maˈtʼuww

Writing Scripts Descended from Egyptian Hieroglyphs

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Ugaritic

𐎜𐎂𐎗𐎚

Abjad¹
15/13 c. BCE - ???^2,3
Left-to-right^{citation needed}

Ugaritic

Languages²

Ugaritic, Hurrian, and Akkadian

Places^2,3

Ugarit (modern day Syria)

Abecedary (North Semitic order)²

Ugaritic letter Alpa × Ugaritic letter Alpa 𐎀 ʾa IPA: /ʔa/	Ugaritic letter Beta × Ugaritic letter Beta 𐎁 b IPA: /b/	Ugaritic letter Gamla × Ugaritic letter Gamla 𐎂 g IPA: /g/	Ugaritic letter Kha × Ugaritic letter Kha 𐎃 ḫ IPA: /x/	Ugaritic letter Delta × Ugaritic letter Delta 𐎄 d IPA: /d/	Ugaritic letter Ho × Ugaritic letter Ho 𐎅 h IPA: /h/
Ugaritic letter Wo × Ugaritic letter Wo 𐎆 w IPA: /w/	Ugaritic letter Zeta × Ugaritic letter Zeta 𐎇 z IPA: /z/	Ugaritic letter Hota × Ugaritic letter Hota 𐎈 ḥ IPA: /ħ/	Ugaritic letter Tet × Ugaritic letter Tet 𐎉 ṭ IPA: /tˤ/	Ugaritic letter Yod × Ugaritic letter Yod 𐎊 y IPA: /j/	Ugaritic letter Kaf × Ugaritic letter Kaf 𐎋 k IPA: /k/
Ugaritic letter Shin × Ugaritic letter Shin 𐎌 š IPA: /ʃ/	Ugaritic letter Lamda × Ugaritic letter Lamda 𐎍 l IPA: /l/	Ugaritic letter Mem × Ugaritic letter Mem 𐎎 m IPA: /m/	Ugaritic letter Dhal × Ugaritic letter Dhal 𐎏 ḏ IPA: /ð/	Ugaritic letter Nun × Ugaritic letter Nun 𐎐 n IPA: /n/	Ugaritic letter Zu × Ugaritic letter Zu 𐎑 ẓ IPA: /θˤ/
Ugaritic letter Samka × Ugaritic letter Samka 𐎒 s IPA: /s/	Ugaritic letter Ain × Ugaritic letter Ain 𐎓 ʿ IPA: /ʕ/	Ugaritic letter Pu × Ugaritic letter Pu 𐎔 p IPA: /p/	Ugaritic letter Sade × Ugaritic letter Sade 𐎕 ṣ IPA: /sˤ/	Ugaritic letter Qopa × Ugaritic letter Qopa 𐎖 q IPA: /q/	Ugaritic letter Rasha × Ugaritic letter Rasha 𐎗 r IPA: /r/
Ugaritic letter Thanna × Ugaritic letter Thanna 𐎘 ṯ IPA: /θ/	Ugaritic letter Ghain × Ugaritic letter Ghain 𐎙 ġ IPA: /ɣ/	Ugaritic letter To × Ugaritic letter To 𐎚 t IPA: /t/	Ugaritic letter I × Ugaritic letter I 𐎛 ʾi IPA: /ʔi/	Ugaritic letter U × Ugaritic letter U 𐎜 ʾu IPA: /ʔu/	Ugaritic letter Ssu × Ugaritic letter Ssu 𐎝 s₂ IPA: /su/

Epigraphy⁵

Baal Cycle

Baal Cycle (description - here)

Script comparison^2,6-10

Writing Script		Head of ox		House plan		Throw stick		Nile tilapia			Man with arms raised				Pear shaped mace				Two diagonal strokes	Plan of rectangular enclosure		Heart and trachea		Arm with downward facing palm		Hand	Crook	Water ripple	Cobra	Reed column		Eye	Wick	Mouth	Rush with shoots			Cord on stick	Head	Bow						Crossed sticks
Egyptian Hieroglyphs	Logography 32 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 𓃾 Head of Ox Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ka		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 𓉐 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 𓌙 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 𓆛 Bulti fish Phonogram in for: int “bulti”			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 𓀠 Man with arms raised Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 𓌉 Pear shaped mace Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 𓏭 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6 𓉗 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 𓄤 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 𓂣 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 𓂧 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 𓋿 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 𓈖 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 𓆓 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 𓊽 Reed column Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/ Conventional Anglicisation: djed		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 𓁹 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28 𓎛 Wick Phonogram ḥ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 𓂋 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 𓇑 Rush with roots Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 𓎗 Cord on stick Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wedj	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 𓁶 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a 𓌓 Bow Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet						Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 𓏴 Crossed sticks Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”
Proto-Sinaitic (Parent)	Abjad 19 c. BCE - 15 c. BCE	Proto-Sinaitic letter ʾalp × Proto-Sinaitic letter ʾalp Ox ʾ IPA: /ʔ/		Proto-Sinaitic letter Bayt × Proto-Sinaitic letter Bayt House b IPA: /b/		Proto-Sinaitic letter Gaml × Proto-Sinaitic letter Gaml Throwstick g IPA: /g/		Proto-Sinaitic letter Dag × Proto-Sinaitic letter Dag Fish d IPA: /d/			Proto-Sinaitic letter Haw/Hillul × Proto-Sinaitic letter Haw/Hillul Praise h IPA: /h/				Proto-Sinaitic Was/Uph × Proto-Sinaitic letter Was/Uph Fowl w IPA: /w/				Proto-Sinaitic letter Zayn/Zayt × Proto-Sinaitic letter Zayn/Zayt Oxhide ingot/sword z IPA: /z/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Ḥaṣr × Proto-Sinaitic letter Ḥaṣr Courtyard or thread ḥ IPA: /ħ/ or /x/		Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṭab × Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṭab Wheel ṭ IPA: /tˤ/		Proto-Sinaitic letter Yad × Proto-Sinaitic letter Yad Hand j IPA: /j/		Proto-Sinaitic letter Kap × Proto-Sinaitic letter Kap Palm k IPA: /k/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Lamd × Proto-Sinaitic letter Lamd Goad l IPA: /l/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Maym × Proto-Sinaitic letter Maym Water m IPA: /m/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Naḥaš × Proto-Sinaitic letter Naḥaš Snake n IPA: /n/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṡamk × Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṡamk Peg s IPA: /s/		Proto-Sinaitic letter ‘ayn × Proto-Sinaitic letter ‘ayn Eye ʿ IPA: /ʕ/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Ġabiʿ × Proto-Sinaitic letter Ġabiʿ Calyx ɣ IPA: /ɣ/	Proto-Sinaitic letter P’it × Proto-Sinaitic letter P’it Corner p IPA: /p/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṣaday × Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṣaday Plant ṣ IPA: /sˤ/			Proto-Sinaitic letter Qoba × Proto-Sinaitic letter Qoba Needle/nape/monkey q IPA: /kˤ/ or /q/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Raʾš × Proto-Sinaitic letter Raʾš Head r IPA: /r/	Proto-Sinaitic letter Šimš × Proto-Sinaitic letter Šimš Bow š IPA: /ʃ/						Proto-Sinaitic letter Tāw × Proto-Sinaitic letter Tāw Mark t IPA: /t/
Phoenician (Sibling)	Abjad 12 c. BCE - 135 BCE	Phoenician letter ʾālep × Phoenician letter ʾālep 𐤀 𐤀𐤋𐤐 Ox, head of cattle ʾ IPA: [ʔ]		Phoenician letter Bēt × Phoenician letter Bēt 𐤁 𐤁𐤕 House b IPA: [b]		Phoenician letter Gīml × Phoenician letter Gīml 𐤂 𐤂𐤌𐤋 Throwing stick (or camel) g IPA: [g]		Phoenician letter Dālet × Phoenician letter Dālet 𐤃 𐤃𐤋𐤕 Door (or fish) d IPA: [d]			Phoenician letter He × Phoenician letter He 𐤄 𐤄 Window (or jubilation) h IPA: [h]				Phoenician letter Wāw × Phoenician letter Wāw 𐤅 𐤅𐤅 Hook w IPA: [w]				Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin × Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin 𐤆 𐤆𐤉𐤍 Weapon (or manacle) z IPA: [z]	Phoenician letter Hēt × Phoenician letter Hēt 𐤇 𐤇𐤕 Courtyard/wall ḥ IPA: [ħ]		Phoenician letter Ṭēt × Phoenician letter Ṭēt 𐤈 𐤈𐤕 Wheel ṭ IPA: [tˤ]		Phoenician letter Yod × Phoenician letter Yod 𐤉 𐤉𐤃 Arm, hand j IPA: [j]		Phoenician letter Kāp × Phoenician letter Kāp 𐤊 𐤊𐤐 Palm of a hand k IPA: [k]	Phoenician letter Lāmed × Phoenician letter Lāmed 𐤋 𐤋𐤌𐤃 Goad l IPA: [l]	Phoenician letter Mēm × Phoenician letter Mēm 𐤌 𐤌𐤌 Water m IPA: [m]	Phoenician letter Nūn × Phoenician letter Nūn 𐤍 𐤍𐤍 Serpent (or fish) n IPA: [n]	Phoenician letter Śāmek × Phoenician letter Śāmek 𐤎 𐤎𐤌𐤊 Pillar s IPA: [s]		Phoenician letter ʿayin × Phoenician letter ʿayin 𐤏 𐤏𐤉𐤍 Eye ʿ IPA: [ʕ]		Phoenician letter Pē × Phoenician letter Pē 𐤐 𐤐 Mouth (or corner) p IPA: [p]	Phoenician letter Ṩādē × Phoenician letter Ṩādē 𐤑 𐤑𐤃 Papyrus plant/fish hook ṣ IPA: [sˤ]			Phoenician letter Qōp × Phoenician letter Qōp 𐤒 𐤒𐤐 Needle eye q IPA: [q]	Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh × Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh 𐤓 𐤓𐤔 Head r IPA: [r]	Phoenician letter Šīn × Phoenician letter Šīn 𐤔 𐤔𐤍 Tooth (or sun) š IPA: [ʃ]						Phoenician letter Tāw × Phoenician letter Tāw 𐤕 𐤕𐤅 Mark t IPA: [t]
Ancient South Arabian (Sibling)	Abugida 9 c. BCE - 7 c. CE	Ancient South Arabian letter Alef (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Alef (monumental variant) 𐩱 ʾ IPA: [ʔ] Ancient South Arabian letter Alef (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Alef (minuscule) 𐩱 ʾ IPA: [ʔ]		Ancient South Arabian letter Beth (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Beth (monumental variant) 𐩨 b IPA: [b] Ancient South Arabian letter Beth (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Beth (minuscule) 𐩨 b IPA: [b]		Ancient South Arabian letter Gimel (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Gimel (monumental variant) 𐩴 g IPA: [g] Ancient South Arabian letter Gimel (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Gimel (minuscule) 𐩴 g IPA: [g]		Ancient South Arabian letter Daleth (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Daleth (monumental variant) 𐩵 d IPA: [d] Ancient South Arabian letter Daleth (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Daleth (minuscule) 𐩵 d IPA: [d]			Ancient South Arabian letter He (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter He (monumental variant) 𐩠 h IPA: [h] Ancient South Arabian letter He (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter He (minuscule) 𐩠 h IPA: [h]				Ancient South Arabian letter Waw (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Waw (monumental variant) 𐩥 w IPA: [w], [uː] Ancient South Arabian letter Waw (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Waw (minuscule) 𐩥 w IPA: [w], [uː]				Ancient South Arabian letter Zayn (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Zayn (monumental variant) 𐩸 z IPA: [z] Ancient South Arabian letter Zayn (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Zayn (minuscule) 𐩸 z IPA: [z]	Ancient South Arabian letter Heth (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Heth (monumental variant) 𐩢 ḥ IPA: [ħ] Ancient South Arabian letter Heth (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Heth (minuscule) 𐩢 ḥ IPA: [ħ]		Ancient South Arabian letter Teth (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Teth (monumental variant) 𐩷 ṭ IPA: [tˤ] Ancient South Arabian letter Teth (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Teth (minuscule) 𐩷 ṭ IPA: [tˤ]		Ancient South Arabian letter Yodh (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Yodh (monumental variant) 𐩱 𐩺 IPA: [j], [iː] Ancient South Arabian letter Yodh (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Yodh (minuscule) 𐩱 𐩺 IPA: [j], [iː]		Ancient South Arabian letter Kaph (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Kaph (monumental variant) 𐩫 k IPA: [k] Ancient South Arabian letter Kaph (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Kaph (minuscule) 𐩫 k IPA: [k]	Ancient South Arabian letter Lamedh (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Lamedh (monumental variant) 𐩡 l IPA: [l] Ancient South Arabian letter Lamedh (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Lamedh (minuscule) 𐩡 l IPA: [l]	Ancient South Arabian letter Mem (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Mem (monumental variant) 𐩣 m IPA: [m] Ancient South Arabian letter Mem (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Mem (minuscule) 𐩣 m IPA: [m]	Ancient South Arabian letter Nun (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Nun (monumental variant) 𐩬 n IPA: [n] Ancient South Arabian letter Nun (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Nun (minuscule) 𐩬 n IPA: [n]	Ancient South Arabian letter Samekh (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Samekh (monumental variant) 𐩯 s³ (s) IPA: [s̪] Ancient South Arabian letter Samekh (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Samekh (minuscule) 𐩯 s³ (s) IPA: [s̪]		Ancient South Arabian letter Ayn (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Ayn (monumental variant) 𐩲 ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Ancient South Arabian letter Ayn (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Ayn (minuscule) 𐩲 ʿ IPA: [ʕ]	Ancient South Arabian letter Ghayn (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Ghayn (monumental variant) 𐩶 ġ IPA: [ɣ] Ancient South Arabian letter Ghayn (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Ghayn (minuscule) 𐩶 ġ IPA: [ɣ]	Ancient South Arabian letter Fe (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Fe (monumental variant) 𐩰 f IPA: [f] Ancient South Arabian letter Fe (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Fe (minuscule) 𐩰 f IPA: [f]	Ancient South Arabian letter Sadhe (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Sadhe (monumental variant) 𐩮 ṣ IPA: [sˤ] Ancient South Arabian letter Sadhe (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Sadhe (minuscule) 𐩮 ṣ IPA: [sˤ]			Ancient South Arabian letter Qoph (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Qoph (monumental variant) 𐩤 q IPA: [q] Ancient South Arabian letter Qoph (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Qoph (minuscule) 𐩤 q IPA: [q]	Ancient South Arabian letter Resh (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Resh (monumental variant) 𐩧 r IPA: [r] Ancient South Arabian letter Resh (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Resh (minuscule) 𐩧 r IPA: [r]	Ancient South Arabian letter Shin (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Shin (monumental variant) 𐩦 s² (ś) IPA: [ɬ] Ancient South Arabian letter Shin (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Shin (minuscule) 𐩦 s² (ś) IPA: [ɬ]						Ancient South Arabian letter Taw (monumental variant) × Ancient South Arabian letter Taw (monumental variant) 𐩩 t IPA: [t] Ancient South Arabian letter Taw (minuscule) × Ancient South Arabian letter Taw (minuscule) 𐩩 t IPA: [t]
Ancient North Arabian (Sibling)	Abjad 8 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Ancient North Arabian letter Alef (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Alef (Dadantic variant) 𐪑 ʾ IPA: [ʔ] Ancient North Arabian letter Alef (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Alef (Safaitic variant) ʾ IPA: [ʔ] Ancient North Arabian letter Alef (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Alef (Taymanitic variant) ʾ IPA: [ʔ] Ancient North Arabian letter Alef (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Alef (Hismaic variant) ʾ IPA: [ʔ]		Ancient North Arabian letter Beh (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Beh (Dadantic variant) 𐪈 b IPA: [b] Ancient North Arabian letter Beh (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Beh (Safaitic variant) b IPA: [b] Ancient North Arabian letter Beh (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Beh (Taymanitic variant) b IPA: [b] Ancient North Arabian letter Beh (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Beh (Hismaic variant) b IPA: [b]		Ancient North Arabian letter Geem (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Geem (Dadantic variant) 𐪔 g IPA: [g] Ancient North Arabian letter Geem (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Geem (Safaitic variant) g IPA: [g] Ancient North Arabian letter Geem (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Geem (Taymanitic variant) g IPA: [g] Ancient North Arabian letter Geem (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Geem (Hismaic variant) g IPA: [g]		Ancient North Arabian letter Dal (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Dal (Dadantic variant) 𐪕 d IPA: [d] Ancient North Arabian letter Dal (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Dal (Safaitic variant) d IPA: [d] Ancient North Arabian letter Dal (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Dal (Taymanitic variant) d IPA: [d] Ancient North Arabian letter Dal (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Dal (Hismaic variant) d IPA: [d]	Ancient North Arabian letter Thal (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Thal (Dadantic variant) 𐪙 ḏ IPA: [ð] Ancient North Arabian letter Thal (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Thal (Safaitic variant) ḏ IPA: [ð] Ancient North Arabian letter Thal (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Thal (Taymanitic variant) ḏ IPA: [ð] Ancient North Arabian letter Thal (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Thal (Hismaic variant) ḏ IPA: [ð]	Ancient North Arabian letter Dad (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Dad (Dadantic variant) 𐪓 ḍ IPA: [dˤ] Ancient North Arabian letter Dad (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Dad (Safaitic variant) ḍ IPA: [dˤ] Ancient North Arabian letter Thal (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Thal (Taymanitic variant) ḏ IPA: [ð] Ancient North Arabian letter Dad (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Dad (Hismaic variant) ḍ IPA: [dˤ]	Ancient North Arabian letter Heh (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Heh (Dadantic variant) 𐪀 h IPA: [h] Ancient North Arabian letter Heh (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Heh (Safaitic variant) h IPA: [h] Ancient North Arabian letter Heh (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Heh (Taymanitic variant) h IPA: [h] Ancient North Arabian letter Heh (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Heh (Hismaic variant) h IPA: [h]				Ancient North Arabian letter Waw (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Waw (Dadantic variant) 𐪅 w IPA: [w], [uː] Ancient North Arabian letter Waw (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Waw (Safaitic variant) w IPA: [w], [uː] Ancient North Arabian letter Waw (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Waw (Taymanitic variant) w IPA: [w], [uː] Ancient North Arabian letter Waw (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Waw (Hismaic variant) w IPA: [w], [uː]				Ancient North Arabian letter Zain (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Zain (Dadantic variant) 𐪘 z IPA: [z] Ancient North Arabian letter Zain (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Zain (Safaitic variant) z IPA: [z] Ancient North Arabian letter Zain (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Zain (Taymanitic variant) z IPA: [z] Ancient North Arabian letter Zain (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Zain (Hismaic variant) z IPA: [z]	Ancient North Arabian letter Hah (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Hah (Dadantic variant) 𐪂 ḥ IPA: [ħ] Ancient North Arabian letter Hah (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Hah (Safaitic variant) ḥ IPA: [ħ] Ancient North Arabian letter Hah (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Hah (Taymanitic variant) ḥ IPA: [ħ] Ancient North Arabian letter Hah (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Hah (Hismaic variant) ḥ IPA: [ħ]	Ancient North Arabian letter Khah (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Khah (Dadantic variant) 𐪍 ḫ IPA: [x] Ancient North Arabian letter Khah (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Khah (Safaitic variant) ḫ IPA: [x] Ancient North Arabian letter Khah (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Khah (Taymanitic variant) ḫ IPA: [x] Ancient North Arabian letter Khah (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Khah (Hismaic variant) ḫ IPA: [x]	Ancient North Arabian letter Tah (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Tah (Dadantic variant) 𐪗 ṭ IPA: [tˤ] Ancient North Arabian letter Tah (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Tah (Safaitic variant) ṭ IPA: [tˤ] Ancient North Arabian letter Tah (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Tah (Taymanitic variant) ṭ IPA: [tˤ] Ancient North Arabian letter Tah (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Tah (Hismaic variant) ṭ IPA: [tˤ]	Ancient North Arabian letter Zah (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Zah (Dadantic variant) 𐪜 ẓ IPA: [θˤ] Ancient North Arabian letter Zah (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Zah (Safaitic variant) ẓ IPA: [θˤ] Ancient North Arabian letter Zah (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Zah (Taymanitic variant) ẓ IPA: [θˤ] Ancient North Arabian letter Zah (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Zah (Hismaic variant) ẓ IPA: [θˤ]	Ancient North Arabian letter Yeh (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Yeh (Dadantic variant) 𐪚 y IPA: [y], [iː] Ancient North Arabian letter Yeh (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Yeh (Safaitic variant) y IPA: [y], [iː] Ancient North Arabian letter Yeh (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Yeh (Taymanitic variant) y IPA: [y], [iː] Ancient North Arabian letter Yeh (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Yeh (Hismaic variant) y IPA: [y], [iː]		Ancient North Arabian letter Kaf (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Kaf (Dadantic variant) 𐪋 k IPA: [k] Ancient North Arabian letter Kaf (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Kaf (Safaitic variant) k IPA: [k] Ancient North Arabian letter Kaf (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Kaf (Taymanitic variant) k IPA: [k] Ancient North Arabian letter Kaf (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Kaf (Hismaic variant) k IPA: [k]	Ancient North Arabian letter Lam (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Lam (Dadantic variant) 𐪁 l IPA: [l] Ancient North Arabian letter Lam (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Lam (Safaitic variant) l IPA: [l] Ancient North Arabian letter Lam (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Lam (Taymanitic variant) l IPA: [l] Ancient North Arabian letter Lam (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Lam (Hismaic variant) l IPA: [l]	Ancient North Arabian letter Meem (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Meem (Dadantic variant) 𐪃 m IPA: [m] Ancient North Arabian letter Meem (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Meem (Safaitic variant) m IPA: [m] Ancient North Arabian letter Meem (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Meem (Taymanitic variant) m IPA: [m] Ancient North Arabian letter Meem (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Meem (Hismaic variant) m IPA: [m]	Ancient North Arabian letter Noon (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Noon (Dadantic variant) 𐪌 n IPA: [n] Ancient North Arabian letter Noon (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Noon (Safaitic variant) n IPA: [n] Ancient North Arabian letter Noon (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Noon (Taymanitic variant) n IPA: [n] Ancient North Arabian letter Noon (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Noon (Hismaic variant) n IPA: [n]	Ancient North Arabian letter Es-3 (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Es-3 (Dadantic variant) 𐪏 s³ (s) IPA: [s] Ancient North Arabian letter Es-3 (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Es-3 (Safaitic variant) s³ (s) IPA: [s] Ancient North Arabian letter Es-3 (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Es-3 (Taymanitic variant) s³ (s) IPA: [s] Ancient North Arabian letter Es-3 (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Es-3 (Hismaic variant) s³ (s) IPA: [s]	Ancient North Arabian letter Es-1 (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Es-1 (Dadantic variant) 𐪊 s¹ (š) IPA: [ʃ] Ancient North Arabian letter Es-1 (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Es-1 (Safaitic variant) s¹ (š) IPA: [ʃ] Ancient North Arabian letter Es-1 (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Es-1 (Taymanitic variant) s¹ (š) IPA: [ʃ] Ancient North Arabian letter Es-1 (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Es-1 (Hismaic variant) s¹ (š) IPA: [ʃ]	Ancient North Arabian letter Ain (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Ain (Dadantic variant) 𐪒 ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Ancient North Arabian letter Ain (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Ain (Safaitic variant) ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Ancient North Arabian letter Ain (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Ain (Taymanitic variant) ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Ancient North Arabian letter Ain (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Ain (Hismaic variant) ʿ IPA: [ʕ]	Ancient North Arabian letter Ghain (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Ghain (Dadantic variant) 𐪖 ġ IPA: [ɣ] Ancient North Arabian letter Ghain (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Ghain (Safaitic variant) ġ IPA: [ɣ] Ancient North Arabian letter Ghain (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Ghain (Taymanitic variant) ġ IPA: [ɣ] Ancient North Arabian letter Ghain (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Ghain (Hismaic variant) ġ IPA: [ɣ]	Ancient North Arabian letter Feh (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Feh (Dadantic variant) 𐪐 f IPA: [f] Ancient North Arabian letter Feh (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Feh (Safaitic variant) f IPA: [f] Ancient North Arabian letter Feh (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Feh (Taymanitic variant) f IPA: [f] Ancient North Arabian letter Feh (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Feh (Hismaic variant) f IPA: [f]	Ancient North Arabian letter Sad (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Sad (Dadantic variant) 𐪎 ṣ IPA: [sˤ] Ancient North Arabian letter Sad (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Sad (Safaitic variant) ṣ IPA: [sˤ] Ancient North Arabian letter Sad (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Sad (Taymanitic variant) ṣ IPA: [sˤ] Ancient North Arabian letter Sad (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Sad (Hismaic variant) ṣ IPA: [sˤ]			Ancient North Arabian letter Qaf (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Qaf (Dadantic variant) 𐪄 q IPA: [q] Ancient North Arabian letter Qaf (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Qaf (Safaitic variant) q IPA: [q] Ancient North Arabian letter Qaf (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Qaf (Taymanitic variant) q IPA: [q] Ancient North Arabian letter Qaf (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Qaf (Hismaic variant) q IPA: [q]	Ancient North Arabian letter Reh (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Reh (Dadantic variant) 𐪇 r IPA: [r] Ancient North Arabian letter Reh (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Reh (Safaitic variant) r IPA: [r] Ancient North Arabian letter Reh (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Reh (Taymanitic variant) r IPA: [r] Ancient North Arabian letter Reh (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Reh (Hismaic variant) r IPA: [r]	Ancient North Arabian letter Es-2 (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Es-2 (Dadantic variant) 𐪆 s² (ś) IPA: [ɬ] Ancient North Arabian letter Es-2 (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Es-2 (Safaitic variant) s² (ś) IPA: [ɬ] Ancient North Arabian letter Es-2 (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Es-2 (Taymanitic variant) s² (ś) IPA: [ɬ] Ancient North Arabian letter Es-2 (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Es-2 (Hismaic variant) s² (ś) IPA: [ɬ]						Ancient North Arabian letter Teh (Dadantic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Teh (Dadantic variant) 𐪉 t IPA: [t] Ancient North Arabian letter Teh (Safaitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Teh (Safaitic variant) t IPA: [t] Ancient North Arabian letter Teh (Taymanitic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Teh (Taymanitic variant) t IPA: [t] Ancient North Arabian letter Teh (Hismaic variant) × Ancient North Arabian letter Teh (Hismaic variant) t IPA: [t]
Ugaritic	Abjad 15/13 c. BCE - ???	Ugaritic letter Alpa × Ugaritic letter Alpa 𐎀 ʾa IPA: /ʔa/		Ugaritic letter Beta × Ugaritic letter Beta 𐎁 b IPA: /b/		Ugaritic letter Gamla × Ugaritic letter Gamla 𐎂 g IPA: /g/		Ugaritic letter Delta × Ugaritic letter Delta 𐎄 d IPA: /d/			Ugaritic letter Ho × Ugaritic letter Ho 𐎅 h IPA: /h/				Ugaritic letter Wo × Ugaritic letter Wo 𐎆 w IPA: /w/				Ugaritic letter Zeta × Ugaritic letter Zeta 𐎇 z IPA: /z/	Ugaritic letter Hota × Ugaritic letter Hota 𐎈 ḥ IPA: /ħ/		Ugaritic letter Tet × Ugaritic letter Tet 𐎉 ṭ IPA: /tˤ/		Ugaritic letter Yod × Ugaritic letter Yod 𐎊 y IPA: /j/		Ugaritic letter Kaf × Ugaritic letter Kaf 𐎋 k IPA: /k/	Ugaritic letter Lamda × Ugaritic letter Lamda 𐎍 l IPA: /l/	Ugaritic letter Mem × Ugaritic letter Mem 𐎎 m IPA: /m/	Ugaritic letter Nun × Ugaritic letter Nun 𐎐 n IPA: /n/	Ugaritic letter Samka × Ugaritic letter Samka 𐎒 s IPA: /s/		Ugaritic letter Ain × Ugaritic letter Ain 𐎓 ʿ IPA: /ʕ/	Ugaritic letter Ghain × Ugaritic letter Ghain 𐎙 ġ IPA: /ɣ/	Ugaritic letter Pu × Ugaritic letter Pu 𐎔 p IPA: /p/	Ugaritic letter Sade × Ugaritic letter Sade 𐎕 ṣ IPA: /sˤ/			Ugaritic letter Qopa × Ugaritic letter Qopa 𐎖 q IPA: /q/	Ugaritic letter Rasha × Ugaritic letter Rasha 𐎗 r IPA: /r/	Ugaritic letter Shin × Ugaritic letter Shin 𐎌 š IPA: /ʃ/						Ugaritic letter To × Ugaritic letter To 𐎚 t IPA: /t/

Lineage^2,11-15

Egyptian Hieroglyphs
↳Hieratic Egyptian
↳Proto-Sinaitic
↳Ugaritic
↳Phoenician
↳Ancient South Arabian
↳Ancient North Arabian

References

1. Schniedewind, W. M., & Hunt, J. H. (2007). A Primer on Ugaritic: Language, Culture and Literature. Cambridge University Press.
2. Daniels, P. T., & Bright, W. (Eds.). (1996). The world’s writing systems. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
3. Woodard, R. D. (Ed.). (2009). The ancient languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511486890
4. Hooker. (1992). Hooker: Reading the past: Ancient writing from cuneiform to the alphabet: Ancient writing from cueniform to the alphabet. University of California Press.
5. Anonymous. (15–13 c. BCE). Baal Cycle. Louvre Museum, Paris, France. Retrieved June 20, 2023, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P1180250_Louvre_Langue_ougaritique_Tablette_poeme_mythologique_AO16641_et_16642_rwk.jpg
6. Colless, Brian E (1990). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Sinai". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 28: 1–52. doi:10.2143/anes.28.0.525711
7. Colless, Brian E (1991). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Canaan". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 29: 18–66. doi:10.2143/anes.29.0.525718
8. Simons, Frank (2011). "Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet" (PDF). Rosetta. 9: 16–40.
9. Maktari, Sultan; Mansour, Kamal. "N3395: Proposal to encode Old South Arabian script" (PDF)
10. Phoenician. (2022). unicode.org. https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10900.pdf
11. Healey, J. F. (1990). The Early Alphabet. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
12. Davidson, L. (2022, March 18). How the Phoenician Alphabet Revolutionised Language. Retrieved July 15, 2022, from historyhit.com website: https://www.historyhit.com/how-the-phoenician-alphabet-revolutionised-language/
13. Howard, M. C. (2012). Transnationalism in ancient and medieval societies: The role of cross-border trade and travel. McFarland & Company.
14. Albright, William F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and their Decipherment.
15. Al-Jallad, A. (2015). An outline of the grammar of the safaitic inscriptions. doi:10.1163/9789004289826