Southeastern
Iberian

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1

𓃾

Head of Ox

Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/
Conventional Anglicisation: ka

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1

𓉐

House plan

Phonogram pr for: pr “house”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/
Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/
Conventional Anglicisation: per

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14

𓌙

Throw stick

Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/
Conventional Anglicisation: qema

Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/
Conventional Anglicisation: aam

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1

𓆛

Bulti fish

Phonogram in for: int “bulti”

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28

𓀠

Man with arms raised

Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3

𓌉

Pear shaped mace

Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4

𓏭

Two diagonal strokes

Determinative for duality

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6

𓉗

Plan of rectangular enclosure

Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/
Conventional Anglicisation: hut

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35

𓄤

Heart and windpipe

Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/
Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/
Conventional Anglicisation: nefer

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42

𓂣

Arm with downward facing palm

Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/
Conventional Anglicisation: meh

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46

𓂧

Hand

Phonogram d
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/

Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: djeret

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39

𓋿

Crook

Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/
Conventional Anglicisation: aut

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35

𓈖

Water ripple

Phonogram n
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10

𓆓

Cobra

Phonogram ḏ
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11

𓊽

Reed column

Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/
Conventional Anglicisation: djed

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4

𓁹

Eye

Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/
Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/
Conventional Anglicisation: iri

Ideogram for: jrt “eye”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: iret

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28

𓎛

Wick

Phonogram ḥ
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħ/

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21

𓂋

Mouth

Phonogram r
Ideogram for: r “mouth”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22

𓇑

Rush with roots

Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24

𓎗

Cord on stick

Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/
Conventional Anglicisation: wedj

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1

𓁶

Head

Phonogram tp
Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/
Conventional Anglicisation: tepw

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a

𓌓

Bow

Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M39

𓇨

Basket of fruit or grain

Determinative for: rnpt “vegetables”

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9

𓏴

Crossed sticks

Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”

Phoenician letter ʾālep

𐤀

𐤀𐤋𐤐

Ox, head of cattle
ʾ
IPA: [ʔ]

Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter ʾalp.

Phoenician letter Bēt

𐤁

𐤁𐤕

House
b
IPA: [b]

Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Bayt.

Phoenician letter Gīml

𐤂

𐤂𐤌𐤋

Throwing stick (or camel)
g
IPA: [g]

Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Gaml.

Phoenician letter Dālet

𐤃

𐤃𐤋𐤕

Door (or fish)
d
IPA: [d]

Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Dag.

Phoenician letter He

𐤄

𐤄

Window (or jubilation)
h
IPA: [h]

Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Haw/Hillul.

Phoenician letter Wāw

𐤅

𐤅𐤅

Hook
w
IPA: [w]

Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Was/Uph.

Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin

𐤆

𐤆𐤉𐤍

Weapon (or manacle)
z
IPA: [z]

Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Zayn/Zayt.

Phoenician letter Hēt

𐤇

𐤇𐤕

Courtyard/wall
ḥ
IPA: [ħ]

Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ḥaṣr.

Phoenician letter Ṭēt

𐤈

𐤈𐤕

Wheel
ṭ
IPA: [tˤ]

Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṭab.

Phoenician letter Yod

𐤉

𐤉𐤃

Arm, hand
j
IPA: [j]

Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Yad.

Phoenician letter Kāp

𐤊

𐤊𐤐

Palm of a hand
k
IPA: [k]

Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Kap.

Phoenician letter Lāmed

𐤋

𐤋𐤌𐤃

Goad
l
IPA: [l]

Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Lamd.

Phoenician letter Mēm

𐤌

𐤌𐤌

Water
m
IPA: [m]

Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Maym.

Phoenician letter Nūn

𐤍

𐤍𐤍

Serpent (or fish)
n
IPA: [n]

Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Naḥaš.

Phoenician letter Śāmek

𐤎

𐤎𐤌𐤊

Pillar
s
IPA: [s]

Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṡamk.

Phoenician letter ʿayin

𐤏

𐤏𐤉𐤍

Eye
ʿ
IPA: [ʕ]

Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter ‘ayn.

Phoenician letter Pē

𐤐

𐤐

Mouth (or corner)
p
IPA: [p]

Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter P’it.

Phoenician letter Ṩādē

𐤑

𐤑𐤃

Papyrus plant/fish hook
ṣ
IPA: [sˤ]

Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṣaday.

Phoenician letter Qōp

𐤒

𐤒𐤐

Needle eye
q
IPA: [q]

Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Qoba.

Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh

𐤓

𐤓𐤔

Head
r
IPA: [r]

Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Raʾš.

Phoenician letter Šīn

𐤔

𐤔𐤍

Tooth (or sun)
š
IPA: [ʃ]

Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Šimš.

Phoenician letter Tāw

𐤕

𐤕𐤅

Mark
t
IPA: [t]

Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Tāw.

Southwestern Paleohispanic letter A

a

Derived from Phoenician letter ʾālep (𐤀).

Southwestern Paleohispanic letter O

o

Likely derived from Phoenician letter ʾālep (𐤀).

Southwestern Paleohispanic letter P(e)

p(e)

Derived from Phoenician letter Bēt (𐤁).

Southwestern Paleohispanic letter K(a)

k(a)

Derived from Phoenician letter Gīml (𐤂).

Southwestern Paleohispanic letter T(u)

t(u)

Derived from Phoenician letter Dālet (𐤃).

Southwestern Paleohispanic letter P(a)

p(a)

Derived from Phoenician letter He (𐤄).

Southwestern Paleohispanic letter U

u

Derived from Phoenician letter Wāw (𐤅).

Southwestern Paleohispanic letter ?H (variant 1)

?h

Derived from Phoenician letter Hēt (𐤇).

Southwestern Paleohispanic letter ?H (variant 2)

?h

Derived from Phoenician letter Hēt (𐤇).

Southwestern Paleohispanic letter T(i)

t(i)

Derived from Phoenician letter Ṭēt (𐤈).

Southwestern Paleohispanic letter I

i

Derived from Phoenician letter Yod (𐤉).

Southwestern Paleohispanic letter K(e)

k(e)

Derived from Phoenician letter Kāp (𐤊).

Southwestern Paleohispanic letter L

l

Derived from Phoenician letter Lāmed (𐤋).

Southwestern Paleohispanic letter M

m

Derived from Phoenician letter Mēm (𐤌).

Southwestern Paleohispanic letter N

n

Derived from Phoenician letter Nūn (𐤍).

Southwestern Paleohispanic letter S

s

Derived from Phoenician letter Śāmek (𐤎).

Southwestern Paleohispanic letter E

e

Derived from Phoenician letter ʿayin (𐤏).

Southwestern Paleohispanic letter P(o)

p(o)

Derived from Phoenician letter Pē (𐤐).

Southwestern Paleohispanic letter K(i)

k(i)

Derived from Phoenician letter Qōp (𐤒).

Southwestern Paleohispanic letter R

r

Derived from Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh (𐤓).

Southwestern Paleohispanic letter Ś

ś

Likely derived from Phoenician letter Šīn (𐤔).

Southwestern Paleohispanic letter T(a)

t(a)

Derived from Phoenician letter Tāw (𐤕).

Southeastern Iberian letter A

a

Derived from Southwestern Paleohispanic letter A.

Southeastern Iberian letter O

o

Derived from Southwestern Paleohispanic letter O.

Southeastern Iberian letter Ba

ba

Derived from Southwestern Paleohispanic letter P(e).

Southeastern Iberian letter Ga/Ka

ga/ka

Derived from Southwestern Paleohispanic letter K(a).

Southeastern Iberian letter Du/Tu

du/tu

Derived from Southwestern Paleohispanic letter K(a).

Southeastern Iberian letter Be

be<

Derived from Southwestern Paleohispanic letter P(a).

Southeastern Iberian letter U

u

Derived from Southwestern Paleohispanic letter U.

Southeastern Iberian letter Di/Ti

di/ti

Derived from Southwestern Paleohispanic letter T(i).

Southeastern Iberian letter I

i

Derived from Southwestern Paleohispanic letter I.

Southeastern Iberian letter Ge/Ke

ge/ke

Derived from Southwestern Paleohispanic letter K(e).

Southeastern Iberian letter L

l

Derived from Southwestern Paleohispanic letter L.

Southeastern Iberian letter N

n

Derived from Southwestern Paleohispanic letter N.

Southeastern Iberian letter S

s

Derived from Southwestern Paleohispanic letter S.

Southeastern Iberian letter E

e

Derived from Southwestern Paleohispanic letter E.

Southeastern Iberian letter Bu

bu

Derived from Southwestern Paleohispanic letter P(o).

Southeastern Iberian letter Gi/Ki

gi/ki

Derived from Southwestern Paleohispanic letter K(i).

Southeastern Iberian letter Ŕ

ŕ

Derived from Southwestern Paleohispanic letter R.

Southeastern Iberian letter Ś

ś

Derived from Southwestern Paleohispanic letter Ś.

Southeastern Iberian letter Da/Ta

da/ta

Derived from Southwestern Paleohispanic letter T(a).