maˈtʼuww

Writing Scripts Descended from Egyptian Hieroglyphs

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Coptic

Ⲙⲛⲧⲣⲙⲛⲕⲏⲙⲉ
Ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ

Alphabet¹
2 c. BCE - Present^{citation needed}

Left-to-right¹

Coptic

Languages¹

Coptic: Sahidic, Boharic (used litergically in the Coptic church), and other dialects

Places^{citation needed}

Egypt, Nubia, and liturgically in the Coptic Orthodox and Coptic Catholic Church

Abecedary^2-6

Majuscule

Coptic letter Alpha (majuscule) × Coptic letter Alpha (majuscule) Ⲁ Ⲁⲗⲫⲁ a Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /a/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /a/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /æ/, /ɑ/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ä/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Alpha (majuscule) (Α). Numerical value: 1	Coptic letter Beta (majuscule) × Coptic letter Beta (majuscule) Ⲃ Ⲃⲏⲧⲁ b/v Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /β/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /β/ (final [b]) Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /w/ (final [b]) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /b/, (/v/ before a vowel [except in a name]) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Beta (majuscule) (Β). Numerical value: 2	Coptic letter Gamma (majuscule) × Coptic letter Gamma (majuscule) Ⲅ Ⲅⲁⲙⲙⲁ gh/ng Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /k/ (marked Greek words) Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: — Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /g/, ( /ɣ/ before Alpha, O or Oou Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɣ/, /g/ (before /e̞/ or /i/), /ŋ/ (before /g/ or /k/) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Gamma (majuscule) (Γ). Numerical value: 3	Coptic letter Delta (majuscule) × Coptic letter Delta (majuscule) Ⲇ Ⲇⲉⲗⲧⲁ d Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /t/ (marked Greek words) Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: — Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /d/ (marked Greek words) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ð/, (/d/ in a name) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Delta (majuscule) (Δ). Numerical value: 4	Coptic letter Eey (majuscule) × Coptic letter Eey (majuscule) Ⲉ Ⲉⲓ ə Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ɛ/, /ə/ (ⲉⲓ = /iː/, /j/) Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɛ/, /ə/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Traditional Bohairic pronunciation:/æ/, /ɑ/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /e̞/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Epsilon (majuscule) (Ε). Numerical value: 5
Coptic letter Soou (majuscule) × Coptic letter Soou (majuscule) Ⲋ Ⲥⲟⲟⲩ Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: - Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: - Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: - Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: - Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) ligature Stigma (majuscule) (Ϛ). Numerical value: 6	Coptic letter Zeta (majuscule) × Coptic letter Zeta (majuscule) Ⲍ Ⲍⲏⲧⲁ z Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /s/ (marked Greek words) Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: — Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /z/ (marked Greek words) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /z/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Zeta (majuscule) (Ζ). Numerical value: 7	Coptic letter Eta (majuscule) × Coptic letter Eta (majuscule) Ⲏ Ⲏⲧⲁ ee Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /eː/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /e/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /æ/, /ɑ/, /ɪ/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /iː/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Eta (majuscule) (Η). Numerical value: 8	Coptic letter Theta (majuscule) × Coptic letter Theta (majuscule) Ⲑ Ⲑⲏⲧⲁ th/t Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /th/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʰ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /t/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /θ/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Theta (majuscule) (Θ). Numerical value: 9	Coptic letter Iota (majuscule) × Coptic letter Iota (majuscule) Ⲓ Ⲓⲟⲧⲁ i/j/y Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /iː/, /j/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /j/, /ə/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ɪ/, /j/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /j/ (before vowels), /ɪ/ (after vowels to form diphthongs) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Iota (majuscule) (Ι). Numerical value: 10
Coptic letter Kappa (majuscule) × Coptic letter Kappa (majuscule) Ⲕ Ⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁ k Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /kʼ/, /k/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /k/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /k/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Kappa (majuscule) (Κ). Numerical value: 20	Coptic letter Lola (majuscule) × Coptic letter Lola (majuscule) Ⲗ Ⲗⲟⲗⲁ l Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /l/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /l/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /l/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /l/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Lamda (minuscule) (λ). Numerical value: 30	Coptic letter Mey (majuscule) × Coptic letter Mey (majuscule) Ⲙ Ⲙⲉⲓ m Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /m/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /m/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /m/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /m/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Mu (majuscule) (Μ). Numerical value: 40	Coptic letter Ney (majuscule) × Coptic letter Ney (majuscule) Ⲛ Ⲛⲉⲓ n Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /n/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /n/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /n/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Nu (majuscule) (Ν). Numerical value: 50	Coptic letter Exi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Exi (majuscule) Ⲝ Ⲉⲝⲓ x Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: — Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: — Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ks/ (only in Greek loanwords) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ks/, [e̞ks] (usually following a consonant, or sometimes when starting a word) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Xi (minuscule) (ξ). Numerical value: 60
Coptic letter O (majuscule) × Coptic letter O (majuscule) Ⲟ ⲟ o Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ɔ/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɔ/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /o/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/, /w/) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /o̞/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Omicron (majuscule) (Ο). Numerical value: 70	Coptic letter Pi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Pi (majuscule) Ⲡ Ⲡⲓ p Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /p/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /p/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /b/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /p/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Pi (majuscule) (Π). Numerical value: 80	Coptic letter Roo (majuscule) × Coptic letter Roo (majuscule) Ⲣ Ⲣⲟ r Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Rho (majuscule) (Ρ). Numerical value: 100	Coptic letter Seema (majuscule) × Coptic letter Seema (majuscule) Ⲥ Ⲥⲓⲙⲁ s/c Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /s/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /s/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /s/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /s/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Sigma (majuscule) (Σ). Numerical value: 200	Coptic letter Tau (majuscule) × Coptic letter Tau (majuscule) Ⲧ Ⲧⲁⲩ t/d Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /t/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /d/ (final [t]) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /t/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Tau (majuscule) (Τ). Numerical value: 300
Coptic letter Upsilon (majuscule) × Coptic letter Epsilon (majuscule) Ⲩ Ⲉⲡⲥⲓⲗⲟⲛ u Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ɪ/, /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/, /w/) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /w/ (between "ⲟ" and another vowel except "ⲱ"), /v/ (after /ɑ/ (ⲁ or /e̞/ (ⲉ)), /u/ (digraph "ⲟⲩ") Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Upsilon (majuscule) (Υ). Numerical value: 400	Coptic letter Phi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Phi (majuscule) Ⲫ Ⲫⲓ f Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ph/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /pʰ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /b/~/f/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Phi (majuscule) (Φ). Numerical value: 500	Coptic letter Chi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Chi (majuscule) Ⲭ Ⲭⲓ k/sh/kh Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /kh/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /kʰ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /k/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /k/ (if the word is Coptic in origin), /x/ (if the word is Greek in origin), /ç/ (if the word is Greek in origin but before /e̞/ or /i/) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Chi (minuscule) (χ). Numerical value: 600	Coptic letter Epsi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Epsi (majuscule) Ⲯ Ⲉⲯⲓ ps Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: — Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: — Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: [bs] (only in Greek loanwords) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: [ps], [e̞ps] (usually following a consonant) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Psi (majuscule) (Ψ). Numerical value: 700	Coptic letter Oou (majuscule) × Coptic letter Oou (majuscule) Ⲱ Ⲱⲩ o/w Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /oː/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /o/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /oː/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /oː/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Omega (minuscule) (ω). Numerical value: 800
Coptic letter Shai (majuscule) × Coptic letter Shai (majuscule) Ϣ Ϣⲁⲓ sh Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8.	Coptic letter Fai (majuscule) × Coptic letter Fai (majuscule) Ϥ Ϥⲁⲓ f Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9.	Coptic letter Khai (majuscule) × Coptic letter Khai (majuscule) Ϧ Ϧⲁⲓ kh/q Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: — Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /x/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /x/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /x/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12.	Coptic letter Hori (majuscule) × Coptic letter Hori (majuscule) Ϩ Ϩⲟⲣⲓ h Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /h/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 & Y1.	Coptic letter Janja (majuscule) × Coptic letter Janja (majuscule) Ϫ Ϫⲁⲛϫⲁ g/j Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /t͡ʃ/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /t͡ʃ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ɟ/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /g/, /dʒ/ (before /e̞/ or /i/) Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29.
Coptic letter Cheema (majuscule) × Coptic letter Cheema (majuscule) Ϭ Ϭⲓⲙⲁ c/ch Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /kʲ/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʰ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʃ/, [e̞tʃ] (usually following a consonant) Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V31.	Coptic letter Ti (majuscule) × Coptic letter Ti (majuscule) Ϯ Ⲧⲓ ti Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /tiː/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʼi/, /ti/, /tə/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /di/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ti/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37 & X1.	Coptic letter Sampi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Sampi (majuscule) Ⳁ Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: — Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: — Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: — Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: — Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Sampi and Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Rho (Ρ). Numerical value: 900

Old Coptic letters and variants

Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Alef (majuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Alef (majuscule) Ⲳ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M17.	Old Coptic letter Ain (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Ain (majuscule) Ⲵ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D36 or O29 or Y1.	Old Coptic cryptogrammic letter Eie (majuscule) × Old Coptic cryptogrammic letter Eie (majuscule) Ⲷ	Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Kapa (majuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Kapa (majuscule) Ⲹ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N29.	Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Ni (majuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Ni (majuscule) Ⲻ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N29.
Old Coptic cryptogrammic letter Ni (majuscule) × Old Coptic cryptogrammic letter Ni (majuscule) Ⲽ	Old Coptic letter Oou (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Oou (majuscule) Ⲿ	Old Coptic letter crossed Shei (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter crossed Shei (majuscule) Ⳃ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8.	Old Coptic letter Shei (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Shei (majuscule) Ⳅ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8.	Old Coptic letter Esh (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Esh (majuscule) Ⳇ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N37.
Old Coptic Akhmimic letter Khei (majuscule) × Old Coptic Akhmimic letter Khei (majuscule) Ⳉ	Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Hori (majuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Hori (majuscule) Ⳋ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Aa1.	Old Coptic letter Hori (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Hori (majuscule) Ⳍ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 & Y1.	Old Coptic letter Ha (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Ha (majuscule) Ⳏ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O4.	Old Coptic letter L-shaped Ha (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter L-shaped Ha (majuscule) Ⳑ
Old Coptic letter Hei (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Gangia (majuscule) Ⳓ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Aa1.	Old Coptic letter Hat (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Hat (majuscule) Ⳕ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28.	Old Coptic letter Gangia (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Gangia (majuscule) Ⳗ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29.	Old Coptic Akhmimic letter Dja (majuscule) × Old Coptic Akhmimic letter Dja (majuscule) Ⳙ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. G1 & U28.	Old Coptic letter Shima (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Shima (majuscule) Ⳛ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. W11.

Minuscle

Coptic letter Alpha (minuscule) × Coptic letter Alpha (minuscule) ⲁ Ⲁⲗⲫⲁ a Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /a/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /a/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /æ/, /ɑ/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ä/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Alpha (majuscule) (Α). Numerical value: 1	Coptic letter Beta (minuscule) × Coptic letter Beta (minuscule) ⲃ Ⲃⲏⲧⲁ b/v Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /β/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /β/ (final [b]) Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /w/ (final [b]) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /b/, (/v/ before a vowel [except in a name]) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Beta (majuscule) (Β). Numerical value: 2	Coptic letter Gamma (minuscule) × Coptic letter Gamma (minuscule) ⲅ Ⲅⲁⲙⲙⲁ gh/ng Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /k/ (marked Greek words) Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: — Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /g/, ( /ɣ/ before Alpha, O or Oou Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɣ/, /g/ (before /e̞/ or /i/), /ŋ/ (before /g/ or /k/) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Gamma (majuscule) (Γ). Numerical value: 3	Coptic letter Delta (minuscule) × Coptic letter Delta (minuscule) ⲇ Ⲇⲉⲗⲧⲁ d Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /t/ (marked Greek words) Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: — Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /d/ (marked Greek words) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ð/, (/d/ in a name) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Delta (majuscule) (Δ). Numerical value: 4	Coptic letter Eey (minuscule) × Coptic letter Eey (minuscule) ⲉ Ⲉⲓ ə Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ɛ/, /ə/ (ⲉⲓ = /iː/, /j/) Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɛ/, /ə/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Traditional Bohairic pronunciation:/æ/, /ɑ/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /e̞/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Epsilon (majuscule) (Ε). Numerical value: 5
Coptic letter Soou (minuscule) × Coptic letter Soou (minuscule) ⲋ Ⲥⲟⲟⲩ Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: - Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: - Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: - Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: - Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) ligature Stigma (minuscle) (ϛ). Numerical value: 6	Coptic letter Zeta (minuscule) × Coptic letter Zeta (minuscule) ⲍ Ⲍⲏⲧⲁ z Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /s/ (marked Greek words) Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: — Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /z/ (marked Greek words) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /z/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Zeta (majuscule) (Ζ). Numerical value: 7	Coptic letter Eta (minuscule) × Coptic letter Eta (minuscule) ⲏ Ⲏⲧⲁ ee Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /eː/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /e/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /æ/, /ɑ/, /ɪ/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /iː/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Eta (majuscule) (Η). Numerical value: 8	Coptic letter Theta (minuscule) × Coptic letter Theta (minuscule) ⲑ Ⲑⲏⲧⲁ th/t Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /th/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʰ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /t/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /θ/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Theta (minuscule) (θ). Numerical value: 9	Coptic letter Iota (minuscule) × Coptic letter Iota (minuscule) ⲓ Ⲓⲟⲧⲁ i/j/y Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /iː/, /j/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /j/, /ə/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ɪ/, /j/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /j/ (before vowels), /ɪ/ (after vowels to form diphthongs) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Iota (minuscule) (ι). Numerical value: 10
Coptic letter Kappa (minuscule) × Coptic letter Kappa (minuscule) ⲕ Ⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁ k Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /kʼ/, /k/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /k/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /k/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Kappa (minuscule) (κ). Numerical value: 20	Coptic letter Lola (minuscule) × Coptic letter Lola (minuscule) ⲗ Ⲗⲟⲗⲁ l Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /l/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /l/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /l/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /l/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Lamda (minuscule) (λ). Numerical value: 30	Coptic letter Mey (minuscule) × Coptic letter Mey (minuscule) ⲙ Ⲙⲉⲓ m Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /m/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /m/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /m/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /m/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Mu (majuscule) (Μ). Numerical value: 40	Coptic letter Ney (minuscule) × Coptic letter Ney (minuscule) ⲛ Ⲛⲉⲓ n Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /n/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /n/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /n/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Nu (majuscule) (Ν). Numerical value: 50	Coptic letter Exi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Exi (minuscule) ⲝ Ⲉⲝⲓ x Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: — Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: — Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ks/ (only in Greek loanwords) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ks/, [e̞ks] (usually following a consonant, or sometimes when starting a word) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Xi (minuscule) (ξ). Numerical value: 60
Coptic letter O (minuscule) × Coptic letter O (minuscule) ⲟ ⲟ o Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ɔ/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɔ/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /o/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/, /w/) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /o̞/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Omicron (minuscule) (ο). Numerical value: 70	Coptic letter Pi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Pi (minuscule) ⲡ Ⲡⲓ p Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /p/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /p/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /b/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /p/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Pi (majuscule) (Π). Numerical value: 80	Coptic letter Roo (minuscule) × Coptic letter Roo (minuscule) ⲣ Ⲣⲟ r Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Rho (minuscule) (ρ). Numerical value: 100	Coptic letter Seema (minuscule) × Coptic letter Seema (minuscule) ⲥ Ⲥⲓⲙⲁ s/c Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /s/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /s/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /s/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /s/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Sigma (majuscule) (Σ). Numerical value: 200	Coptic letter Tau (minuscule) × Coptic letter Tau (minuscule) ⲧ Ⲧⲁⲩ t/d Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /t/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /d/ (final [t]) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /t/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Tau (majuscule) (Τ). Numerical value: 300
Coptic letter Upsilon (minuscule) × Coptic letter Epsilon (minuscule) ⲩ Ⲉⲡⲥⲓⲗⲟⲛ u Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ɪ/, /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/, /w/) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /w/ (between "ⲟ" and another vowel except "ⲱ"), /v/ (after /ɑ/ (ⲁ or /e̞/ (ⲉ)), /u/ (digraph "ⲟⲩ") Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Upsilon (majuscule) (Υ). Numerical value: 400	Coptic letter Phi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Phi (minuscule) ⲫ Ⲫⲓ f Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ph/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /pʰ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /b/~/f/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Phi (majuscule) (Φ). Numerical value: 500	Coptic letter Chi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Chi (minuscule) ⲭ Ⲭⲓ k/sh/kh Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /kh/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /kʰ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /k/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /k/ (if the word is Coptic in origin), /x/ (if the word is Greek in origin), /ç/ (if the word is Greek in origin but before /e̞/ or /i/) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Chi (minuscule) (χ). Numerical value: 600	Coptic letter Epsi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Epsi (minuscule) ⲯ Ⲉⲯⲓ ps Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: — Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: — Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: [bs] (only in Greek loanwords) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: [ps], [e̞ps] (usually following a consonant) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Psi (minuscule) (ψ). Numerical value: 700	Coptic letter Oou (minuscule) × Coptic letter Oou (minuscule) ⲱ Ⲱⲩ o/w Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /oː/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /o/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /oː/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /oː/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Omega (minuscule) (ω). Numerical value: 800
Coptic letter Shai (minuscule) × Coptic letter Shai (minuscule) ϣ Ϣⲁⲓ sh Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8.	Coptic letter Fai (minuscule) × Coptic letter Fai (minuscule) ϥ Ϥⲁⲓ f Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9.	Coptic letter Khai (minuscule) × Coptic letter Khai (minuscule) ϧ Ϧⲁⲓ kh/q Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: — Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /x/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /x/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /x/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12.	Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) × Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) ϩ Ϩⲟⲣⲓ h Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /h/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 & Y1.	Coptic letter Janja (minuscule) × Coptic letter Janja (minuscule) ϫ Ϫⲁⲛϫⲁ g/j Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /t͡ʃ/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /t͡ʃ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ɟ/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /g/, /dʒ/ (before /e̞/ or /i/) Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29.
Coptic letter Cheema (minuscule) × Coptic letter Cheema (minuscule) ϭ Ϭⲓⲙⲁ c/ch Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /kʲ/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʰ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʃ/, [e̞tʃ] (usually following a consonant) Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29.	Coptic letter Ti (minuscule) × Coptic letter Ti (minuscule) ϯ Ⲧⲓ ti Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /tiː/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʼi/, /ti/, /tə/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /di/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ti/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37 & X1.	Coptic letter Sampi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Sampi (minuscule) ⳁ Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: — Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: — Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: — Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: — Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Sampi and Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Rho (Ρ). Numerical value: 900

Old Coptic letters and variants

Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Alef (minuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Alef (minuscule) ⲳ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M17.	Old Coptic letter Ain (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Ain (minuscule) ⲵ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D36 or O29 or Y1.	Old Coptic cryptogrammic letter Eie (minuscule) × Old Coptic cryptogrammic letter Eie (minuscule) ⲷ	Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Kapa (minuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Kapa (minuscule) ⲹ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N29.	Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Ni (minuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Ni (minuscule) ⲻ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N29.
Old Coptic cryptogrammic letter Ni (minuscule) × Old Coptic cryptogrammic letter Ni (minuscule) ⲽ	Old Coptic letter Oou (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Oou (minuscule) ⲿ	Old Coptic letter crossed Shei (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter crossed Shei (minuscule) ⳃ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8.	Old Coptic letter Shei (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Shei (minuscule) ⳅ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8.	Old Coptic letter Esh (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Esh (minuscule) ⳇ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N37.
Old Coptic Akhmimic letter Khei (minuscule) × Old Coptic Akhmimic letter Khei (minuscule) ⳉ	Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Hori (minuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Hori (minuscule) ⳋ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Aa1.	Old Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) ⳍ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 & Y1.	Old Coptic letter Ha (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Ha (minuscule) ⳏ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. O4.	Old Coptic letter L-shaped Ha (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter L-shaped Ha (minuscule) ⳑ
Old Coptic letter Hei (minuscle) × Old Coptic letter Gangia (minuscle) ⳓ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Aa1.	Old Coptic letter Hat (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Hat (minuscule) ⳕ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28.	Old Coptic letter Gangia (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Gangia (minuscule) ⳗ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29.	Old Coptic letter Dja (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Dja (minuscule) ⳙ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. G1 & U28.	Old Coptic letter Shima (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Shima (minuscule) ⳛ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. W11.

Epigraphy^7,8

The Lord's Prayer
in Bohairic Coptic

Coptic

Ϧⲉⲛ ⲫ̀ⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̀ⲫ̀ⲓⲱⲧ
ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡ̀ϣⲏⲣⲓ
ⲛⲉⲙ Ⲡⲓⲡⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ
ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̀ⲟⲩⲱⲧ
Ⲁⲙⲏⲛ.

Ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲛⲓⲱⲧ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ:
ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥⲧⲟⲩⲃⲟ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ:
ⲙⲁⲣⲉⲥⲓ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ:
ⲡⲉⲧⲉϩⲛⲁⲕ ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥϣⲱⲡⲓ
Ⲙ̀ⲫⲣⲏϯ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧ̀ⲫⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ:
ⲡⲉⲛⲱⲓⲕ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲣⲁⲥϯ ⲙⲏⲓϥ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲙ̀ⲫⲟⲟⲩ:
Ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲭⲁ ⲛⲏⲉⲧⲉⲣⲟⲛ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ:
ⲙ̀ⲫ̀ⲣⲏϯ ϩⲱⲛ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲛⲭⲱ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̀ⲛⲏⲉⲧⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛ̀ⲧⲁⲛ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ:
Ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲛⲧⲉⲛ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̀ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲥⲙⲟⲥ:
ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲛⲁϩⲙⲉⲛ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲁ ⲡⲓⲡⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ:
Ϧⲉⲛ Ⲡⲭ̅ⲥ̅ Ⲓⲏ̅ⲥ̅ Ⲡⲉⲛⲟ̅ⲥ̅.
Ϫⲉ ⲑⲱⲕ ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯϫⲟⲙ
ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲱⲟⲩ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ.
Ⲁⲙⲏⲛ.

Ⲇⲟⲝⲁ Ⲡⲁⲧⲣⲓ
ⲕⲉ Ⲩⲓⲱ
ⲕⲁⲓ Ⲁⲅⲓⲟ̀ Ⲡⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁⲧⲓ.
ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩϯ̀ ⲛⲟⲩⲱⲧ.
Ⲁⲙⲏⲛ.

Transliteration

Xen əphran əməphiôt
nem Əpšêri
nem Pipneuma Et^houab
ounoutⁱ ənouôt.
Amên.

Če peniôt etħen niphēouí:
mareftoubo ənxe pekran:
maresí ənxe tekmetouro:
petehnak marefšôpi
əməphrēti xen ətp^he nem x^'ijen pikahi:
penôik ənte rastⁱ mêif nan əmphoou:
ouox^' k^ha nêeteron nan ebol:
əməphrētⁱ hôn əntenk^hô ebol ənnêete ouon əntan erôou:
ouoh əmperenten exoun epirasmos:
alla nahmen ebolha pipethôou:
xen Əpk^hristos Iēsous Penčois.
Če thôk te Tⁱmetouro nem Tⁱčom
nem piəšôu ša éneh.
Amên.

Doxa Patri
ke Yiô
kai Agiō əpneumati.
ounoutⁱ ənouôt.
Amên.

Translation

In the name of the Father,
And of the Son,
And of the Holy Spirit,
One God.
Amen.

Our Father, who art in heaven,
Hallowed be thy Name.
Thy kingdom come.
Thy will be done,
On earth as it is in heaven.
Give us this day our bread for the morrow.
And forgive us our trespasses,
As we forgive those who trespass against us.
And lead us not into temptation,
But deliver us from evil.
For thine is the kingdom,
and the power, and the glory,
for ever and ever.
Amen.

Glory be to the Father,
And to the Son,
And to the Holy Spirit,
One God.
Amen.

Script comparison^2,3,9-16

Writing Script		Head of ox		House plan		Throw stick		Nile tilapia			Man with arms raised				Pear shaped mace				Two diagonal strokes	Plan of rectangular enclosure		Heart and trachea		Arm with downward facing palm		Hand	Crook	Water ripple	Cobra	Reed column		Eye	Wick	Mouth	Rush with shoots			Cord on stick	Head	Bow				Basket of fruit or grain		Crossed sticks
Egyptian Hieroglyphs	Logography 32 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 𓃾 Head of Ox Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ka		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 𓉐 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 𓌙 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 𓆛 Bulti fish Phonogram in for: int “bulti”			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 𓀠 Man with arms raised Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 𓌉 Pear shaped mace Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 𓏭 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6 𓉗 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 𓄤 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 𓂣 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 𓂧 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 𓋿 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 𓈖 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 𓆓 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 𓊽 Reed column Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/ Conventional Anglicisation: djed		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 𓁹 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28 𓎛 Wick Phonogram ḥ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 𓂋 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 𓇑 Rush with roots Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 𓎗 Cord on stick Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wedj	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 𓁶 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a 𓌓 Bow Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M39 𓇨 Basket of fruit or grain Determinative for: rnpt “vegetables”		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 𓏴 Crossed sticks Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”					Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M8 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M8 𓆷 Pool with lilies Phonogram šꜣ for: šꜣ “marsh” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ʃɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: sha Ideogram for: ꜣḫt “Inundation” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑxɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: akhet	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I9 𓆑 Horned viper Phonogram f Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /f/ Determinative in: it “father”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M12 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M12 𓆼 Lily plant Phonogram ḫꜣ, for: ḫꜣ “1,000” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /xɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: kha	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F18 & Y1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F18 𓄑 Tusk of elephant Phonogram bḥ or ḥw Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth” Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Y1 𓏛 Papyrus scroll Phonogram mḏꜣt Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth” Ideogram for: mḏꜣt “paypyrus roll, book” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛd͡ʒɑt/ Conventional Anglicisation: medjat Determinative for: rḫ “know” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛx/ Conventional Anglicisation: rekh	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. U29 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. U29 𓍒 Fire drill (Variation of Gardiner No. U28) Phonogram ḏꜣ for: ꜥnḫ.(w) (w)ḏꜣ snb “may he live, be prosperous, be healthy” Conventional Anglicisation: ankh wedja seneb	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V31 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V31 𓎡 Basket with handle Phonogram k Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /k/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D37 & X1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D37 𓂞 Arm holding conical loaf Phonogram dj for: rḏj “give” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈcʼiːjit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈtʼiːjiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾə)ˈtʼiːʔəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼiːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛd͡ʒi/ Conventional Anglicisation: redji Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. X1 𓏏 Small bread loaf Phonogram t Ideogram for: t “bread” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /t/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /t/
Demotic Egyptian (Parent)	Logography 650 BCE - 5 c. CE																							Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42.			Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10.				Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28 Wick Phonogram ḥ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħ/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21.																	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8 Pool with lilies Phonogram šꜣ for: šꜣ “marsh” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ʃɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: sha Ideogram for: ꜣḫt “Inundation” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑxɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: akhet Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9 Horned viper Phonogram f Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /f/ Determinative in: it “father” Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12 Lily plant Phonogram ḫꜣ, for: ḫꜣ “1,000” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /xɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: kha Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 & Y1 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 Tusk of elephant Phonogram bḥ or ḥw Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth” Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18. Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Y1 Papyrus scroll Phonogram mḏꜣt Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth” Ideogram for: mḏꜣt “paypyrus roll, book” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛd͡ʒɑt/ Conventional Anglicisation: medjat Determinative for: rḫ “know” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛx/ Conventional Anglicisation: rekh Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Y1.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29 Fire drill Phonogram ḏꜣ for: ꜥnḫ.(w) (w)ḏꜣ snb “may he live, be prosperous, be healthy” Conventional Anglicisation: ankh wedja seneb Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V31 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V31 Basket with handle Phonogram k Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /k/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No.V31.	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37 & X1 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37 Arm holding conical loaf Phonogram dj for: rḏj “give” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈcʼiːjit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈtʼiːjiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾə)ˈtʼiːʔəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼiːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛd͡ʒi/ Conventional Anglicisation: redji Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37. Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. X1 Small bread loaf Phonogram t Ideogram for: t “bread” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /t/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /t/ Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. X1.
Imperial Greek (Parent)	Alphabet 2 c. BCE - 15 c. CE
Bactrian (Sibling)	Alphabet ?3 c. BCE - 1 c. BCE	Bactrian letter Alpha (majuscule) Bactrian letter Alpha (minuscule)		Bactrian letter Beta (majuscule) Bactrian letter Beta (minuscule)		Bactrian letter Gamma (majuscule) Bactrian letter Gamma (minuscule)		Bactrian letter Delta (majuscule) Bactrian letter Delta (minuscule)			Bactrian letter Epsilon (majuscule) Bactrian letter Epsilon (minuscule)				Bactrian letter Upsilon (majuscule) Bactrian letter Upsilon (minuscule)				Bactrian letter Zeta (majuscule) Bactrian letter Zeta (minuscule)	Bactrian letter Eta (majuscule) Bactrian letter Eta (minuscule)		Bactrian letter Ṭheta (majuscule) Bactrian letter Ṭheta (minuscule)		Bactrian letter Iota (majuscule) Bactrian letter Iota (minuscule)		Bactrian letter Kappa (majuscule) Bactrian letter Kappa (minuscule)	Bactrian letter Lambda (majuscule) Bactrian letter Lambda (minuscule)	Bactrian letter Mu (majuscule) Bactrian letter Mu (minuscule)	Bactrian letter Nu (majuscule) Bactrian letter Nu (minuscule)			Bactrian letter Omicron (majuscule) Bactrian letter Omicron (minuscule)		Bactrian letter Pi (majuscule) Bactrian letter Pi (minuscule)	Bactrian letter Sho (majuscule) Bactrian letter Sho (minuscule)				Bactrian letter Rho (majuscule) Bactrian letter Rho (minuscule)	Bactrian letter Sigma (majuscule) Bactrian letter Sigma (minuscule)						Bactrian letter Tau (majuscule) Bactrian letter Tau (minuscule)		Bactrian letter Phi (majuscule) Bactrian letter Phi (minuscule)	Bactrian letter Chi (majuscule) Bactrian letter Chi (minuscule)										Bactrian letter Omega (majuscule) Bactrian letter Omega (minuscule)
Armenian (Sibling)	Alphabet 405 CE - Present	Armenian letter Ayb (majuscule) Armenian letter Ayb (minuscule)		Armenian letter Ben (majuscule) Armenian letter Ben (minuscule)		Armenian letter Gim (majuscule) Armenian letter Gim (minuscule)		Armenian letter Da (majuscule) Armenian letter Da (minuscule)			Armenian letter Yech’ (majuscule) Armenian letter Yech’ (minuscule)				Armenian letter Hiwn (majuscule) Armenian letter Hiwn (minuscule)				Armenian letter Za (majuscule) Armenian letter Za (minuscule)	Armenian letter Hò/Ho (majuscule) Armenian letter Hò/Ho (minuscule)		Armenian letter T'ò/T’o (majuscule) Armenian letter T'ò/T’o (minuscule)		Armenian letter Ini (majuscule) Armenian letter Ini (minuscule)		Armenian letter Ken(majuscule) Armenian letter Ken (minuscule)	Armenian letter Ghat (majuscule) Armenian letter Ghat (minuscule)	Armenian letter Men (majuscule) Armenian letter Men (minuscule)	Armenian letter Now (majuscule) Armenian letter Now (minuscule)	Armenian letter Sha (majuscule) Armenian letter Sha (minuscule)		Armenian letter Vo (majuscule) Armenian letter Vo (minuscule)		Armenian letter Pē/Pe (majuscule) Armenian letter Pē/Pe (minuscule)					Armenian letter Ṙa (majuscule) Armenian letter Ṙa (minuscule)	Armenian letter Sē/Se (majuscule) Armenian letter Sē/Se (minuscule)						Armenian letter Tiwn/Tyown (majuscule) Armenian letter Tiwn/Tyown (minuscule)		Armenian letter P'iwr/P'yowr (majuscule) Armenian letter P'iwr/P'yowr (minuscule)	Armenian letter K’ē/K’e (majuscule) Armenian letter K’ē/K’e (minuscule)
Asomtavruli (Sibling)	Alphabet 430 CE - 19 c. CE	Asomtavruli letter Ani		Asomtavruli letter Bani		Asomtavruli letter Gani		Asomtavruli letter Doni			Asomtavruli letter Eni			Asomtavruli letter Vini					Asomtavruli letter Zeni	Asomtavruli letter He		Asomtavruli letter Tani		Asomtavruli letter Ini		Asomtavruli letter K'ani	Asomtavruli letter Lasi	Asomtavruli letter Mani	Asomtavruli letter Nari	Asomtavruli letter Hie		Asomtavruli letter Oni		Asomtavruli letter P'ari	Asomtavruli letter Zhani				Asomtavruli letter Rae	Asomtavruli letter Sani						Asomtavruli letter T'ari		Asomtavruli letter Pari	Asomtavruli letter Kani									Asomtavruli letter Dzili	Asomtavruli letter Hoe
Early Cyrillic (Sibling)	Alphabet ??? - ???
Modern Greek (Sibling)	Alphabet 15 c. CE - Present	Modern Greek letter Alpha (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Alpha (minuscule)		Modern Greek letter Beta (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Beta (minuscule)		Modern Greek letter Gamma (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Gamma (minuscule)		Modern Greek letter Delta (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Delta (minuscule)			Modern Greek letter Epsilon (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Epsilon (minuscule)				Modern Greek letter Upsilon (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Upsilon (minuscule)				Modern Greek letter Zeta (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Zeta (minuscule)	Modern Greek letter Eta (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Eta (minuscule)		Modern Greek letter Theta (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Theta (minuscule)		Modern Greek letter Iota (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Iota (minuscule)		Modern Greek letter Kappa (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Kappa (minuscule)	Modern Greek letter Lambda (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Lambda (minuscule)	Modern Greek letter Mu (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Mu (minuscule)	Modern Greek letter Nu (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Nu (minuscule)	Modern Greek letter Xi (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Xi (minuscule)		Modern Greek letter Pi (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Pi (minuscule)		Modern Greek letter Koppa (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Koppa (minuscule)					Modern Greek letter Rho (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Rho (minuscule)	Modern Greek letter Sigma (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Sigma (minuscule) Modern Greek letter Sigma (Final)						Modern Greek letter Tau (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Tau (minuscule)		Modern Greek letter Phi (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Phi (minuscule)	Modern Greek letter Chi (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Chi (minuscule)									Modern Greek letter Psi (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Psi (minuscule)	Modern Greek letter Omega (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Omega (minuscule)
Coptic	Alphabet 2 c. BCE - Present	Coptic letter Alpha (majuscule) × Coptic letter Alpha (majuscule) Ⲁ Ⲁⲗⲫⲁ a Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /a/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /a/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /æ/, /ɑ/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ä/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Alpha (majuscule) (Α). Numerical value: 1 Coptic letter Alpha (minuscule) × Coptic letter Alpha (minuscule) ⲁ Ⲁⲗⲫⲁ a Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /a/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /a/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /æ/, /ɑ/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ä/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Alpha (majuscule) (Α). Numerical value: 1		Coptic letter Beta (majuscule) × Coptic letter Beta (majuscule) Ⲃ Ⲃⲏⲧⲁ b/v Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /β/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /β/ (final [b]) Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /w/ (final [b]) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /b/, (/v/ before a vowel [except in a name]) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Beta (majuscule) (Β). Numerical value: 2 Coptic letter Beta (minuscule) × Coptic letter Beta (minuscule) ⲃ Ⲃⲏⲧⲁ b/v Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /β/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /β/ (final [b]) Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /w/ (final [b]) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /b/, (/v/ before a vowel [except in a name]) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Beta (majuscule) (Β). Numerical value: 2		Coptic letter Gamma (majuscule) × Coptic letter Gamma (majuscule) Ⲅ Ⲅⲁⲙⲙⲁ gh/ng Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /k/ (marked Greek words) Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: — Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /g/, ( /ɣ/ before Alpha, O or Oou Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɣ/, /g/ (before /e̞/ or /i/), /ŋ/ (before /g/ or /k/) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Gamma (majuscule) (Γ). Numerical value: 3 Coptic letter Gamma (minuscule) × Coptic letter Gamma (minuscule) ⲅ Ⲅⲁⲙⲙⲁ gh/ng Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /k/ (marked Greek words) Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: — Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /g/, ( /ɣ/ before Alpha, O or Oou Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɣ/, /g/ (before /e̞/ or /i/), /ŋ/ (before /g/ or /k/) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Gamma (majuscule) (Γ). Numerical value: 3		Coptic letter Delta (majuscule) × Coptic letter Delta (majuscule) Ⲇ Ⲇⲉⲗⲧⲁ d Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /t/ (marked Greek words) Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: — Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /d/ (marked Greek words) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ð/, (/d/ in a name) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Delta (majuscule) (Δ). Numerical value: 4 Coptic letter Delta (minuscule) × Coptic letter Delta (minuscule) ⲇ Ⲇⲉⲗⲧⲁ d Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /t/ (marked Greek words) Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: — Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /d/ (marked Greek words) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ð/, (/d/ in a name) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Delta (majuscule) (Δ). Numerical value: 4			Coptic letter Eey (majuscule) × Coptic letter Eey (majuscule) Ⲉ Ⲉⲓ ə Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ɛ/, /ə/ (ⲉⲓ = /iː/, /j/) Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɛ/, /ə/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Traditional Bohairic pronunciation:/æ/, /ɑ/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /e̞/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Epsilon (majuscule) (Ε). Numerical value: 5 Coptic letter Eey (minuscule) × Coptic letter Eey (minuscule) ⲉ Ⲉⲓ ə Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ɛ/, /ə/ (ⲉⲓ = /iː/, /j/) Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɛ/, /ə/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Traditional Bohairic pronunciation:/æ/, /ɑ/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /e̞/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Epsilon (majuscule) (Ε). Numerical value: 5				Coptic letter Upsilon (majuscule) × Coptic letter Epsilon (majuscule) Ⲩ Ⲉⲡⲥⲓⲗⲟⲛ u Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ɪ/, /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/, /w/) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /w/ (between "ⲟ" and another vowel except "ⲱ"), /v/ (after /ɑ/ (ⲁ or /e̞/ (ⲉ)), /u/ (digraph "ⲟⲩ") Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Upsilon (majuscule) (Υ). Numerical value: 400 Coptic letter Upsilon (minuscule) × Coptic letter Epsilon (minuscule) ⲩ Ⲉⲡⲥⲓⲗⲟⲛ u Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ɪ/, /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/, /w/) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /w/ (between "ⲟ" and another vowel except "ⲱ"), /v/ (after /ɑ/ (ⲁ or /e̞/ (ⲉ)), /u/ (digraph "ⲟⲩ") Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Upsilon (majuscule) (Υ). Numerical value: 400				Coptic letter Zeta (majuscule) × Coptic letter Zeta (majuscule) Ⲍ Ⲍⲏⲧⲁ z Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /s/ (marked Greek words) Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: — Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /z/ (marked Greek words) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /z/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Zeta (majuscule) (Ζ). Numerical value: 7 Coptic letter Zeta (minuscule) × Coptic letter Zeta (minuscule) ⲍ Ⲍⲏⲧⲁ z Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /s/ (marked Greek words) Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: — Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /z/ (marked Greek words) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /z/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Zeta (majuscule) (Ζ). Numerical value: 7	Coptic letter Eta (majuscule) × Coptic letter Eta (majuscule) Ⲏ Ⲏⲧⲁ ee Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /eː/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /e/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /æ/, /ɑ/, /ɪ/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /iː/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Eta (majuscule) (Η). Numerical value: 8 Coptic letter Eta (minuscule) × Coptic letter Eta (minuscule) ⲏ Ⲏⲧⲁ ee Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /eː/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /e/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /æ/, /ɑ/, /ɪ/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /iː/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Eta (majuscule) (Η). Numerical value: 8		Coptic letter Theta (majuscule) × Coptic letter Theta (majuscule) Ⲑ Ⲑⲏⲧⲁ th/t Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /th/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʰ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /t/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /θ/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Theta (majuscule) (Θ). Numerical value: 9 Coptic letter Theta (minuscule) × Coptic letter Theta (minuscule) ⲑ Ⲑⲏⲧⲁ th/t Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /th/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʰ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /t/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /θ/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Theta (minuscule) (θ). Numerical value: 9		Coptic letter Iota (majuscule) × Coptic letter Iota (majuscule) Ⲓ Ⲓⲟⲧⲁ i/j/y Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /iː/, /j/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /j/, /ə/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ɪ/, /j/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /j/ (before vowels), /ɪ/ (after vowels to form diphthongs) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Iota (majuscule) (Ι). Numerical value: 10 Coptic letter Iota (minuscule) × Coptic letter Iota (minuscule) ⲓ Ⲓⲟⲧⲁ i/j/y Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /iː/, /j/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /j/, /ə/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ɪ/, /j/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /j/ (before vowels), /ɪ/ (after vowels to form diphthongs) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Iota (minuscule) (ι). Numerical value: 10		Coptic letter Kappa (majuscule) × Coptic letter Kappa (majuscule) Ⲕ Ⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁ k Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /kʼ/, /k/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /k/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /k/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Kappa (majuscule) (Κ). Numerical value: 20 Coptic letter Kappa (minuscule) × Coptic letter Kappa (minuscule) ⲕ Ⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁ k Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /kʼ/, /k/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /k/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /k/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Kappa (minuscule) (κ). Numerical value: 20	Coptic letter Lola (majuscule) × Coptic letter Lola (majuscule) Ⲗ Ⲗⲟⲗⲁ l Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /l/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /l/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /l/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /l/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Lamda (minuscule) (λ). Numerical value: 30 Coptic letter Lola (minuscule) × Coptic letter Lola (minuscule) ⲗ Ⲗⲟⲗⲁ l Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /l/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /l/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /l/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /l/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Lamda (minuscule) (λ). Numerical value: 30	Coptic letter Mey (majuscule) × Coptic letter Mey (majuscule) Ⲙ Ⲙⲉⲓ m Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /m/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /m/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /m/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /m/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Mu (majuscule) (Μ). Numerical value: 40 Coptic letter Mey (minuscule) × Coptic letter Mey (minuscule) ⲙ Ⲙⲉⲓ m Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /m/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /m/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /m/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /m/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Mu (majuscule) (Μ). Numerical value: 40 Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Ni (majuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Ni (majuscule) Ⲻ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35. Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Ni (minuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Ni (minuscule) ⲻ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35.	Coptic letter Ney (majuscule) × Coptic letter Ney (majuscule) Ⲛ Ⲛⲉⲓ n Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /n/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /n/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /n/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Nu (majuscule) (Ν). Numerical value: 50 Coptic letter Ney (minuscule) × Coptic letter Ney (minuscule) ⲛ Ⲛⲉⲓ n Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /n/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /n/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /n/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Nu (majuscule) (Ν). Numerical value: 50	Coptic letter Exi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Exi (majuscule) Ⲝ Ⲉⲝⲓ x Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: — Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: — Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ks/ (only in Greek loanwords) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ks/, [e̞ks] (usually following a consonant, or sometimes when starting a word) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Xi (minuscule) (ξ). Numerical value: 60 Coptic letter Exi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Exi (minuscule) ⲝ Ⲉⲝⲓ x Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: — Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: — Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ks/ (only in Greek loanwords) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ks/, [e̞ks] (usually following a consonant, or sometimes when starting a word) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Xi (minuscule) (ξ). Numerical value: 60		Coptic letter O (majuscule) × Coptic letter O (majuscule) Ⲟ ⲟ o Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ɔ/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɔ/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /o/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/, /w/) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /o̞/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Omicron (majuscule) (Ο). Numerical value: 70 Coptic letter O (minuscule) × Coptic letter (minuscule) ⲟ ⲟ o Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ɔ/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɔ/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /o/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/, /w/) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /o̞/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Omicron (minuscule) (ο). Numerical value: 70	Old Coptic letter Hat (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Hat (majuscule) Ⳕ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28. Old Coptic letter Hat (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Hat (minuscule) ⳕ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28.	Coptic letter Pi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Pi (majuscule) Ⲡ Ⲡⲓ p Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /p/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /p/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /b/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /p/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Pi (majuscule) (Π). Numerical value: 80 Coptic letter Pi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Pi (minuscule) ⲡ Ⲡⲓ p Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /p/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /p/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /b/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /p/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Pi (majuscule) (Π). Numerical value: 80					Coptic letter Roo (majuscule) × Coptic letter Roo (majuscule) Ⲣ Ⲣⲟ r Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Rho (majuscule) (Ρ). Numerical value: 100 Coptic letter Roo (minuscule) × Coptic letter Roo (minuscule) ⲣ Ⲣⲟ r Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Rho (minuscule) (ρ). Numerical value: 100	Coptic letter Seema (majuscule) × Coptic letter Seema (majuscule) Ⲥ Ⲥⲓⲙⲁ s/c Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /s/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /s/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /s/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /s/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Sigma (majuscule) (Σ). Numerical value: 200 Coptic letter Seema (minuscule) × Coptic letter Seema (minuscule) ⲥ Ⲥⲓⲙⲁ s/c Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /s/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /s/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /s/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /s/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Sigma (majuscule) (Σ). Numerical value: 200					Coptic letter Soou (majuscule) × Coptic letter Soou (majuscule) Ⲋ Ⲥⲟⲟⲩ Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: - Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: - Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: - Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: - Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) ligature Stigma (majuscule) (Ϛ). Numerical value: 6 Coptic letter Soou (minuscule) × Coptic letter Soou (minuscule) ⲋ Ⲥⲟⲟⲩ Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: - Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: - Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: - Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: - Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) ligature Stigma (minuscle) (ϛ). Numerical value: 6	Coptic letter Tau (majuscule) × Coptic letter Tau (majuscule) Ⲧ Ⲧⲁⲩ t/d Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /t/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /d/ (final [t]) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /t/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Tau (majuscule) (Τ). Numerical value: 300 Coptic letter Tau (minuscule) × Coptic letter Tau (minuscule) ⲧ Ⲧⲁⲩ t/d Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /t/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /d/ (final [t]) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /t/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Tau (majuscule) (Τ). Numerical value: 300		Coptic letter Phi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Phi (majuscule) Ⲫ Ⲫⲓ f Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ph/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /pʰ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /b/~/f/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Phi (majuscule) (Φ). Numerical value: 500 Coptic letter Phi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Phi (minuscule) ⲫ Ⲫⲓ f Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ph/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /pʰ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /b/~/f/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Phi (majuscule) (Φ). Numerical value: 500	Coptic letter Chi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Chi (majuscule) Ⲭ Ⲭⲓ k/sh/kh Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /kh/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /kʰ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /k/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /k/ (if the word is Coptic in origin), /x/ (if the word is Greek in origin), /ç/ (if the word is Greek in origin but before /e̞/ or /i/) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Chi (minuscule) (χ). Numerical value: 600 Coptic letter Chi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Chi (minuscule) ⲭ Ⲭⲓ k/sh/kh Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /kh/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /kʰ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /k/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /k/ (if the word is Coptic in origin), /x/ (if the word is Greek in origin), /ç/ (if the word is Greek in origin but before /e̞/ or /i/) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Chi (minuscule) (χ). Numerical value: 600	Coptic letter Sampi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Sampi (majuscule) Ⳁ Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: — Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: — Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: — Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: — Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Sampi and Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Rho (Ρ). Numerical value: 900 Coptic letter Sampi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Sampi (minuscule) ⳁ Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: — Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: — Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: — Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: — Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Sampi and Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Rho (Ρ). Numerical value: 900	Coptic letter Shai (majuscule) × Coptic letter Shai (majuscule) Ϣ Ϣⲁⲓ sh Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8. Coptic letter Shai (minuscule) × Coptic letter Shai (minuscule) ϣ Ϣⲁⲓ sh Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8. Old Coptic letter Shei (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Shei (majuscule) Ⳅ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8. Old Coptic letter Shei (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Shei (minuscule) ⳅ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8.	Coptic letter Fai (majuscule) × Coptic letter Fai (majuscule) Ϥ Ϥⲁⲓ f Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9. Coptic letter Fai (minuscule) × Coptic letter Fai (minuscule) ϥ Ϥⲁⲓ f Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9.	Coptic letter Khai (majuscule) × Coptic letter Khai (majuscule) Ϧ Ϧⲁⲓ kh/q Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: — Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /x/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /x/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /x/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12. Coptic letter Khai (minuscule) × Coptic letter Khai (minuscule) ϧ Ϧⲁⲓ kh/q Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: — Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /x/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /x/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /x/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12.	Coptic letter Hori (majuscule) × Coptic letter Hori (majuscule) Ϩ Ϩⲟⲣⲓ h Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /h/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 & Y1. Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) × Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) ϩ Ϩⲟⲣⲓ h Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /h/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 & Y1. Old Coptic letter Hori (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Hori (majuscule) Ⳍ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 & Y1. Old Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) ⳍ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 & Y1.	Coptic letter Janja (majuscule) × Coptic letter Janja (majuscule) Ϫ Ϫⲁⲛϫⲁ g/j Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /t͡ʃ/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /t͡ʃ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ɟ/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /g/, /dʒ/ (before /e̞/ or /i/) Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29. Coptic letter Janja (minuscule) × Coptic letter Janja (minuscule) ϫ Ϫⲁⲛϫⲁ g/j Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /t͡ʃ/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /t͡ʃ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ɟ/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /g/, /dʒ/ (before /e̞/ or /i/) Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29. Old Coptic letter Gangia (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Gangia (majuscule) Ⳗ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29. Old Coptic letter Gangia (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Gangia (minuscule) ⳗ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29.	Coptic letter Cheema (majuscule) × Coptic letter Cheema (majuscule) Ϭ Ϭⲓⲙⲁ c/ch Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /kʲ/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʰ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʃ/, [e̞tʃ] (usually following a consonant) Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V31. Coptic letter Cheema (minuscule) × Coptic letter Cheema (minuscule) ϭ Ϭⲓⲙⲁ c/ch Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /kʲ/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʰ/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʃ/, [e̞tʃ] (usually following a consonant) Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V31.	Coptic letter Ti (majuscule) × Coptic letter Ti (majuscule) Ϯ Ⲧⲓ ti Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /tiː/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʼi/, /ti/, /tə/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /di/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ti/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37 & X1. Coptic letter Ti (minuscule) × Coptic letter Ti (minuscule) ϯ Ⲧⲓ ti Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /tiː/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʼi/, /ti/, /tə/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /di/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ti/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37 & X1.	Coptic letter Epsi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Epsi (majuscule) Ⲯ Ⲉⲯⲓ ps Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: — Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: — Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: [bs] (only in Greek loanwords) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: [ps], [e̞ps] (usually following a consonant) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Psi (majuscule) (Ψ). Numerical value: 700 Coptic letter Epsi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Epsi (minuscule) ⲯ Ⲉⲯⲓ ps Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: — Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: — Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: [bs] (only in Greek loanwords) Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: [ps], [e̞ps] (usually following a consonant) Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Psi (minuscule) (ψ). Numerical value: 700	Coptic letter Oou (majuscule) × Coptic letter Oou (majuscule) Ⲱ Ⲱⲩ o/w Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /oː/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /o/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /oː/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /oː/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Omega (minuscule) (ω). Numerical value: 800 Coptic letter Oou (minuscule) × Coptic letter Oou (minuscule) ⲱ Ⲱⲩ o/w Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /oː/ Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /o/ Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /oː/ Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /oː/ Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Omega (minuscule) (ω). Numerical value: 800
Old Nubian (Child)	Alphabet 8 c. CE - Present	Old Nubian letter Alpha × Old Nubian letter Alpha ⲁ ⲁⲗⲫⲁ a IPA: /a, aː/ Derived from Coptic letter Alpha (minuscule) (ⲁ).		Old Nubian letter Beta × Old Nubian letter Beta ⲃ ⲃⲏⲧⲁ b IPA: /b/ Derived from Coptic letter Beta (minuscule) (ⲃ).		Old Nubian letter Gamma × Old Nubian letter Gamma ⲅ ⲅⲁⲙⲙⲁ g IPA: /ɡ/ Derived from Coptic letter Gamma (minuscule) (ⲅ).		Old Nubian letter Delta × Old Nubian letter Delta ⲇ ⲇⲉⲗⲧⲁ d IPA: /d/ Derived from Coptic letter Delta (minuscule) (ⲇ).			Old Nubian letter Eey × Old Nubian letter Eey ⲉ ⲉⲓ e IPA: /e, eː/ Derived from Coptic letter Eey (minuscule) (ⲉ).				Old Nubian letter Upsilon × Old Nubian letter Upsilon ⲩ ⲩⲡⲥⲓⲗⲟⲛ u IPA: /i/, /u/ Derived from Coptic letter Upsilon (minuscule) (ⲩ).				Old Nubian letter Zeta × Old Nubian letter Zeta ⲍ ⲍⲏⲧⲁ z IPA: /z/ Derived from Coptic letter Zeta (minuscule) (ⲍ).	Old Nubian letter Eta × Old Nubian letter Eta ⲏ ⲏⲧⲁ ē IPA: /i, iː/ Derived from Coptic letter Eta (minuscule) (ⲏ).		Old Nubian letter Theta × Old Nubian letter Theta ⲑ ⲑⲏⲧⲁ th IPA: /t/ Derived from Coptic letter Theta (minuscule) (ⲑ).		Old Nubian letter Iota × Old Nubian letter Iota ⲓ ⲓⲟⲧⲁ i IPA: /i/ Derived from Coptic letter Iota (minuscule) (ⲓ).		Old Nubian letter Kappa × Old Nubian letter Kappa ⲕ ⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁ k IPA: /k/, /ɡ/ Derived from Coptic letter Kappa (minuscule) (ⲕ).	Old Nubian letter Lola × Old Nubian letter Lola ⲗ ⲗⲟⲗⲁ l IPA: /l/ Derived from Coptic letter Lola (minuscule) (ⲗ).	Old Nubian letter Mey × Old Nubian letter Mey ⲙ ⲙⲉⲓ m IPA: /m/ Derived from Coptic letter Mey (minuscule) (ⲙ).	Old Nubian letter Ney × Old Nubian letter Ney ⲛ ⲛⲉⲓ n IPA: /n/ Derived from Coptic letter Ney (minuscule) (ⲛ).	Old Nubian letter Exi × Old Nubian letter Exi ⲝ ⲉⲝⲓ x IPA: /ks/ Derived from Coptic letter Exi (minuscule) (ⲝ).		Old Nubian letter O × Old Nubian letter O ⲟ ⲟ o IPA: /o/, /oː/ Derived from Coptic letter O (minuscule) (ⲟ).		Old Nubian letter Pi × Old Nubian letter Pi ⲡ ⲡⲓ p IPA: /p/ Derived from Coptic letter Pi (minuscule) (ⲡ).					Old Nubian letter Roo × Old Nubian letter Roo ⲣ ⲣⲟ r IPA: /ɾ/ Derived from Coptic letter Roo (minuscule) (ⲣ).	Old Nubian letter Seema × Old Nubian letter Seema ⲥ ⲥⲓⲙⲁ s IPA: /s/ Derived from Coptic letter Seema (minuscule) (ⲥ).					Old Nubian letter Soou × Old Nubian letter Soou ⲋ ⲥⲟⲟⲩ Derived from Coptic letter Soou (minuscule) (ⲋ).	Old Nubian letter Tau × Old Nubian letter Tau ⲧ ⲧⲁⲩ t IPA: /t/ Derived from Coptic letter Tau (minuscule) (ⲧ).		Old Nubian letter Phi × Old Nubian letter Phi ⲫ ⲫⲓ ph IPA: /f/ Derived from Coptic letter Phi (minuscule) (ⲫ).	Old Nubian letter Chi × Old Nubian letter Chi ⲭ ⲭⲓ kh IPA: /x/ Derived from Coptic letter Chi (minuscule) (ⲭ).		Old Nubian letter Shai × Old Nubian letter Shai ϣ ϣⲁⲓ š IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Coptic letter Shai (minuscule) (ϣ).			Old Nubian letter Hori × Old Nubian letter Hori Ϩ Ϩⲟⲣⲓ h IPA: /h/ Derived from Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) (Ϩ).		Old Nubian letter Shima × Old Nubian letter Shima ⳝ ⳝⲓⲙⲁ j IPA: /ɟ/ Derived from Coptic letter Shima (minuscule) (ϭ).		Old Nubian letter Epsi × Old Nubian letter Epsi ⲯ ⲉⲯⲓ ps IPA: /ps/ Derived from Coptic letter Epsi (minuscule) (ⲯ).	Old Nubian letter Oou × Old Nubian letter Oou ⲱ ⲱⲩ ō IPA: /o/, /oː/ Derived from Coptic letter Oou (minuscule) (ⲱ).

Lineage^6,9,10,17-25

Egyptian Hieroglyphs
↳Hieratic Egyptian
↳Demotic Egyptian (selected letters)
↳Coptic
↳Proto-Sinaitic
↳Phoenician
↳Archaic Greek
↳Classical Greek
↳Hellenistic Greek
↳Imperial Greek
↳Greek Biblical Uncials
↳Greek Coptic Uncials
↳Coptic
↳Old Nubian
↳Armenian
↳Asomtavruli
↳Early Cyrillic
↳Modern Greek

Coptic

References

1. Daniels, P. T., & Bright, W. (Eds.). (1996). The world’s writing systems. Oxford University Press.
2. Greek and Coptic. (n.d.). Unicode.org. Retrieved July 24, 2023, from https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0370.pdf
3. Coptic. (n.d.). Unicode.org. Retrieved July 24, 2023, from https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2C80.pdf
4. Peust, C. (1999). Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction To The Phonology Of A Dead Language. https://archive.org/details/PEUST1999EgyptianPhonologyAnIntroductionToThePhonologyOfADeadLanguageOCR
5. Sobhy, G. P. G. (1915). The pronunciation of Coptic in the church of Egypt. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 2(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.2307/3853861
6. Makar, K. (n.d.). The Coptic Language: Introduction. Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States. Retrieved July 24, 2023, from https://www.suscopts.org/deacons/coptic/FT-Coptic%20Language-Lectures.pdf
7. Ϧⲉⲛ `ⲫⲣⲁⲛ `ⲙ`Ⲫⲓⲱⲧ. (n.d.). Wikisource.org. Retrieved July 24, 2023, from https://wikisource.org/wiki/%CF%A6%E2%B2%89%E2%B2%9B_%60%E2%B2%AB%E2%B2%A3%E2%B2%81%E2%B2%9B_%60%E2%B2%99%60%E2%B2%AA%E2%B2%93%E2%B2%B1%E2%B2%A7
8. Yassa B. Recording of live reading of "The Lord's Prayer" in Bohairic Coptic. MP3 file. July 25 2023.
9. Colless, B. E. (1990). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Sinai". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 28: 1–52. doi:10.2143/anes.28.0.525711
10. Colless, B. E. (1991). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Canaan". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 29: 18–66. doi:10.2143/anes.29.0.525718
11. The Demotic Palaeographical Database Project (DPDP). (2021). Retrieved July 15, 2022, from 5.162 website: http://129.206.5.162/beta/index.html
12. The demotic dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. (n.d.). uchicago.edu. Retrieved September 2, 2022, from https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/demotic-dictionary-oriental-institute-university-chicago
13. Davary. (1982). Illustrations. fu-berlin.de. Retrieved July 24, 2023, from https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/8366/02_Illustrations.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y
14. Armenian. (n.d.). Unicode.org. Retrieved July 24, 2023, from https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0530.pdf
15. Georgian. (n.d.). Unicode.org. Retrieved July 24, 2023, from https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10A0.pdf
16. Lunt, H. G. (2001). Old Church Slavonic grammar (7th ed.). De Gruyter Mouton.
17. Albright, William F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and their Decipherment.
18. Davidson, L. (2022, March 18). How the Phoenician Alphabet Revolutionised Language. Retrieved July 15, 2022, from historyhit.com website: https://www.historyhit.com/how-the-phoenician-alphabet-revolutionised-language/
19. Bakker, E. J. (Ed.). (2010). A companion to the ancient Greek language: Bakker/A companion to the ancient Greek language. Wiley-Blackwell.
20. Brown, K. (2014). Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world (K. Brown & S. Ogilvie, Eds.). Elsevier Science & Technology.
21. Boud'hors, Anne (1997). "L'onciale penchée en copte et sa survie jusqu'au XVe siècle en Haute-Égypte". In Déroche, François; Richard, Francis (eds.). Scribes et manuscrits du Moyen-Orient. Paris: Bibliothèque nationale de France. pp. 118–133.
22. Daniels, P. T., & Bright, W. (Eds.). (1996). The world’s writing systems. Oxford University Press.
23. Kemertelidze, Nino (1999). "The Origin of Kartuli (Georgian) Writing (Alphabet)". In Cram, D., Linn, A. R., & Nowak, E. (Eds.). (1999). History of linguistics 1996: Volume 1: Traditions in linguistics worldwide. John Benjamins Publishing.
24. Schenker, A. M. (1996). The dawn of Slavic: Introduction of Slavic philology. Yale University Press.
25. Marcos, J.J. (2024). Fonts for Greek Paleography. Typofonts.com. https://www.typofonts.com/GREEK_PALEOGRAPHY.pdf