic letter Aed × Old Turkic letter Aed 𐰓 d² IPA: /d/ Derived from Kharoṣṭhī letter Tha (𐨠).		Old Turkic letter I (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter I (Orkhon variant) 𐰃 ï/ı, i IPA: /ɯ/, /i/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉). or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled I. Old Turkic letter I (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter I (Yenisei variant) 𐰄 ï/ı, i IPA: /ɯ/, /i/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉). Old Turkic letter Aey (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Aey (Orkhon variant) 𐰘 y²/j² IPA: /j/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Yodh. Old Turkic letter Aey (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Aey (Yenisei variant) 𐰙 y²/j² IPA: /j/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉). Old Turkic letter Ay (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Ay (Orkhon variant) 𐰖 y¹/j¹ IPA: /j/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Closed J. Old Turkic letter Ay (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ay (Yenisei variant) 𐰗 y¹/j¹ IPA: /j/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Closed J.		Old Turkic letter Al (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Al (Orkhon variant) 𐰞 l¹ IPA: /l/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋), or from ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Lāmaḏ (ܠ), or from Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Lāmaḏ. Old Turkic letter Al (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Al (Yenisei variant) 𐰟 l¹ IPA: /l/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋). Old Turkic letter Elt × Old Turkic letter Elt 𐰡‎‎ -lt IPA: /lt/, /ld/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Lt.	Old Turkic letter Em × Old Turkic letter Em 𐰢 m IPA: /m/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Mem.	Old Turkic letter An × Old Turkic letter An 𐰣 n¹ IPA: /n/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter N. Old Turkic letter Aeng (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Aeng (Yenisei variant) 𐰮 ñ, ň, ŋ IPA: /ŋ/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Ng. Old Turkic letter Aen (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Aen (Orkhon variant) 𐰤 n² IPA: /n/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled N. Old Turkic letter Aen (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Aen (Yenisei variant) 𐰥 n² IPA: /n/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled N.			Old Turkic letter As × Old Turkic letter As 𐰽 s¹ IPA: /s/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎). Old Turkic letter Ash × Old Turkic letter Ash 𐰿 -aš IPA: /aʃ/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed R.			Old Turkic letter Ep × Old Turkic letter Ep 𐰯 p IPA: /p/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Simple P.	Old Turkic letter Ec (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Ec (Orkhon variant) 𐰲 č IPA: /tʃ/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒). Old Turkic letter Ec (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ec (Yenisei variant) 𐰳 č IPA: /tʃ/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒). Old Turkic letter Esh (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Esh (Orkhon variant) 𐱁 š IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Kharoṣṭhī letter Cha (𐨖). Old Turkic letter Esh (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Esh (Yenisei variant) 𐱂 š IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Old Turkic letter Esh (Orkhon variant) (𐱁). Old Turkic letter Enc (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Enc (Orkhon variant) 𐰨‎ -nč IPA: /ntʃ/ Derived from Kharoṣṭhī letter Sa (𐨯). Old Turkic letter Enc (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Enc (Yenisei variant) 𐰩 -nč IPA: /ntʃ/ Derived from Kharoṣṭhī letter Sa (𐨯).			Old Turkic letter Iq (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Iq (Orkhon variant) 𐰶 ıq, qı, q IPA: /ɯq/, /qɯ/, /q/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒). Old Turkic letter Iq (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Iq (Yenisei variant) 𐰷 ıq, qı, q IPA: /ɯq/, /qɯ/, /q/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒). Old Turkic letter Oek (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Oek (Orkhon variant) 𐰜 ök IPA: /øk/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Arched K. Old Turkic letter Oek (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Oek (Yenisei variant) 𐰝 ök IPA: /øk/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Arched K.	Old Turkic letter Ar (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Ar (Orkhon variant) 𐰺 r¹ IPA: /r/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Resh. Old Turkic letter Ar (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ar (Yenisei variant) 𐰻 r¹ IPA: /r/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).	Old Turkic letter Ic × Old Turkic letter Ic 𐰱 ič, či, č IPA: /itʃ/, /tʃi/, /tʃ/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Zs. Old Turkic letter Ash (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ash (Yenisei variant) 𐱀 š IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Arched Sh.		Old Turkic letter Aet (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Aet (Orkhon variant) 𐱅‎ t² IPA: /t/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕), or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Forked T. Old Turkic letter Aet (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Aet (Yenisei variant) 𐱆 t² IPA: /t/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).
Hebrew	Abjad c. 2/1 BCE - Present	Hebrew letter Alef × Hebrew letter Alef א אָלֶף a IPA: [a] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀). Numerical value: 1	Hebrew letter Bet × Hebrew letter Bet ב בֵית v IPA: [v] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁). Numerical value: 2		Hebrew letter Gimel × Hebrew letter Gimel ג גִימֵל g IPA: [ɣ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂). Numerical value: 3	Hebrew letter Dalet × Hebrew letter Dalet ד דָלֶת d IPA: [ð] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃). Numerical value: 4		Hebrew letter He × Hebrew letter He ה הֵא h IPA: [h]~[e] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄). Numerical value: 5	Hebrew letter Vav × Hebrew letter Vav ו וָו v IPA: [v] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅). Numerical value: 6			Hebrew letter Zayin × Hebrew letter Zayin ז זַיִן z IPA: [z] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆). Numerical value: 7	Hebrew letter Chet × Hebrew letter Chet ח חֵית ch IPA: [χ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇). Numerical value: 8	Hebrew letter Tet × Hebrew letter Tet ט טֵית t IPA: [t] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈). Numerical value: 9		Hebrew letter Yod × Hebrew letter Yod י יוֹד y IPA: [j] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉). Numerical value: 10	Hebrew letter Kaf × Hebrew letter Kaf כ כַף k IPA: [χ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊). Numerical value: 20 Hebrew letter Kaf (final) × Hebrew letter Kaf (final) ך כַף סוֹפִית k IPA: [x]~[χ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊). Numerical value: 20 or 500	Hebrew letter Lamed × Hebrew letter Lamed ל לָמֶד l IPA: [l] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋). Numerical value: 30	Hebrew letter Mem × Hebrew letter Mem מ מֵם m IPA: [m] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌). Numerical value: 40 Hebrew letter Mem (final) × Hebrew letter Mem (final) ם מֵם סוֹפִית m IPA: [m] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌). Numerical value: 40 or 600	Hebrew letter Nun × Hebrew letter Nun נ נוּן n IPA: [n] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍). Numerical value: 50 Hebrew letter Nun (final) × Hebrew letter Nun (final) ן נוּן סוֹפִית n IPA: [n] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍). Numerical value: 50 or 700			Hebrew letter Samekh × Hebrew letter Samekh ס סָמֶךְ s IPA: [s] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎). Numerical value: 60	Hebrew letter Ayin × Hebrew letter Ayin ע עַיִן ʿ IPA: [o]~[ō], ∅ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏). Numerical value: 70		Hebrew letter Pe × Hebrew letter Pe פ פֵא f IPA: [f] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐). Numerical value: 80 Hebrew letter Pe (final) × Hebrew letter Pe (final) ף פֵא סוֹפִית f IPA: [f] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐). Numerical value: 80 or 800	Hebrew letter Tsadi × Hebrew letter Tsadi צ צָדִי ts IPA: [ts] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑). Numerical value: 90 Hebrew letter Tsadi (final) × Hebrew letter Tsadi (final) ץ צָדִי סוֹפִית ts IPA: [ts] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑). Numerical value: 90 or 900			Hebrew letter Qof × Hebrew letter Qof ק קוֹף k IPA: [k] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒). Numerical value: 100	Hebrew letter Resh × Hebrew letter Resh ר רֵישׁ r IPA: [ʁ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓). Numerical value: 200	Hebrew letter Shin × Hebrew letter Shin ש שִׁׂי sh IPA: [ʃ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔). Numerical value: 300		Hebrew letter Tav × Hebrew letter Tav ת תָו t IPA: [t] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕). Numerical value: 400
Square Maalouli	Abjad ??? - ???	Square Maalouli letter Alef × Square Maalouli letter Alef a, e, i, o, u, ā, ē, ī, ō, ū IPA: ∅ Derived from Hebrew letter Alef (א).	Square Maalouli letter Bet × Square Maalouli letter Bet v IPA: /v/ Derived from Hebrew letter Bet (ב).		Square Maalouli letter Gimel × Square Maalouli letter Gimel g IPA: /ɣ/ Derived from Hebrew letter Gimel (ג).	Square Maalouli letter Dalet × Square Maalouli letter Dalet d IPA: /ð/ Derived from Hebrew letter Dalet (ד).		Square Maalouli letter He × Square Maalouli letter He h IPA: /h/ Derived from Hebrew letter He (ה).	Square Maalouli letter Vav × Square Maalouli letter Vav w IPA: /w/ Derived from Hebrew letter Vav (ו).			Square Maalouli letter Zayin × Square Maalouli letter Zayin z IPA: /z/ Derived from Hebrew letter Zayin (ז).	Square Maalouli letter Ḥet × Square Maalouli letter Ḥet ḥ IPA: /ħ/ Derived from Hebrew letter Chet (ח).	Square Maalouli letter Ṭet × Square Maalouli letter Ṭet ṭ IPA: /tˤ/ Derived from Hebrew letter Tet (ט).		Square Maalouli letter Yod × Square Maalouli letter Yod y IPA: /j/ Derived from Hebrew letter Yod (י).	Square Maalouli letter Kaf × Square Maalouli letter Kaf ẖ IPA: /x/ Derived from Hebrew letter Kaf (כ). Square Maalouli letter Kaf (final) × Square Maalouli letter Kaf (final) ẖ IPA: /x/ Derived from Hebrew letter Kaf (final) (ך).	Square Maalouli letter Lamed × Square Maalouli letter Lamed l IPA: /l/ Derived from Hebrew letter Lamed (ל).	Square Maalouli letter Mem × Square Maalouli letter Mem m IPA: /m/ Derived from Hebrew letter Mem (מ). Square Maalouli letter Mem (final) × Square Maalouli letter Mem (final) m IPA: /m/ Derived from Hebrew letter Mem (final) (ם).	Square Maalouli letter Nun × Square Maalouli letter Nun n IPA: /n/ Derived from Hebrew letter Nun (נ). Square Maalouli letter Nun (final) × Square Maalouli letter Nun (final) n IPA: /n/ Derived from Hebrew letter Nun (final) (ן).			Square Maalouli letter Samekh × Square Maalouli letter Samekh s IPA: /s/ Derived from Hebrew letter Samekh (ס).	Square Maalouli letter Ayin × Square Maalouli letter Ayin ҁ IPA: /ʕ/ Derived from Hebrew letter Ayin (ע).		Square Maalouli letter Pe × Square Maalouli letter Pe f IPA: /f/ Derived from Hebrew letter Pe (פ). Square Maalouli letter Pe (final) × Square Maalouli letter Pe (final) f IPA: /f/ Derived from Hebrew letter Pe (final) (ף).	Square Maalouli letter Tsadi × Square Maalouli letter Tsadi ṣ IPA: /sˤ/ Derived from Hebrew letter Tsadi (צ). Square Maalouli letter Tsadi (final) × Square Maalouli letter Tsadi (final) ṣ IPA: /sˤ/ Derived from Hebrew letter Tsadi (final) (ץ).			Square Maalouli letter Qof × Square Maalouli letter Qof q IPA: /k/~/ḳ/ Derived from Hebrew letter Qof (ק).	Square Maalouli letter Resh × Square Maalouli letter Resh r IPA: /r/ Derived from Hebrew letter Resh (ר).	Square Maalouli letter Shin × Square Maalouli letter Shin š IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Hebrew letter Shin (ש).		Square Maalouli letter Tav × Square Maalouli letter Tav ṯ IPA: /θ/ Derived from Hebrew letter Tav (ת).
Inscriptional Parthian	Abjad 2 c. BCE - 3 c. CE	Inscriptional Parthian letter Aleph × Inscriptional Parthian letter Aleph 𐭀 𐭀𐭋𐭐 ʾ IPA: /a/, /aː/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).	Inscriptional Parthian letter Beth × Inscriptional Parthian letter Beth 𐭁 𐭁𐭕 b IPA: /b/, /v/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).		Inscriptional Parthian letter Gimel × Inscriptional Parthian letter Gimel 𐭂 𐭂𐭐𐭋 g IPA: /g/, /j/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).	Inscriptional Parthian letter Daleth × Inscriptional Parthian letter Daleth 𐭃 𐭃𐭋𐭕 d IPA: /d/, /j/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).		Inscriptional Parthian letter He × Inscriptional Parthian letter He 𐭄 𐭄 h IPA: /h/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).	Inscriptional Parthian letter Waw × Inscriptional Parthian letter Waw 𐭅 𐭅𐭅 w IPA: /v/, /r/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).			Inscriptional Parthian letter Zayin × Inscriptional Parthian letter Zayin 𐭆 𐭆𐭉𐭍 z IPA: /z/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).	Inscriptional Parthian letter Heth × Inscriptional Parthian letter Heth 𐭇 𐭇𐭕 h IPA: /h/, /x/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).	Inscriptional Parthian letter Teth × Inscriptional Parthian letter Teth 𐭈 𐭈𐭕 t IPA: /t/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).		Inscriptional Parthian letter Yodh × Inscriptional Parthian letter Yodh 𐭉 𐭉𐭃 j IPA: /j/, /ĕː/, /ĭː/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).	Inscriptional Parthian letter Kaph × Inscriptional Parthian letter Kaph 𐭊 𐭊𐭐 k IPA: /k/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).	Inscriptional Parthian letter Lamadh × Inscriptional Parthian letter Lamadh 𐭋 𐭋𐭌𐭃 l IPA: /l/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).	Inscriptional Parthian letter Mem × Inscriptional Parthian letter Mem 𐭌 𐭌𐭌 m IPA: /m/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).	Inscriptional Parthian letter Nun × Inscriptional Parthian letter Nun 𐭍 𐭍𐭍 n IPA: /n/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).			Inscriptional Parthian letter Samekh × Inscriptional Parthian letter Samekh 𐭎 𐭎𐭌𐭊 s IPA: /s/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).	Inscriptional Parthian letter Ayin × Inscriptional Parthian letter Ayin 𐭏 𐭏𐭉𐭃 ʿ IPA: /ʔ/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).		Inscriptional Parthian letter Pe × Inscriptional Parthian letter Pe 𐭐 𐭐 p IPA: /p/, /b/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).	Inscriptional Parthian letter Sadhe × Inscriptional Parthian letter Sadhe 𐭑 𐭑𐭃 s IPA: /s/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).			Inscriptional Parthian letter Qoph × Inscriptional Parthian letter Qoph 𐭒 𐭒𐭐 q IPA: /q/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).	Inscriptional Parthian letter Resh × Inscriptional Parthian letter Resh 𐭓 𐭓𐭔 r IPA: /r/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).	Inscriptional Parthian letter Shin × Inscriptional Parthian letter Shin 𐭔 𐭔𐭍 sh IPA: /ʃ/, /ʒ/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).		Inscriptional Parthian letter Taw × Inscriptional Parthian letter Taw 𐭕 𐭕𐭅 t IPA: /t/, /d/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).
Inscriptional Pahlavi	Abjad 3 c. CE - 6 c. CE	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Aleph × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Aleph 𐭠 𐭠𐭋𐭐 ʾ IPA: /a/, /aː/ Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter Aleph (𐭀).	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Beth × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Beth 𐭡 𐭡𐭕 b IPA: /b/, /w/ Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter Beth (𐭁).		Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Gimel × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Gimel 𐭢 𐭢𐭌𐭋 g IPA: /g/, /j/ Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter Gimel (𐭂).	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Daleth × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Daleth 𐭣 𐭣𐭫𐭲 d IPA: /d/, /j/ Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter Daleth (𐭃).		Inscriptional Pahlavi letter He × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter He 𐭤 𐭤 h IPA: /h/ Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter He (𐭄).	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Waw-Ayin-Resh × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Waw-Ayin-Resh 𐭥 w, ʿ, r IPA: /u/, /o/, /v/, /ʕ/, /r/ Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter Waw (𐭅).			Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Zayin × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Zayin 𐭦 𐭦𐭩𐭭 z IPA: /z/ Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter Zayin (𐭆).	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Heth × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Heth 𐭧 𐭧𐭲 h IPA: /h/, /x/ Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter Heth (𐭇).	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Teth × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Teth 𐭨 𐭨𐭲 t IPA: /tˤ/ Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter Teth (𐭈).		Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Yodh × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Yodh 𐭩 𐭩𐭣 j IPA: /j/, /eː/, /iː/, /d̠͡ʒ/ Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter Yodh (𐭉).	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Kaph × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Kaph 𐭪 𐭪𐭯 k IPA: /k/, /ɡ/ Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter Kaph (𐭊).	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Lamadh × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Lamadh 𐭫 𐭫𐭬𐭣 l IPA: /l/, /r/ Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter Lamadh (𐭋).	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Mem-Qoph × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Mem-Qoph 𐭬 m, q IPA: /m/, /q/ Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter Mem (𐭌).	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Nun × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Nun 𐭭 𐭭𐭭 n IPA: /n/ Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter Nun (𐭍).			Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Samekh × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Samekh 𐭮 𐭮𐭬𐭪 s IPA: /s/, /h/ Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter Samekh (𐭎).			Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Pe × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Pe 𐭯 𐭯 p IPA: /p/, /b/, /f/ Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter Pe (𐭐).	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Sadhe × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Sadhe 𐭰 𐭰𐭣 s IPA: /t̠͡ʃ/, /d̠͡ʒ/, /z/ Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter Sadhe (𐭑).					Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Shin × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Shin 𐭱 𐭱𐭭 sh IPA: /ʃ// Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter Šīn (𐭔).		Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Taw × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Taw 𐭲 𐭲𐭥 t IPA: /t/, /d/ Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter Taw (𐭕).
Book Pahlavi	Abjad 5 c. CE - Present	Book Pahlavi letter Aleph-Heth × Book Pahlavi letter Aleph-Heth ʾ, h, x Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Aleph (𐭠).	Book Pahlavi letter Beth × Book Pahlavi letter Beth b Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Beth (𐭡).		Book Pahlavi letter Gimel-Daleth-Yodh × Book Pahlavi letter Gimel-Daleth-Yodh g, d, y Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Gimel (𐭢).	Old Book Pahlavi letter Daleth × Old Book Pahlavi letter Daleth d Used in historical spellings. Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Daleth (𐭣).		Book Pahlavi letter He × Book Pahlavi letter He h Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter He (𐭤).	Book Pahlavi letter Waw-Nun-Ayin-Resh × Book Pahlavi letter Waw-Nun-Ayin-Resh w, n, ʿ, r Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Waw-Ayin-Resh (𐭥).			Book Pahlavi letter Zayin × Book Pahlavi letter Zayin z Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Zayin (𐭆).					Book Pahlavi letter Kaph × Book Pahlavi letter Kaph k Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Kaph (𐭊). Old Book Pahlavi letter Kaph × Old Book Pahlavi letter Kaph k Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Kaph (𐭊).	Book Pahlavi letter Lamedh × Book Pahlavi letter Lamedh r Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Lamadh (𐭋). Book Pahlavi letter Stroked Lamadh × Book Pahlavi letter Stroked Lamadh l, r Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Lamadh (𐭋). Book Pahlavi letter Hooked Lamadh × Book Pahlavi letter Hooked Lamadh l Used in Aramaic heterograms. Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Lamadh (𐭋). Old Book Pahlavi letter Lamedh × Old Book Pahlavi letter Lamedh l Used in Aramaic heterograms. Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Lamadh (𐭋).	Book Pahlavi letter Mem-Qoph × Book Pahlavi letter Mem-Qoph m, q Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Mem (𐭌).				Book Pahlavi letter Samekh × Book Pahlavi letter Samekh s Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Samekh (𐭎). Alternate Book Pahlavi letter Samekh × Alternate Book Pahlavi letter Samekh s Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Samekh (𐭎).			Book Pahlavi letter Pe × Book Pahlavi letter Pe p Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Pe (𐭐).	Book Pahlavi letter Sadhe × Book Pahlavi letter Sadhe s Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Sadhe (𐭑).					Book Pahlavi letter Shin × Book Pahlavi letter Shin sh Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Shin (𐭔).		Book Pahlavi letter Taw × Book Pahlavi letter Taw t Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Taw (𐭕).
Avestan	Alphabet 5/6 c. CE - Present	Avestan letter A × Avestan letter A 𐬀 a IPA: /a/ Derived from Book Pahlavi letter Aleph-Heth.	Avestan letter Be × Avestan letter Be 𐬠 b IPA: /b/ Derived from Book Pahlavi letter Beth.			Avestan letter De × Avestan letter De 𐬛 d IPA: /d/ Derived from Book Pahlavi letter Gimel-Daleth-Yodh.			Avestan letter Ne × Avestan letter Ne 𐬥 n IPA: /n/ Derived from Book Pahlavi letter Waw-Nun-Ayin-Resh. Avestan letter I × Avestan letter I 𐬌 i IPA: /ɪ/ Derived from Book Pahlavi letter Waw-Nun-Ayin-Resh. Avestan letter Re × Avestan letter Re 𐬭 r IPA: /r/ Derived from Book Pahlavi letter Waw-Nun-Ayin-Resh. Avestan letter Ae × Avestan letter Ae 𐬆 ə IPA: /ə/ Derived from Cursive Greek letter Epsilon (ε)..			Avestan letter Ze × Avestan letter Ze 𐬰 z IPA: /z/ Derived from Book Pahlavi letter Zayin.					Avestan letter Ke × Avestan letter Ke 𐬐 k IPA: /k/ Derived from Book Pahlavi letter Kaph. Avestan letter Ghe × Avestan letter Ghe 𐬖 γ IPA: /ɣ/ Resembles Psalter Pahlavi letter Kaph (𐮉)..		Avestan letter Me × Avestan letter Me 𐬨 m IPA: /m/ Derived from Book Pahlavi letter Mem-Qoph.				Avestan letter Se × Avestan letter Se 𐬯 s IPA: /s/ Derived from Book Pahlavi letter Samekh.			Avestan letter Pe × Avestan letter Pe 𐬞 p IPA: /p/ Derived from Book Pahlavi letter Pe.						Avestan letter She × Avestan letter She 𐬱 š IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Book Pahlavi letter Shin.		Avestan letter Te × Avestan letter Te 𐬙 t IPA: /t/ Derived from Book Pahlavi letter Taw.
Psalter Pahlavi	Abjad Mid 6 c. CE - 7 c. CE	Psalter Pahlavi letter Aleph × Psalter Pahlavi letter Aleph 𐮀 𐮀𐮊𐮎 ʾ IPA: /a/, /aː/ Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Aleph (𐭠).	Psalter Pahlavi letter Beth × Psalter Pahlavi letter Beth 𐮁 𐮁𐮑 b IPA: /b/, /w/ Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Beth (𐭡).		Psalter Pahlavi letter Gimel × Psalter Pahlavi letter Gimel 𐮂 𐮂𐮋𐮊 g IPA: /g/, /j/ Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Gimel (𐭢).	Psalter Pahlavi letter Daleth × Psalter Pahlavi letter Daleth 𐮃 𐮃𐮊𐮑 d IPA: /d/, /j/ Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Daleth (𐭣).		Psalter Pahlavi letter He × Psalter Pahlavi letter He 𐮄 𐮄 h IPA: /h/ Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter He (𐭤).	Psalter Pahlavi letter Waw-Ayin-Resh × Psalter Pahlavi letter Waw-Ayin-Resh 𐮅 w, ʿ, r IPA: /u/, /o/, /v/, /ʕ/, /r/ Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Waw-Ayin-Resh (𐭥).			Psalter Pahlavi letter Zayin × Psalter Pahlavi letter Zayin 𐮆 𐮆𐮈𐮌 z IPA: /z/ Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Zayin (𐭆).	Psalter Pahlavi letter Heth × Psalter Pahlavi letter Heth 𐮇 𐮇𐮑 h IPA: /h/, /x/ Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Heth (𐭇).			Psalter Pahlavi letter Yodh × Psalter Pahlavi letter Yodh 𐮈 𐮈𐮃 j IPA: /j/, /eː/, /iː/, /d̠͡ʒ/ Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Yodh (𐭉).	Psalter Pahlavi letter Kaph × Psalter Pahlavi letter Kaph 𐮉 𐮉𐮎 k IPA: /k/, /ɡ/ Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Kaph (𐭊).	Psalter Pahlavi letter Lamadh × Psalter Pahlavi letter Lamadh 𐮊 𐮊𐮋𐮃 l IPA: /l/, /r/ Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Lamadh (𐭋).	Psalter Pahlavi letter Mem-Qoph × Psalter Pahlavi letter Mem-Qoph 𐮋 m, q IPA: /m/, /q/ Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Mem (𐭌).	Psalter Pahlavi letter Nun × Psalter Pahlavi letter Nun 𐮌 𐮌𐮌 n IPA: /n/ Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Nun (𐭍).			Psalter Pahlavi letter Samekh × Psalter Pahlavi letter Samekh 𐮍 𐮍𐮋𐮉 s IPA: /s/, /h/ Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Samekh (𐭎).			Psalter Pahlavi letter Pe × Psalter Pahlavi letter Pe 𐮎 𐮎 p IPA: /p/, /b/, /f/ Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Pe (𐭐).	Psalter Pahlavi letter Sadhe × Psalter Pahlavi letter Sadhe 𐮏 𐮏𐮃 s IPA: /t̠͡ʃ/, /d̠͡ʒ/, /z/ Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Sadhe (𐭑).					Psalter Pahlavi letter Shin × Psalter Pahlavi letter Shin 𐮐 𐮐𐮌 sh IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Shin (𐭔).		Psalter Pahlavi letter Taw × Psalter Pahlavi letter Taw 𐮑 𐮑𐮅 t IPA: /t/, /d/ Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Taw (𐭕).
Elymaic	Abjad 2 c. BCE - 3 c. CE	Elymaic letter Aleph × Elymaic letter Aleph 𐿠 𐿠𐿫𐿰 ʾ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).	Elymaic letter Beth × Elymaic letter Beth 𐿡 𐿡𐿵 b Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).		Elymaic letter Gimel × Elymaic letter Gimel 𐿢‎ 𐿢𐿬𐿫 g Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).	Elymaic letter Daleth × Elymaic letter Daleth 𐿣 𐿣𐿫𐿵 d Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).		Elymaic letter He × Elymaic letter He 𐿤 𐿤 h Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).	Elymaic letter Waw × Elymaic letter Waw 𐿥 𐿥𐿥 w Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).			Elymaic letter Zayin × Elymaic letter Zayin 𐿦 𐿦𐿩𐿭 z Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).	Elymaic letter Heth × Elymaic letter Heth 𐿧 𐿧𐿵 ḥ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).	Elymaic letter Teth × Elymaic letter Teth 𐿨 𐿨𐿵 ṭ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).		Elymaic letter Yodh × Elymaic letter Yodh 𐿩 𐿩𐿣 j Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).	Elymaic letter Kaph × Elymaic letter Kaph 𐿪 𐿪𐿰 k Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).	Elymaic letter Lamedh × Elymaic letter Lamedh 𐿫 𐿫𐿬𐿣 l Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).	Elymaic letter Mem × Elymaic letter Mem 𐿬 𐿬𐿬 m Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).	Elymaic letter Nun × Elymaic letter Nun 𐿭 𐿭𐿭 n Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).			Elymaic letter Samekh × Elymaic letter Samekh 𐿮 𐿮𐿬𐿪 s Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).	Elymaic letter Ayin × Elymaic letter Ayin 𐿯 𐿯𐿩𐿭 ʿ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).		Elymaic letter Pe × Elymaic letter Pe 𐿰 𐿰 p Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).	Elymaic letter Sadhe × Elymaic letter Sadhe 𐿱 𐿱𐿣 ṣ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).			Elymaic letter Qoph × Elymaic letter Qoph 𐿲 𐿲𐿰 q Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).	Elymaic letter Res × Elymaic letter Res 𐿳 𐿳𐿴 r Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).	Elymaic letter Shin × Elymaic letter Shin 𐿴 𐿴𐿭 š Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).		Elymaic letter Taw × Elymaic letter Taw 𐿵 𐿵𐿥 t Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).
Classical Nabataean	Abjad 2 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph × Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph 𐢁 𐢁𐢑𐢘 ʾ IPA: [ʔ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀). Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph (final) 𐢀 𐢁𐢑𐢘 ʾ IPA: [ʔ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).	Classical Nabataean letter Bēth × Classical Nabataean letter Bēth 𐢃 𐢃𐢞 b IPA: [b] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁). Classical Nabataean letter Bēth (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Bēth (final) 𐢂 𐢃𐢞 b IPA: [b] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).		Classical Nabataean letter Gāmal × Classical Nabataean letter Gāmal 𐢄 𐢄𐢓𐢐 g IPA: [ɡ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).	Classical Nabataean letter Dālath × Classical Nabataean letter Dālath 𐢅 𐢅𐢑𐢞 d IPA: [d] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).		Classical Nabataean letter Hē × Classical Nabataean letter Hē 𐢇 𐢇 h IPA: [h] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄). Classical Nabataean letter Hē (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Hē (final) 𐢆 𐢇 h IPA: [h] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).	Classical Nabataean letter Waw × Classical Nabataean letter Waw 𐢈 w IPA: [w] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).			Classical Nabataean letter Zain × Classical Nabataean letter Zain 𐢉 𐢉𐢍𐢔 z IPA: [z] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).	Classical Nabataean letter Khēth × Classical Nabataean letter Khēth 𐢊 𐢊𐢞 ḥ IPA: [ħ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).	Classical Nabataean letter Ṭēth × Classical Nabataean letter Ṭēth 𐢋 𐢋𐢞 ṭ IPA: [tˤ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).		Classical Nabataean letter Iodh × Classical Nabataean letter Iodh 𐢍 𐢍𐢅 y IPA: [j] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉). Classical Nabataean letter Iodh (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Iodh (final) 𐢌 𐢍𐢅 y IPA: [j] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).	Classical Nabataean letter Kāph × Classical Nabataean letter Kāph 𐢏 𐢏𐢘 k IPA: [k] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊). Classical Nabataean letter Kāph (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Kāph (final) 𐢎 𐢏𐢘 k IPA: [k] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).	Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh × Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh 𐢑 𐢑𐢓𐢅 l IPA: [l] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋). Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh (final) 𐢐 𐢑𐢓𐢅 l IPA: [l] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).	Classical Nabataean letter Mem × Classical Nabataean letter Mem 𐢓 𐢓𐢒 m IPA: [m] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌). Classical Nabataean letter Mem (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Mem (final) 𐢒 𐢓𐢒 m IPA: [m] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).	Classical Nabataean letter Nun × Classical Nabataean letter Nun 𐢕 𐢕𐢔 n IPA: [n] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍). Classical Nabataean letter Nun (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Nun (final) 𐢔 𐢕𐢔 n IPA: [n] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).			Classical Nabataean letter Semkath × Classical Nabataean letter Semkath 𐢖 𐢖𐢓𐢎 ś IPA: [s] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).	Classical Nabataean letter Ayin × Classical Nabataean letter Ayin 𐢗 𐢗𐢍𐢔 ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).		Classical Nabataean letter Pē × Classical Nabataean letter Pē 𐢘 𐢘 p IPA: [p] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).	Classical Nabataean letter Ṩādhē × Classical Nabataean letter Ṩādhē 𐢙 𐢙𐢅 ṣ IPA: [sˤ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).			Classical Nabataean letter Qoph × Classical Nabataean letter Qoph 𐢚 𐢚𐢘 q IPA: [q] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).	Classical Nabataean letter Rēš × Classical Nabataean letter Rēš 𐢛 𐢛𐢜 r IPA: [r] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).	Classical Nabataean letter Šīn × Classical Nabataean letter Šīn 𐢝 𐢝𐢔 š IPA: [ʃ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔). Classical Nabataean letter Šīn (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Šīn (final) 𐢜 𐢝𐢔 š IPA: [ʃ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).		Classical Nabataean letter Taw × Classical Nabataean letter Taw 𐢞 𐢞𐢈 t IPA: [t] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).
Late Nabataean	Abjad 3 c. CE - 5 c. CE	Late Nabataean letter Ālaph × Late Nabataean letter Ālaph ʾ IPA: [ʔ] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph (𐢁).	Late Nabataean letter Bēth × Late Nabataean letter Bēth b IPA: [b] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Bēth (𐢃).		Late Nabataean letter Gāmal × Late Nabataean letter Gāmal g IPA: [ɡ] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Gāmal (𐢄).	Late Nabataean letter Dālath × Late Nabataean letter Dālath d IPA: [d] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Dālath (𐢅).		Late Nabataean letter Hē × Late Nabataean letter Hē h IPA: [h] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Hē (𐢇). Late Nabataean letter Hē (final) × Late Nabataean letter Hē (final) h IPA: [h] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Hē (final) (𐢆).	Late Nabataean letter Waw × Late Nabataean letter Waw w IPA: [w] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Waw (𐢈).			Late Nabataean letter Zain × Late Nabataean letter Zain z IPA: [z] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Zain (𐢉).	Late Nabataean letter Khēth × Late Nabataean letter Khēth ḥ IPA: [ħ] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Khēth (𐢊).	Late Nabataean letter Ṭēth × Late Nabataean letter Ṭēth ṭ IPA: [tˤ] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Ṭēth (𐢋).		Late Nabataean letter Iodh × Late Nabataean letter Iodh y IPA: [j] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Iodh (𐢍). Late Nabataean letter Iodh (final) × Late Nabataean letter Iodh (final) y IPA: [j] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Iodh (final) (𐢌).	Late Nabataean letter Kāph × Late Nabataean letter Kāph k IPA: [k] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Kāph (𐢏).	Late Nabataean letter Lāmadh × Late Nabataean letter Lāmadh l IPA: [l] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh (𐢑).	Late Nabataean letter Mem × Late Nabataean letter Mem m IPA: [m] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Mem (𐢓).	Late Nabataean letter Nun × Late Nabataean letter Nun n IPA: [n] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Nun (𐢕).			Late Nabataean letter Semkath × Late Nabataean letter Semkath ś IPA: [s] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Semkath (𐢖).	Late Nabataean letter Ayin × Late Nabataean letter Ayin ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Ayin (𐢗).		Late Nabataean letter Pē × Late Nabataean letter Pē p IPA: [p] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Pē (𐢘).	Late Nabataean letter Ṩādhē × Late Nabataean letter Ṩādhē ṣ IPA: [sˤ] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Ṩādhē (𐢙).			Late Nabataean letter Qoph × Late Nabataean letter Qoph q IPA: [q] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Qoph (𐢚).	Late Nabataean letter Rēš × Late Nabataean letter Rēš r IPA: [r] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Rēš (𐢛).	Late Nabataean letter Šīn × Late Nabataean letter Šīn š IPA: [ʃ] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Šīn (𐢝).		Late Nabataean letter Taw × Late Nabataean letter Taw t IPA: [t] Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Taw (𐢞).
Arabic	Abjad 4 c. CE - Present	Arabic letter ʾalif × Arabic letter ʾalif ا أَلِف ʾ IPA: /aː/, /ʔ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ālaph. Numerical value: 1	Arabic letter Bāʾ × Arabic letter Bāʾ ب بَاء b IPA: /b/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Bēth. Numerical value: 2		Arabic letter Jīm × Arabic letter Jīm ج جِيم j IPA: /d͡ʒ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Gāmal. Numerical value: 3	Arabic letter Dāl × Arabic letter Dāl د دَال d IPA: /d/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Dālath. Numerical value: 4		Arabic letter Hāʾ × Arabic letter Hāʾ ه هَاء h IPA: /h/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Hē. Numerical value: 5	Arabic letter Wāw × Arabic letter Wāw و وَاو w IPA: /w/, /uː/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Waw. Numerical value: 6			Arabic letter Zāy × Arabic letter Zāy ز زَاي z IPA: /z/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Zain. Numerical value: 7	Arabic letter Ḥāʾ × Arabic letter Ḥāʾ ح حَاء ḥ IPA: /ħ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Khēth. Numerical value: 8	Arabic letter Ṭāʾ × Arabic letter Ṭāʾ ط طَاء ṭ IPA: /tˤ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ṭēth. Numerical value: 9		Arabic letter Yāʾ × Arabic letter Yāʾ ي يَاء y IPA: /j/, /iː/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Iodh. Numerical value: 10	Arabic letter Kāf × Arabic letter Kāf ك كَاف k IPA: /k/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Kāph. Numerical value: 20	Arabic letter Lām × Arabic letter Lām ل لاَم l IPA: /l/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Lāmadh. Numerical value: 30	Arabic letter Mīm × Arabic letter Mīm م مِيم m IPA: /m/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Mem. Numerical value: 40	Arabic letter Nūn × Arabic letter Nūn ن نُون n IPA: /n/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Nun. Numerical value: 50				Arabic letter ʿayn × Arabic letter ʿayn ع عَيْن ʿ IPA: /ʕ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ayin. Numerical value: 70		Arabic letter Fāʾ × Arabic letter Fāʾ ف فَاء f IPA: /f/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Pē. Numerical value: 80	Arabic letter Ṣād × Arabic letter Ṣād ص صَاد ṣ IPA: /sˤ/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Ṩādhē. Numerical value: 90			Arabic letter Qāf × Arabic letter Qāf ق قَاف q IPA: /q/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Qoph. Numerical value: 100	Arabic letter Rāʾ × Arabic letter Rāʾ ر رَاء r IPA: /r/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Rēš. Numerical value: 200	Arabic letter Sīn × Arabic letter Sīn س سِين s IPA: /s/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Šīn. Numerical value: 60		Arabic letter Tāʾ × Arabic letter Tāʾ ت تَاء t IPA: /t/ Derived from Late Nabataean letter Taw. Numerical value: 400
Palmyrene	Abjad 1 c. BCE - 3 c. CE	Palmyrene letter Aleph × Palmyrene letter Aleph 𐡠 𐡠𐡫𐡱 ʾ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).	Palmyrene letter Beth × Palmyrene letter Beth 𐡡 𐡡𐡶 b Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).		Palmyrene letter Gimel × Palmyrene letter Gimel 𐡢‎ 𐡢𐡬𐡫 g Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).	Palmyrene letter Daleth × Palmyrene letter Daleth 𐡣 𐡣𐡫𐡶 d Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).		Palmyrene letter He × Palmyrene letter He 𐡤 𐡤 h Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).	Palmyrene letter Waw × Palmyrene letter Waw 𐡥‎ 𐡥𐡥 w Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).			Palmyrene letter Zayin × Palmyrene letter Zayin 𐡦 𐡦𐡩𐡣 z Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).	Palmyrene letter Heth × Palmyrene letter Heth 𐡧 𐡧𐡶 ḥ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).	Palmyrene letter Teth × Palmyrene letter Teth 𐡨 𐡨𐡶 ṭ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).		Palmyrene letter Yodh × Palmyrene letter Yodh 𐡩 𐡩𐡣 j Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).	Palmyrene letter Kaph × Palmyrene letter Kaph 𐡪 𐡪𐡱 k Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).	Palmyrene letter Lamedh × Palmyrene letter Lamedh 𐡫 𐡫𐡬𐡣 l Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).	Palmyrene letter Mem × Palmyrene letter Mem 𐡬 𐡬𐡬 m Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).	Palmyrene letter Nun × Palmyrene letter Nun 𐡮 𐡮𐡭 n Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍). Palmyrene letter Nun (final) × Palmyrene letter Nun (final) 𐡭 𐡮𐡭 n Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).			Palmyrene letter Samekh × Palmyrene letter Samekh 𐡯 𐡯𐡬𐡪 s Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).	Palmyrene letter Ayin × Palmyrene letter Ayin 𐡰 𐡰𐡦𐡭 ʿ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).		Palmyrene letter Pe × Palmyrene letter Pe 𐡱 𐡱 p Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).	Palmyrene letter Sadhe × Palmyrene letter Sadhe 𐡲 𐡲𐡣 ṣ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).			Palmyrene letter Qoph × Palmyrene letter Qoph 𐡳 𐡳𐡱 q Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).	Palmyrene letter Res × Palmyrene letter Res 𐡴 𐡴𐡵 r Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).	Palmyrene letter Shin × Palmyrene letter Shin 𐡵 𐡵𐡭 š Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).		Palmyrene letter Taw × Palmyrene letter Taw 𐡶 𐡶𐡥 t Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).
Hatran	Abjad c. 98 BCE - 240 CE	Hatran letter Aleph × Hatran letter Aleph 𐣠 𐣠𐣫𐣰 ʾ IPA: [ʔ], ∅ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).	Hatran letter Beth × Hatran letter Beth 𐣡 𐣡𐣵 hard: b, soft: ḇ IPA: hard: [b], soft: [v] or [w] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).		Hatran letter Gimel × Hatran letter Gimel 𐣢‎ 𐣢𐣬𐣫 hard: g, soft: ḡ IPA: hard: [ɡ], soft: [ɣ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).	Hatran letter Daleth × Hatran letter Daleth 𐣣 𐣣𐣫𐣵 hard: d, soft: ḏ IPA: hard: [d], soft: [ð] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).		Hatran letter He × Hatran letter He 𐣤 𐣤 h IPA: [h] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).	Hatran letter Waw × Hatran letter Waw 𐣥 𐣥𐣥 consonant: w, mater lectionis: ū or ō IPA: consonant: [w], mater lectionis: [u] or [o] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).			Hatran letter Zayin × Hatran letter Zayin 𐣦 𐣦𐣩𐣭 z IPA: [z] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).	Hatran letter Heth × Hatran letter Heth 𐣧 𐣧𐣵 ḥ IPA: [ħ], [x], or [χ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).	Hatran letter Teth × Hatran letter Teth 𐣨 𐣨𐣵 ṭ IPA: [tˤ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).		Hatran letter Yodh × Hatran letter Yodh 𐣩 𐣩𐣣 consonant: y, mater lectionis: ī IPA: consonant: [j], mater lectionis: [i] or [e] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).	Hatran letter Kaph × Hatran letter Kaph 𐣪‎ 𐣪𐣰 hard: k, soft: ḵ IPA: hard: [k], soft: [x] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).	Hatran letter Lamedh × Hatran letter Lamedh 𐣫 𐣫𐣬𐣣 l IPA: [l] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).	Hatran letter Mem × Hatran letter Mem 𐣬 𐣬𐣬 m IPA: [m] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).	Hatran letter Nun × Hatran letter Nun 𐣭 𐣭𐣭 n IPA: [n] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).			Hatran letter Samekh × Hatran letter Samekh 𐣮 𐣮𐣬𐣪 s IPA: [s] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).	Hatran letter Ayin × Hatran letter Ayin 𐣯 𐣯𐣩𐣭 ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).		Hatran letter Pe × Hatran letter Pe 𐣰 𐣰 hard: p, soft: p̄ IPA: hard: [p], soft: [f] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).	Hatran letter Sadhe × Hatran letter Sadhe 𐣱 𐣱𐣣 ṣ IPA: [sˤ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).			Hatran letter Qoph × Hatran letter Qoph 𐣲 𐣲𐣰 q IPA: [q] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).	Hatran letter Res × Hatran letter Res 𐣣 𐣣𐣴 r IPA: [r] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).	Hatran letter Shin × Hatran letter Shin 𐣴 𐣴𐣭 š IPA: [ʃ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).		Hatran letter Taw × Hatran letter Taw 𐣵 𐣵𐣥 hard: t, soft: ṯ IPA: hard: [t], soft: [θ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).
Syriac	Abjad 1 c. CE - Present	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʾĀlep̄ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʾĀlep̄ ܐ ܐܠܦ ʾ, ∅, mater lectionis: ā IPA: [ʔ], ∅, mater lectionis: [ɑ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀). Numerical value: 1 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʾĀlap̄ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʾĀlep̄ ܐ ܐܠܦ ʾ, ∅, mater lectionis: ā IPA: [ʔ], ∅, mater lectionis: [ɑ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀). Numerical value: 1 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter ʾĀlap̄/Olaf × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter ʾĀlap̄/Olaf ʾ, ∅, mater lectionis: ā IPA: [ʔ], ∅, mater lectionis: [ɑ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀). Numerical value: 1	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Bēṯ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Bēṯ ܒ ܒܝܬ hard: b, soft: ḇ (also bh, v or β) IPA: hard: [b], soft: [v] or [w] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁). Numerical value: 2 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Bēṯ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Bēṯ ܒ ܒܝܬ hard: b, soft: ḇ (also bh, v or β) IPA: hard: [b], soft: [v] or [w] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁). Numerical value: 2 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Bēṯ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Bēṯ hard: b, soft: ḇ (also bh, v or β) IPA: hard: [b], soft: [v] or [w] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁). Numerical value: 2		ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Gāmal × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Gāmal ܓ ܓܡܠ hard: g, soft: ḡ (also g̱, gh, ġ or γ) IPA: hard: [ɡ], soft: [ɣ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂). Numerical value: 3 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Gāmal × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Gāmal ܓ ܓܡܠ hard: g, soft: ḡ (also g̱, gh, ġ or γ) IPA: hard: [ɡ], soft: [ɣ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂). Numerical value: 3 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Gāmal × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Gāmal hard: g, soft: ḡ (also g̱, gh, ġ or γ) IPA: hard: [ɡ], soft: [ɣ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂). Numerical value: 3	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Dālaṯ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Dālaṯ ܕ ܕܠܬ hard: d, soft: ḏ (also dh, ð or δ) IPA: hard: [d], soft: [ð] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃). Numerical value: 4 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Dālaṯ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Dālaṯ ܕ ܕܠܬ hard: d, soft: ḏ (also dh, ð or δ) IPA: hard: [d], soft: [ð] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃). Numerical value: 4 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Dālaṯ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Dālaṯ hard: d, soft: ḏ (also dh, ð or δ) IPA: hard: [d], soft: [ð] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃). Numerical value: 4		ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Hē × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Hē ܗ ܗܐ h IPA: [h] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄). Numerical value: 5 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Hē × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Hē ܗ ܗܐ h IPA: [h] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄). Numerical value: 5 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Hē × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Hē h IPA: [h] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄). Numerical value: 5	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Waw × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Waw ܘ ܘܘ consonant: w, mater lectionis: ū or ō (also u or o) IPA: consonant: [w], mater lectionis: [u] or [o] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅). Numerical value: 6 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Waw × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Waw ܘ ܘܘ consonant: w, mater lectionis: ū or ō (also u or o) IPA: consonant: [w], mater lectionis: [u] or [o] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅). Numerical value: 6 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Waw × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Waw consonant: w, mater lectionis: ū or ō (also u or o) IPA: consonant: [w], mater lectionis: [u] or [o] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅). Numerical value: 6			ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Zayn × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Zayn ܙ ܙܝܢ z IPA: [z] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆). Numerical value: 7 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Zayn × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Zayn ܙ ܙܝܢ z IPA: [z] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆). Numerical value: 7 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Zayn × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Zayn z IPA: [z] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆). Numerical value: 7	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ḥēṯ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ḥēṯ ܚ ܛܝܬ ḥ (also H, kh, x or ħ) IPA: [ħ], [x] or [χ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇). Numerical value: 8 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ḥēṯ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ḥēṯ ܚ ܛܝܬ ḥ (also H, kh, x or ħ) IPA: [ħ], [x] or [χ] Numerical value: 8 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ḥēṯ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ḥēṯ ḥ (also H, kh, x or ħ) IPA: [ħ], [x] or [χ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇). Numerical value: 8	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṭēṯ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṭēṯ ܛ ܛܝܬ ṭ (also T or ţ) IPA: [tˤ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈). Numerical value: 9 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ṭēṯ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ṭēṯ ܛ ܛܝܬ ṭ (also T or ţ) IPA: [tˤ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈). Numerical value: 9 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ṭēṯ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ṭēṯ/h3> ṭ (also T or ţ) IPA: [tˤ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈). Numerical value: 9		ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Yōḏ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Yōḏ ܝ ܝܘܕ consonant: y, mater lectionis: ī (also i) IPA: consonant: [j], mater lectionis: [i] or [e] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉). Numerical value: 10 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Yōḏ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Yōḏ ܝ ܝܘܕ consonant: y, mater lectionis: ī (also i) IPA: consonant: [j], mater lectionis: [i] or [e] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉). Numerical value: 10 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Yōḏ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Yōḏ consonant: y, mater lectionis: ī (also i) IPA: consonant: [j], mater lectionis: [i] or [e] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉). Numerical value: 10	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Kāp̄ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Kāp̄ ܟ ܟܦ hard: k, soft: ḵ (also kh or x) IPA: hard: [k], soft: [x] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊). Numerical value: 20 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Kāp̄ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Kāp̄ ܟ ܟܦ hard: k, soft: ḵ (also kh or x) IPA: hard: [k], soft: [x] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊). Numerical value: 20 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Kāp̄ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Kāp̄ hard: k, soft: ḵ (also kh or x) IPA: hard: [k], soft: [x] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊). Numerical value: 20	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Lāmaḏ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Lāmaḏ ܠ ܠܡܕ l IPA: [l] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋). Numerical value: 30 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Lāmaḏ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Lāmaḏ ܠ ܠܡܕ l IPA: [l] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋). Numerical value: 30 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Lāmaḏ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Lāmaḏ l IPA: [l] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋). Numerical value: 30	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Mīm × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Mīm ܡ