maˈtʼuww

Writing Scripts Descended from Egyptian Hieroglyphs

× About

☰

Coptic

Ⲙⲛⲧⲣⲙⲛⲕⲏⲙⲉ
Ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ

Alphabet¹
2 c. BCE - Present^{citation needed}

Left-to-right¹

Coptic

Languages¹

Coptic

Places^{citation needed}

Egypt, Nubia, and liturgically in the Coptic Orthodox and Coptic Catholic Church

Abecedary^2-6

Majuscule

Coptic letter Alpha (majuscule) × Coptic letter Alpha (majuscule) Ⲁ Ⲁⲗⲫⲁ a Sahidic pronunciation: /a/ Bohairic pronunciation: /a/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /æ/, /ɑ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ä/	Coptic letter Beta (majuscule) × Coptic letter Beta (majuscule) Ⲃ Ⲃⲏⲧⲁ b/v Sahidic pronunciation: /β/ Bohairic pronunciation: /β/ (final [b]) Late Coptic pronunciation: /w/ (final [b]) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /b/, (/v/ before a vowel [except in a name])	Coptic letter Gamma (majuscule) × Coptic letter Gamma (majuscule) Ⲅ Ⲅⲁⲙⲙⲁ gh/ng Sahidic pronunciation: /k/ (marked Greek words) Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: /g/, ( /ɣ/ before Alpha, O or Oou Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ɣ/, /g/ (before /e̞/ or /i/), /ŋ/ (before /g/ or /k/)	Coptic letter Delta (majuscule) × Coptic letter Delta (majuscule) Ⲇ Ⲇⲉⲗⲧⲁ d Sahidic pronunciation: /t/ (marked Greek words) Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: /d/ (marked Greek words) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ð/, (/d/ in a name)	Coptic letter Eey (majuscule) × Coptic letter Eey (majuscule) Ⲉ Ⲉⲓ ə Sahidic pronunciation: /ɛ/, /ə/ (ⲉⲓ = /iː/, /j/) Bohairic pronunciation: /ɛ/, /ə/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Late Coptic pronunciation:/æ/, /ɑ/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /e̞/
Coptic letter Soou (majuscule) × Coptic letter Soou (majuscule) Ⲋ Ⲥⲟⲟⲩ Sahidic pronunciation: /dz/ Bohairic pronunciation: /dz/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /dz/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /dz/	Coptic letter Zeta (majuscule) × Coptic letter Zeta (majuscule) Ⲍ Ⲍⲏⲧⲁ z Sahidic pronunciation: /s/ (marked Greek words) Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: /z/ (marked Greek words) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /z/	Coptic letter Eta (majuscule) × Coptic letter Eta (majuscule) Ⲏ Ⲏⲧⲁ ee Sahidic pronunciation: /eː/ Bohairic pronunciation: /e/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /æ/, /ɑ/, /ɪ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /iː/	Coptic letter Theta (majuscule) × Coptic letter Theta (majuscule) Ⲑ Ⲑⲏⲧⲁ th/t Sahidic pronunciation: /th/ Bohairic pronunciation: /tʰ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /t/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /θ/	Coptic letter Iota (majuscule) × Coptic letter Iota (majuscule) Ⲓ Ⲓⲟⲧⲁ i/j/y Sahidic pronunciation: /iː/, /j/ Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /j/, /ə/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Late Coptic pronunciation: /ɪ/, /j/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /j/ (before vowels), /ɪ/ (after vowels to form diphthongs)
Coptic letter Kappa (majuscule) × Coptic letter Kappa (majuscule) Ⲕ Ⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁ k Sahidic pronunciation: /k/ Bohairic pronunciation: /kʼ/, /k/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /k/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /k/	Coptic letter Lola (majuscule) × Coptic letter Lola (majuscule) Ⲗ Ⲗⲟⲗⲁ l Sahidic pronunciation: /l/ Bohairic pronunciation: /l/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /l/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /l/	Coptic letter Mey (majuscule) × Coptic letter Mey (majuscule) Ⲙ Ⲙⲉⲓ m Sahidic pronunciation: /m/ Bohairic pronunciation: /m/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /m/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /m/	Coptic letter Ney (majuscule) × Coptic letter Ney (majuscule) Ⲛ Ⲛⲉⲓ n Sahidic pronunciation: /n/ Bohairic pronunciation: /n/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /n/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /n/	Coptic letter Exi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Exi (majuscule) Ⲝ Ⲉⲝⲓ x Sahidic pronunciation: — Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: /ks/ (only in Greek loanwords) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ks/, [e̞ks] (usually following a consonant, or sometimes when starting a word)
Coptic letter O (majuscule) × Coptic letter O (majuscule) Ⲟ ⲟ o Sahidic pronunciation: /ɔ/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Bohairic pronunciation: /ɔ/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Late Coptic pronunciation: /o/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/, /w/) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /o̞/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/)	Coptic letter Pi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Pi (majuscule) Ⲡ Ⲡⲓ a Sahidic pronunciation: /p/ Bohairic pronunciation: /p/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /b/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /p/	Coptic letter Roo (majuscule) × Coptic letter Roo (majuscule) Ⲣ Ⲣⲟ r Sahidic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/	Coptic letter Seema (majuscule) × Coptic letter Seema (majuscule) Ⲥ Ⲥⲓⲙⲁ s/c Sahidic pronunciation: /s/ Bohairic pronunciation: /s/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /s/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /s/	Coptic letter Tau (majuscule) × Coptic letter Tau (majuscule) Ⲧ Ⲧⲁⲩ t/d Sahidic pronunciation: /t/ Bohairic pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /d/ (final [t]) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /t/
Coptic letter Upsilon (majuscule) × Coptic letter Epsilon (majuscule) Ⲩ Ⲉⲡⲥⲓⲗⲟⲛ u Sahidic pronunciation: /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Bohairic pronunciation: /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Late Coptic pronunciation: /ɪ/, /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/, /w/) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /w/ (between "ⲟ" and another vowel except "ⲱ"), /v/ (after /ɑ/ (ⲁ or /e̞/ (ⲉ)), /u/ (digraph "ⲟⲩ")	Coptic letter Phi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Phi (majuscule) Ⲫ Ⲫⲓ f Sahidic pronunciation: /ph/ Bohairic pronunciation: /pʰ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /b/~/f/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /f/	Coptic letter Chi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Chi (majuscule) Ⲭ Ⲭⲓ k/sh/kh Sahidic pronunciation: /kh/ Bohairic pronunciation: /kʰ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /k/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /k/ (if the word is Coptic in origin), /x/ (if the word is Greek in origin), /ç/ (if the word is Greek in origin but before /e̞/ or /i/)	Coptic letter Epsi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Epsi (majuscule) Ⲯ Ⲉⲯⲓ ps Sahidic pronunciation: — Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: [bs] (only in Greek loanwords) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: [ps], [e̞ps] (usually following a consonant)	Coptic letter Oou (majuscule) × Coptic letter Oou (majuscule) Ⲱ Ⲱⲩ o/w Sahidic pronunciation: /oː/ Bohairic pronunciation: /o/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /oː/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /oː/
Coptic letter Shai (majuscule) × Coptic letter Shai (majuscule) Ϣ Ϣⲁⲓ sh Sahidic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/	Coptic letter Fai (majuscule) × Coptic letter Fai (majuscule) Ϥ Ϥⲁⲓ f Sahidic pronunciation: /f/ Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /f/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /f/	Coptic letter Khai (majuscule) × Coptic letter Khai (majuscule) Ϧ Ϧⲁⲓ kh/q Sahidic pronunciation: — Bohairic pronunciation: /x/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /x/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /x/	Coptic letter Hori (majuscule) × Coptic letter Hori (majuscule) Ϩ Ϩⲟⲣⲓ h Sahidic pronunciation: /h/ Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /h/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /h/	Coptic letter Janja (majuscule) × Coptic letter Janja (majuscule) Ϫ Ϫⲁⲛϫⲁ g/j Sahidic pronunciation: /t͡ʃ/ Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /t͡ʃ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /ɟ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /g/, /dʒ/ (before /e̞/ or /i/)
Coptic letter Cheema (majuscule) × Coptic letter Cheema (majuscule) Ϭ Ϭⲓⲙⲁ c/ch Sahidic pronunciation: /kʲ/ Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʰ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /tʃ/, [e̞tʃ] (usually following a consonant)	Coptic letter Ti (majuscule) × Coptic letter Ti (majuscule) Ϯ Ⲧⲓ ti Sahidic pronunciation: /tiː/ Bohairic pronunciation: /tʼi/, /ti/, /tə/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /di/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ti/	Coptic letter Sampi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Sampi (majuscule) Ⳁ Sahidic pronunciation: — Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: — Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: —

Old Coptic letters and variants

Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Alef (majuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Alef (majuscule) Ⲳ	Old Coptic letter Ain (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Ain (majuscule) Ⲵ	Old Coptic cryptogrammic letter Eie (majuscule) × Old Coptic cryptogrammic letter Eie (majuscule) Ⲷ	Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Kapa (majuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Kapa (majuscule) Ⲹ	Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Ni (majuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Ni (majuscule) Ⲻ
Old Coptic cryptogrammic letter Ni (majuscule) × Old Coptic cryptogrammic letter Ni (majuscule) Ⲽ	Old Coptic letter Oou (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Oou (majuscule) Ⲿ	Old Coptic letter crossed Shei (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter crossed Shei (majuscule) Ⳃ	Old Coptic letter Shei (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Shei (majuscule) Ⳅ	Old Coptic letter Esh (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Esh (majuscule) Ⳇ
Old Coptic Akhmimic letter Khei (majuscule) × Old Coptic Akhmimic letter Khei (majuscule) Ⳉ	Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Hori (majuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Hori (majuscule) Ⳋ	Old Coptic letter Hori (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Hori (majuscule) Ⳍ	Old Coptic letter Ha (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Ha (majuscule) Ⳏ	Old Coptic letter L-shaped Ha (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter L-shaped Ha (majuscule) Ⳑ
Old Coptic letter Hei (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Gangia (majuscule) Ⳓ	Old Coptic letter Hat (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Hat (majuscule) Ⳕ	Old Coptic letter Gangia (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Gangia (majuscule) Ⳗ	Old Coptic Akhmimic letter Dja (majuscule) × Old Coptic Akhmimic letter Dja (majuscule) Ⳙ	Old Coptic letter Shima (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Shima (majuscule) Ⳛ

Minuscle

Coptic letter Alpha (minuscule) × Coptic letter Alpha (minuscule) ⲁ Ⲁⲗⲫⲁ a Sahidic pronunciation: /a/ Bohairic pronunciation: /a/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /æ/, /ɑ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ä/	Coptic letter Beta (minuscule) × Coptic letter Beta (minuscule) ⲃ Ⲃⲏⲧⲁ b/v Sahidic pronunciation: /β/ Bohairic pronunciation: /β/ (final [b]) Late Coptic pronunciation: /w/ (final [b]) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /b/, (/v/ before a vowel [except in a name])	Coptic letter Gamma (minuscule) × Coptic letter Gamma (minuscule) ⲅ Ⲅⲁⲙⲙⲁ gh/ng Sahidic pronunciation: /k/ (marked Greek words) Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: /g/, ( /ɣ/ before Alpha, O or Oou Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ɣ/, /g/ (before /e̞/ or /i/), /ŋ/ (before /g/ or /k/)	Coptic letter Delta (minuscule) × Coptic letter Delta (minuscule) ⲇ Ⲇⲉⲗⲧⲁ d Sahidic pronunciation: /t/ (marked Greek words) Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: /d/ (marked Greek words) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ð/, (/d/ in a name)	Coptic letter Eey (minuscule) × Coptic letter Eey (minuscule) ⲉ Ⲉⲓ ə Sahidic pronunciation: /ɛ/, /ə/ (ⲉⲓ = /iː/, /j/) Bohairic pronunciation: /ɛ/, /ə/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Late Coptic pronunciation:/æ/, /ɑ/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /e̞/
Coptic letter Soou (minuscule) × Coptic letter Soou (minuscule) ⲋ Ⲥⲟⲟⲩ Sahidic pronunciation: /dz/ Bohairic pronunciation: /dz/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /dz/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /dz/	Coptic letter Zeta (minuscule) × Coptic letter Zeta (minuscule) ⲍ Ⲍⲏⲧⲁ z Sahidic pronunciation: /s/ (marked Greek words) Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: /z/ (marked Greek words) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /z/	Coptic letter Eta (minuscule) × Coptic letter Eta (minuscule) ⲏ Ⲏⲧⲁ ee Sahidic pronunciation: /eː/ Bohairic pronunciation: /e/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /æ/, /ɑ/, /ɪ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /iː/	Coptic letter Theta (minuscule) × Coptic letter Theta (minuscule) ⲑ Ⲑⲏⲧⲁ th/t Sahidic pronunciation: /th/ Bohairic pronunciation: /tʰ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /t/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /θ/	Coptic letter Iota (minuscule) × Coptic letter Iota (minuscule) ⲓ Ⲓⲟⲧⲁ i/j/y Sahidic pronunciation: /iː/, /j/ Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /j/, /ə/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Late Coptic pronunciation: /ɪ/, /j/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /j/ (before vowels), /ɪ/ (after vowels to form diphthongs)
Coptic letter Kappa (minuscule) × Coptic letter Kappa (minuscule) ⲕ Ⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁ k Sahidic pronunciation: /k/ Bohairic pronunciation: /kʼ/, /k/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /k/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /k/	Coptic letter Lola (minuscule) × Coptic letter Lola (minuscule) ⲗ Ⲗⲟⲗⲁ l Sahidic pronunciation: /l/ Bohairic pronunciation: /l/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /l/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /l/	Coptic letter Mey (minuscule) × Coptic letter Mey (minuscule) ⲙ Ⲙⲉⲓ m Sahidic pronunciation: /m/ Bohairic pronunciation: /m/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /m/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /m/	Coptic letter Ney (minuscule) × Coptic letter Ney (minuscule) ⲛ Ⲛⲉⲓ n Sahidic pronunciation: /n/ Bohairic pronunciation: /n/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /n/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /n/	Coptic letter Exi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Exi (minuscule) ⲝ Ⲉⲝⲓ x Sahidic pronunciation: — Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: /ks/ (only in Greek loanwords) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ks/, [e̞ks] (usually following a consonant, or sometimes when starting a word)
Coptic letter O (minuscule) × Coptic letter O (minuscule) ⲟ ⲟ o Sahidic pronunciation: /ɔ/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Bohairic pronunciation: /ɔ/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Late Coptic pronunciation: /o/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/, /w/) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /o̞/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/)	Coptic letter Pi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Pi (minuscule) ⲡ Ⲡⲓ a Sahidic pronunciation: /p/ Bohairic pronunciation: /p/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /b/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /p/	Coptic letter Roo (minuscule) × Coptic letter Roo (minuscule) ⲣ Ⲣⲟ r Sahidic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/	Coptic letter Seema (minuscule) × Coptic letter Seema (minuscule) ⲥ Ⲥⲓⲙⲁ s/c Sahidic pronunciation: /s/ Bohairic pronunciation: /s/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /s/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /s/	Coptic letter Tau (minuscule) × Coptic letter Tau (minuscule) ⲧ Ⲧⲁⲩ t/d Sahidic pronunciation: /t/ Bohairic pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /d/ (final [t]) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /t/
Coptic letter Upsilon (minuscule) × Coptic letter Epsilon (minuscule) Ⲉⲡⲥⲓⲗⲟⲛ u Sahidic pronunciation: /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Bohairic pronunciation: /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Late Coptic pronunciation: /ɪ/, /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/, /w/) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /w/ (between "ⲟ" and another vowel except "ⲱ"), /v/ (after /ɑ/ (ⲁ or /e̞/ (ⲉ)), /u/ (digraph "ⲟⲩ")	Coptic letter Phi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Phi (minuscule) ⲫ Ⲫⲓ f Sahidic pronunciation: /ph/ Bohairic pronunciation: /pʰ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /b/~/f/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /f/	Coptic letter Chi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Chi (minuscule) ⲭ Ⲭⲓ k/sh/kh Sahidic pronunciation: /kh/ Bohairic pronunciation: /kʰ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /k/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /k/ (if the word is Coptic in origin), /x/ (if the word is Greek in origin), /ç/ (if the word is Greek in origin but before /e̞/ or /i/)	Coptic letter Epsi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Epsi (minuscule) ⲯ Ⲉⲯⲓ ps Sahidic pronunciation: — Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: [bs] (only in Greek loanwords) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: [ps], [e̞ps] (usually following a consonant)	Coptic letter Oou (minuscule) × Coptic letter Oou (minuscule) ⲱ Ⲱⲩ o/w Sahidic pronunciation: /oː/ Bohairic pronunciation: /o/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /oː/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /oː/
Coptic letter Shai (minuscule) × Coptic letter Shai (minuscule) ϣ Ϣⲁⲓ sh Sahidic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/	Coptic letter Fai (minuscule) × Coptic letter Fai (minuscule) ϥ Ϥⲁⲓ f Sahidic pronunciation: /f/ Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /f/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /f/	Coptic letter Khai (minuscule) × Coptic letter Khai (minuscule) ϧ Ϧⲁⲓ kh/q Sahidic pronunciation: — Bohairic pronunciation: /x/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /x/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /x/	Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) × Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) ϩ Ϩⲟⲣⲓ h Sahidic pronunciation: /h/ Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /h/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /h/	Coptic letter Janja (minuscule) × Coptic letter Janja (minuscule) ϫ Ϫⲁⲛϫⲁ g/j Sahidic pronunciation: /t͡ʃ/ Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /t͡ʃ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /ɟ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /g/, /dʒ/ (before /e̞/ or /i/)
Coptic letter Cheema (minuscule) × Coptic letter Cheema (minuscule) ϭ Ϭⲓⲙⲁ c/ch Sahidic pronunciation: /kʲ/ Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʰ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /tʃ/, [e̞tʃ] (usually following a consonant)	Coptic letter Ti (minuscule) × Coptic letter Ti (minuscule) ϯ Ⲧⲓ ti Sahidic pronunciation: /tiː/ Bohairic pronunciation: /tʼi/, /ti/, /tə/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /di/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ti/	Coptic letter Sampi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Sampi (minuscule) ⳁ Sahidic pronunciation: — Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: — Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: —

Old Coptic letters and variants

Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Alef (minuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Alef (minuscule) ⲳ	Old Coptic letter Ain (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Ain (minuscule) ⲵ	Old Coptic cryptogrammic letter Eie (minuscule) × Old Coptic cryptogrammic letter Eie (minuscule) ⲷ	Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Kapa (minuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Kapa (minuscule) ⲹ	Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Ni (minuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Ni (minuscule) ⲻ
Old Coptic cryptogrammic letter Ni (minuscule) × Old Coptic cryptogrammic letter Ni (minuscule) ⲽ	Old Coptic letter Oou (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Oou (minuscule) ⲿ	Old Coptic letter crossed Shei (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter crossed Shei (minuscule) ⳃ	Old Coptic letter Shei (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Shei (minuscule) ⳅ	Old Coptic letter Esh (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Esh (minuscule) ⳇ
Old Coptic Akhmimic letter Khei (minuscule) × Old Coptic Akhmimic letter Khei (minuscule) ⳉ	Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Hori (minuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Hori (minuscule) ⳋ	Old Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) ⳍ	Old Coptic letter Ha (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Ha (minuscule) ⳏ	Old Coptic letter L-shaped Ha (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter L-shaped Ha (minuscule) ⳑ
Old Coptic letter Hei (minuscle) × Old Coptic letter Gangia (minuscle) ⳓ	Old Coptic letter Hat (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Hat (minuscule) ⳕ	Old Coptic letter Gangia (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Gangia (minuscule) ⳗ	Old Coptic letter Dja (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Dja (minuscule) ⳙ	Old Coptic letter Shima (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Shima (minuscule) ⳛ

Epigraphy^7,8

The Lord's Prayer
in Bohairic Coptic

Coptic

Ϧⲉⲛ ̀ⲫⲣⲁⲛ ̀ⲙ̀Ⲫⲓⲱⲧ
ⲛⲉⲙ ̀Ⲡϣⲏⲣⲓ
ⲛⲉⲙ Ⲡⲓ̀ⲡⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ
ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩϯ ̀ⲛⲟⲩⲱⲧ.
Ⲁⲙⲏⲛ.

ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲛⲓⲱⲧ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ:
ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥⲧⲟⲩⲃⲟ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ:
ⲙⲁⲣⲉⲥⲓ̀̀ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ:
ⲡⲉⲧⲉϩⲛⲁⲕ ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥϣⲱⲡⲓ
'̀ⲙ̀ⲫⲣⲏϯ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧ̀ⲫⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ:
ⲡⲉⲛⲱⲓⲕ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲣⲁⲥϯ ⲙⲏⲓϥ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲙ̀ⲫⲟⲟⲩ:
ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲭⲁ ⲛⲏⲉⲧⲉⲣⲟⲛ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ:
ⲙ̀ⲫ̀ⲣⲏϯ ϩⲱⲛ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲛⲭⲱ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̀ⲛⲏⲉⲧⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛ̀ⲧⲁⲛ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ:
ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲛⲧⲉⲛ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̀ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲥⲙⲟⲥ:
ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲛⲁϩⲙⲉⲛ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲁ ⲡⲓⲡⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ:
ϧⲉⲛ Ⲡⲭ̅ⲥ̅ Ⲓⲏ̅ⲥ̅ Ⲡⲉⲛⲟ̅ⲥ̅.
Ϫⲉ ⲑⲱⲕ ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯϫⲟⲙ
ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓ̀ⲱⲟⲩ ϣⲁ ̀ⲉⲛⲉϩ.
Ⲁⲙⲏⲛ.

Ⲇⲟⲝⲁ Ⲡⲁⲧⲣⲓ
ⲕⲉ Ⲩⲓⲱ
ⲕⲁⲓ Ⲁⲅⲓⲟ ̀Ⲡⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁⲧⲓ.
ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩϯ ̀ⲛⲟⲩⲱⲧ.
Ⲁⲙⲏⲛ.

Transliteration

Ħen əphran əməphiōt
nem Əpšēri
nem Piəpneuma Ethouab
ounouti ənouōt.
Amēn.

Je Peniōt etħen niphēouí:
mareftoubo ənje pekran:
maresí ənje tekmetouro:
petehnak marefšōpi
əməphrēti ħen ətphe nem hijen pikahi:
penōik ənte rasti mēif nan əmphoou:
ouoh kha nēeteron nan ebol:
əməphrēti hōn əntenkh ō ebol ənnēete ouon əntan erōou:
ouoh əmperenten eħoun epirasmos:
alla nahmen ebol ha pipet'hōou:
ħen Əpkhristos Iēsous Penčois.
Je thōk te Timetouro nem Tigom
nem piəšou ša éneh.
Amēn.

Doxa Patri
ke Yiō
Kai Agiō əpneumati.
ounouti ənouōt.
Amēn.

Translation

In the name of the Father,
And of the Son,
And of the Holy Spirit,
One God.
Amen.

Our Father, who art in heaven,
Hallowed be thy Name.
Thy kingdom come.
Thy will be done,
On earth as it is in heaven.
Give us this day our bread for the morrow.
And forgive us our trespasses,
As we forgive those who trespass against us.
And lead us not into temptation,
But deliver us from evil.
For thine is the kingdom,
and the power, and the glory,
for ever and ever.
Amen.

Glory be to the Father,
And to the Son,
And to the Holy Spirit,
One God.
Amen.

Script comparison^2,3,9-16

Writing Script		Head of ox		House plan		Throw stick		Nile tilapia			Man with arms raised				Pear shaped mace				Two diagonal strokes	Plan of rectangular enclosure		Heart and trachea		Arm with downward facing palm		Hand	Crook	Water ripple	Cobra	Reed column		Eye	Wick	Mouth	Rush with shoots			Cord on stick	Head	Bow				Basket of fruit or grain		Crossed sticks
Egyptian Hieroglyphs	Logography 32 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 𓃾 Head of Ox Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ka		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 𓉐 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 𓌙 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 𓆛 Bulti fish Phonogram in for: int “bulti”			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 𓀠 Man with arms raised Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 𓌉 Pear shaped mace Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 𓏭 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6 𓉗 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 𓄤 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 𓂣 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 𓂧 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 𓋿 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 𓈖 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 𓆓 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 𓊽 Reed column Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/ Conventional Anglicisation: djed		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 𓁹 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28 𓎛 Wick Phonogram ḥ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 𓂋 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 𓇑 Rush with roots Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 𓎗 Cord on stick Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wedj	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 𓁶 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a 𓌓 Bow Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M39 𓇨 Basket of fruit or grain Determinative for: rnpt “vegetables”		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 𓏴 Crossed sticks Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”
Demotic Egyptian (Parent)	Logography 650 BCE - 5 c. CE																							Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh			Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/				Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28 Wick Phonogram ḥ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħ/	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/																	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8 Pool with lilies Phonogram šꜣ for: šꜣ “marsh” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ʃɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: sha Ideogram for: ꜣḫt “Inundation” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑxɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: akhet	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9 Horned viper Phonogram f Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /f/ Determinative in: it “father”	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12 Lily plant Phonogram ḫꜣ, for: ḫꜣ “1,000” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /xɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: kha	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 & Y1 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 Tusk of elephant Phonogram bḥ or ḥw Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth” Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Y1 Papyrus scroll Phonogram mḏꜣt Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth” Ideogram for: mḏꜣt “paypyrus roll, book” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛd͡ʒɑt/ Conventional Anglicisation: medjat Determinative for: rḫ “know” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛx/ Conventional Anglicisation: rekh	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29 Fire drill Phonogram ḏꜣ for: ꜥnḫ.(w) (w)ḏꜣ snb “may he live, be prosperous, be healthy” Conventional Anglicisation: ankh wedja seneb	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V31 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V31 Basket with handle Phonogram k Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /k/	Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37 & X1 × Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37 Arm holding conical loaf Phonogram dj for: rḏj “give” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈcʼiːjit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈtʼiːjiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾə)ˈtʼiːʔəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼiːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛd͡ʒi/ Conventional Anglicisation: redji Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. X1 Small bread loaf Phonogram t Ideogram for: t “bread” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /t/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /t/
Modern Greek (Parent)	Alphabet 4 c. BCE - Present	Modern Greek letter Alpha (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Alpha (minuscule)		Modern Greek letter Beta (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Beta (minuscule)		Modern Greek letter Gamma (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Gamma (minuscule)		Modern Greek letter Delta (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Delta (minuscule)			Modern Greek letter Epsilon (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Epsilon (minuscule)				Modern Greek letter Upsilon (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Upsilon (minuscule)				Modern Greek letter Zeta (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Zeta (minuscule)	Modern Greek letter Eta (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Eta (minuscule)		Modern Greek letter Theta (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Theta (minuscule)		Modern Greek letter Iota (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Iota (minuscule)		Modern Greek letter Kappa (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Kappa (minuscule)	Modern Greek letter Lambda (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Lambda (minuscule)	Modern Greek letter Mu (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Mu (minuscule)	Modern Greek letter Nu (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Nu (minuscule)	Modern Greek letter Xi (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Xi (minuscule)		Modern Greek letter Pi (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Pi (minuscule)		Modern Greek letter Koppa (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Koppa (minuscule)					Modern Greek letter Rho (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Rho (minuscule)	Modern Greek letter Sigma (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Sigma (minuscule) Modern Greek letter Sigma (Final)						Modern Greek letter Tau (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Tau (minuscule)		Modern Greek letter Phi (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Phi (minuscule)	Modern Greek letter Chi (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Chi (minuscule)									Modern Greek letter Psi (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Psi (minuscule)	Modern Greek letter Omega (majuscule) Modern Greek letter Omega (minuscule)
Bactrian (Sibling)	Alphabet ?3 c. BCE - 1 c. BCE	Bactrian letter Alpha (majuscule) Bactrian letter Alpha (minuscule)		Bactrian letter Beta (majuscule) Bactrian letter Beta (minuscule)		Bactrian letter Gamma (majuscule) Bactrian letter Gamma (minuscule)		Bactrian letter Delta (majuscule) Bactrian letter Delta (minuscule)			Bactrian letter Epsilon (majuscule) Bactrian letter Epsilon (minuscule)				Bactrian letter Upsilon (majuscule) Bactrian letter Upsilon (minuscule)				Bactrian letter Zeta (majuscule) Bactrian letter Zeta (minuscule)	Bactrian letter Eta (majuscule) Bactrian letter Eta (minuscule)		Bactrian letter Ṭheta (majuscule) Bactrian letter Ṭheta (minuscule)		Bactrian letter Iota (majuscule) Bactrian letter Iota (minuscule)		Bactrian letter Kappa (majuscule) Bactrian letter Kappa (minuscule)	Bactrian letter Lambda (majuscule) Bactrian letter Lambda (minuscule)	Bactrian letter Mu (majuscule) Bactrian letter Mu (minuscule)	Bactrian letter Nu (majuscule) Bactrian letter Nu (minuscule)			Bactrian letter Omicron (majuscule) Bactrian letter Omicron (minuscule)		Bactrian letter Pi (majuscule) Bactrian letter Pi (minuscule)	Bactrian letter Sho (majuscule) Bactrian letter Sho (minuscule)				Bactrian letter Rho (majuscule) Bactrian letter Rho (minuscule)	Bactrian letter Sigma (majuscule) Bactrian letter Sigma (minuscule)						Bactrian letter Tau (majuscule) Bactrian letter Tau (minuscule)		Bactrian letter Phi (majuscule) Bactrian letter Phi (minuscule)	Bactrian letter Chi (majuscule) Bactrian letter Chi (minuscule)										Bactrian letter Omega (majuscule) Bactrian letter Omega (minuscule)
Armenian (Sibling)	Alphabet 405 CE - Present	Armenian letter Ayb (majuscule) Armenian letter Ayb (minuscule)		Armenian letter Ben (majuscule) Armenian letter Ben (minuscule)		Armenian letter Gim (majuscule) Armenian letter Gim (minuscule)		Armenian letter Da (majuscule) Armenian letter Da (minuscule)			Armenian letter Yech’ (majuscule) Armenian letter Yech’ (minuscule)				Armenian letter Hiwn (majuscule) Armenian letter Hiwn (minuscule)				Armenian letter Za (majuscule) Armenian letter Za (minuscule)	Armenian letter Hò/Ho (majuscule) Armenian letter Hò/Ho (minuscule)		Armenian letter T'ò/T’o (majuscule) Armenian letter T'ò/T’o (minuscule)		Armenian letter Ini (majuscule) Armenian letter Ini (minuscule)		Armenian letter Ken(majuscule) Armenian letter Ken (minuscule)	Armenian letter Ghat (majuscule) Armenian letter Ghat (minuscule)	Armenian letter Men (majuscule) Armenian letter Men (minuscule)	Armenian letter Now (majuscule) Armenian letter Now (minuscule)	Armenian letter Sha (majuscule) Armenian letter Sha (minuscule)		Armenian letter Vo (majuscule) Armenian letter Vo (minuscule)		Armenian letter Pē/Pe (majuscule) Armenian letter Pē/Pe (minuscule)					Armenian letter Ṙa (majuscule) Armenian letter Ṙa (minuscule)	Armenian letter Sē/Se (majuscule) Armenian letter Sē/Se (minuscule)						Armenian letter Tiwn/Tyown (majuscule) Armenian letter Tiwn/Tyown (minuscule)		Armenian letter P'iwr/P'yowr (majuscule) Armenian letter P'iwr/P'yowr (minuscule)	Armenian letter K’ē/K’e (majuscule) Armenian letter K’ē/K’e (minuscule)
Asomtavruli (Sibling)	Alphabet 430 CE - 19 c. CE	Asomtavruli letter Ani		Asomtavruli letter Bani		Asomtavruli letter Gani		Asomtavruli letter Doni			Asomtavruli letter Eni			Asomtavruli letter Vini					Asomtavruli letter Zeni	Asomtavruli letter He		Asomtavruli letter Tani		Asomtavruli letter Ini		Asomtavruli letter K'ani	Asomtavruli letter Lasi	Asomtavruli letter Mani	Asomtavruli letter Nari	Asomtavruli letter Hie		Asomtavruli letter Oni		Asomtavruli letter P'ari	Asomtavruli letter Zhani				Asomtavruli letter Rae	Asomtavruli letter Sani						Asomtavruli letter T'ari		Asomtavruli letter Pari	Asomtavruli letter Kani									Asomtavruli letter Dzili	Asomtavruli letter Hoe
Glagolitic (Sibling)	Alphabet 862/3 CE - 19 c. CE	Glagolitic letter Azъ/Az (round) Glagolitic letter Azъ/Az (angular)	Glagolitic letter Jatь/Yat/Ya (round) Glagolitic letter Jatь/Yat/Ya (angular)			Glagolitic letter Glagoli (round) Glagolitic letter Glagoli (angular)		Glagolitic letter Dobro (round) Glagolitic letter Dobro (angular)			Glagolitic letter Ensь/Small yus (round)					Glagolitic letter Vědě/Vedi (round) Glagolitic letter Vědě/Vedi (angular)				Glagolitic letter Xěrъ/Kher (round) Glagolitic letter Xěrъ/Kher (angular)		Glagolitic letter Thita/Fita (round)	Glagolitic letter Zemlja/Zeml(j)a (round) Glagolitic letter Zemlja/Zeml(j)a (angular)	Glagolitic letter I/Ižei/Izhey (round) Glagolitic letter I/Ižei/Izhey (angular)			Glagolitic letter Ljudie/Lyudi (round) Glagolitic letter Ljudie/Lyudi (angular)	Glagolitic letter Myslite/Mislete (round) Glagolitic letter Myslite/Mislete (angular)						Glagolitic letter Pokoj/Pokoy (round) Glagolitic letter Pokoj/Pokoy (angular)	Glagolitic letter Ci/Tsi (round) Glagolitic letter Ci/Tsi (angular)	Glagolitic letter Črьvъ/Cherv (round) Glagolitic letter Črьvъ/Cherv (angular)		Glagolitic letter Kako (round) Glagolitic letter Kako (angular)	Glagolitic letter Rьci/Rtsi (round) Glagolitic letter Rьci/Rtsi (angular)	Glagolitic letter Ša/Sha (round) Glagolitic letter Ša/Sha (angular)		Glagolitic letter Šta/Šča/Shta/Shcha (round) Glagolitic letter Šta/Šča/Shta/Shcha (angular)				Glagolitic letter Tvrьdo/Tverdo (round) Glagolitic letter Tvrьdo/Tverdo (angular)		Glagolitic letter Frьtъ/Fert (round) Glagolitic letter Frьtъ/Fert (angular)		Glagolitic letter Jestъ/Yest (round) Glagolitic letter Jestъ/Yest (angular)
Coptic	Alphabet 2 c. BCE - Present	Coptic letter Alpha (majuscule) × Coptic letter Alpha (majuscule) Ⲁ Ⲁⲗⲫⲁ a Sahidic pronunciation: /a/ Bohairic pronunciation: /a/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /æ/, /ɑ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ä/ Coptic letter Alpha (minuscule) × Coptic letter Alpha (minuscule) ⲁ Ⲁⲗⲫⲁ a Sahidic pronunciation: /a/ Bohairic pronunciation: /a/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /æ/, /ɑ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ä/		Coptic letter Beta (majuscule) × Coptic letter Beta (majuscule) Ⲃ Ⲃⲏⲧⲁ b/v Sahidic pronunciation: /β/ Bohairic pronunciation: /β/ (final [b]) Late Coptic pronunciation: /w/ (final [b]) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /b/, (/v/ before a vowel [except in a name]) Coptic letter Beta (minuscule) × Coptic letter Beta (minuscule) ⲃ Ⲃⲏⲧⲁ b/v Sahidic pronunciation: /β/ Bohairic pronunciation: /β/ (final [b]) Late Coptic pronunciation: /w/ (final [b]) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /b/, (/v/ before a vowel [except in a name])		Coptic letter Gamma (majuscule) × Coptic letter Gamma (majuscule) Ⲅ Ⲅⲁⲙⲙⲁ gh/ng Sahidic pronunciation: /k/ (marked Greek words) Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: /g/, ( /ɣ/ before Alpha, O or Oou Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ɣ/, /g/ (before /e̞/ or /i/), /ŋ/ (before /g/ or /k/) Coptic letter Gamma (minuscule) × Coptic letter Gamma (minuscule) ⲅ Ⲅⲁⲙⲙⲁ gh/ng Sahidic pronunciation: /k/ (marked Greek words) Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: /g/, ( /ɣ/ before Alpha, O or Oou Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ɣ/, /g/ (before /e̞/ or /i/), /ŋ/ (before /g/ or /k/)		Coptic letter Delta (majuscule) × Coptic letter Delta (majuscule) Ⲇ Ⲇⲉⲗⲧⲁ d Sahidic pronunciation: /t/ (marked Greek words) Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: /d/ (marked Greek words) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ð/, (/d/ in a name) Coptic letter Delta (minuscule) × Coptic letter Delta (minuscule) ⲇ Ⲇⲉⲗⲧⲁ d Sahidic pronunciation: /t/ (marked Greek words) Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: /d/ (marked Greek words) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ð/, (/d/ in a name)			Coptic letter Eey (majuscule) × Coptic letter Eey (majuscule) Ⲉ Ⲉⲓ ə Sahidic pronunciation: /ɛ/, /ə/ (ⲉⲓ = /iː/, /j/) Bohairic pronunciation: /ɛ/, /ə/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Late Coptic pronunciation:/æ/, /ɑ/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /e̞/ Coptic letter Eey (minuscule) × Coptic letter Eey (minuscule) ⲉ Ⲉⲓ ə Sahidic pronunciation: /ɛ/, /ə/ (ⲉⲓ = /iː/, /j/) Bohairic pronunciation: /ɛ/, /ə/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Late Coptic pronunciation:/æ/, /ɑ/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /e̞/				Coptic letter Upsilon (majuscule) × Coptic letter Epsilon (majuscule) Ⲩ Ⲉⲡⲥⲓⲗⲟⲛ u Sahidic pronunciation: /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Bohairic pronunciation: /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Late Coptic pronunciation: /ɪ/, /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/, /w/) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /w/ (between "ⲟ" and another vowel except "ⲱ"), /v/ (after /ɑ/ (ⲁ or /e̞/ (ⲉ)), /u/ (digraph "ⲟⲩ") Coptic letter Upsilon (minuscule) × Coptic letter Epsilon (minuscule) Ⲉⲡⲥⲓⲗⲟⲛ u Sahidic pronunciation: /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Bohairic pronunciation: /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Late Coptic pronunciation: /ɪ/, /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/, /w/) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /w/ (between "ⲟ" and another vowel except "ⲱ"), /v/ (after /ɑ/ (ⲁ or /e̞/ (ⲉ)), /u/ (digraph "ⲟⲩ")				Coptic letter Zeta (majuscule) × Coptic letter Zeta (majuscule) Ⲍ Ⲍⲏⲧⲁ z Sahidic pronunciation: /s/ (marked Greek words) Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: /z/ (marked Greek words) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /z/ Coptic letter Zeta (minuscule) × Coptic letter Zeta (minuscule) ⲍ Ⲍⲏⲧⲁ z Sahidic pronunciation: /s/ (marked Greek words) Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: /z/ (marked Greek words) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /z/	Coptic letter Eta (majuscule) × Coptic letter Eta (majuscule) Ⲏ Ⲏⲧⲁ ee Sahidic pronunciation: /eː/ Bohairic pronunciation: /e/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /æ/, /ɑ/, /ɪ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /iː/ Coptic letter Eta (minuscule) × Coptic letter Eta (minuscule) ⲏ Ⲏⲧⲁ ee Sahidic pronunciation: /eː/ Bohairic pronunciation: /e/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /æ/, /ɑ/, /ɪ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /iː/		Coptic letter Theta (majuscule) × Coptic letter Theta (majuscule) Ⲑ Ⲑⲏⲧⲁ th/t Sahidic pronunciation: /th/ Bohairic pronunciation: /tʰ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /t/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /θ/ Coptic letter Theta (minuscule) × Coptic letter Theta (minuscule) ⲑ Ⲑⲏⲧⲁ th/t Sahidic pronunciation: /th/ Bohairic pronunciation: /tʰ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /t/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /θ/		Coptic letter Iota (majuscule) × Coptic letter Iota (majuscule) Ⲓ Ⲓⲟⲧⲁ i/j/y Sahidic pronunciation: /iː/, /j/ Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /j/, /ə/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Late Coptic pronunciation: /ɪ/, /j/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /j/ (before vowels), /ɪ/ (after vowels to form diphthongs) Coptic letter Iota (minuscule) × Coptic letter Iota (minuscule) ⲓ Ⲓⲟⲧⲁ i/j/y Sahidic pronunciation: /iː/, /j/ Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /j/, /ə/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Late Coptic pronunciation: /ɪ/, /j/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /j/ (before vowels), /ɪ/ (after vowels to form diphthongs)		Coptic letter Kappa (majuscule) × Coptic letter Kappa (majuscule) Ⲕ Ⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁ k Sahidic pronunciation: /k/ Bohairic pronunciation: /kʼ/, /k/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /k/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /k/ Coptic letter Kappa (minuscule) × Coptic letter Kappa (minuscule) ⲕ Ⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁ k Sahidic pronunciation: /k/ Bohairic pronunciation: /kʼ/, /k/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /k/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /k/	Coptic letter Lola (majuscule) × Coptic letter Lola (majuscule) Ⲗ Ⲗⲟⲗⲁ l Sahidic pronunciation: /l/ Bohairic pronunciation: /l/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /l/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /l/ Coptic letter Lola (minuscule) × Coptic letter Lola (minuscule) ⲗ Ⲗⲟⲗⲁ l Sahidic pronunciation: /l/ Bohairic pronunciation: /l/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /l/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /l/	Coptic letter Mey (majuscule) × Coptic letter Mey (majuscule) Ⲙ Ⲙⲉⲓ m Sahidic pronunciation: /m/ Bohairic pronunciation: /m/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /m/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /m/ Coptic letter Mey (minuscule) × Coptic letter Mey (minuscule) ⲙ Ⲙⲉⲓ m Sahidic pronunciation: /m/ Bohairic pronunciation: /m/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /m/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /m/ Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Ni (majuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Ni (majuscule) Ⲻ Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Ni (minuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Ni (minuscule) ⲻ	Coptic letter Ney (majuscule) × Coptic letter Ney (majuscule) Ⲛ Ⲛⲉⲓ n Sahidic pronunciation: /n/ Bohairic pronunciation: /n/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /n/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /n/ Coptic letter Ney (minuscule) × Coptic letter Ney (minuscule) ⲛ Ⲛⲉⲓ n Sahidic pronunciation: /n/ Bohairic pronunciation: /n/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /n/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /n/	Coptic letter Exi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Exi (majuscule) Ⲝ Ⲉⲝⲓ x Sahidic pronunciation: — Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: /ks/ (only in Greek loanwords) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ks/, [e̞ks] (usually following a consonant, or sometimes when starting a word) Coptic letter Exi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Exi (minuscule) ⲝ Ⲉⲝⲓ x Sahidic pronunciation: — Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: /ks/ (only in Greek loanwords) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ks/, [e̞ks] (usually following a consonant, or sometimes when starting a word)		Coptic letter O (majuscule) × Coptic letter O (majuscule) Ⲟ ⲟ o Sahidic pronunciation: /ɔ/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Bohairic pronunciation: /ɔ/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Late Coptic pronunciation: /o/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/, /w/) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /o̞/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/) Coptic letter O (minuscule) × Coptic letter (minuscule) ⲟ ⲟ o Sahidic pronunciation: /ɔ/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Bohairic pronunciation: /ɔ/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Late Coptic pronunciation: /o/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/, /w/) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /o̞/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/)	Old Coptic letter Hat (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Hat (majuscule) Ⳕ Old Coptic letter Hat (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Hat (minuscule) ⳕ	Coptic letter Pi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Pi (majuscule) Ⲡ Ⲡⲓ a Sahidic pronunciation: /p/ Bohairic pronunciation: /p/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /b/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /p/ Coptic letter Pi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Pi (minuscule) ⲡ Ⲡⲓ a Sahidic pronunciation: /p/ Bohairic pronunciation: /p/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /b/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /p/					Coptic letter Roo (majuscule) × Coptic letter Roo (majuscule) Ⲣ Ⲣⲟ r Sahidic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Coptic letter Roo (minuscule) × Coptic letter Roo (minuscule) ⲣ Ⲣⲟ r Sahidic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/	Coptic letter Seema (majuscule) × Coptic letter Seema (majuscule) Ⲥ Ⲥⲓⲙⲁ s/c Sahidic pronunciation: /s/ Bohairic pronunciation: /s/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /s/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /s/ Coptic letter Seema (minuscule) × Coptic letter Seema (minuscule) ⲥ Ⲥⲓⲙⲁ s/c Sahidic pronunciation: /s/ Bohairic pronunciation: /s/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /s/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /s/					Coptic letter Soou (majuscule) × Coptic letter Soou (majuscule) Ⲋ Ⲥⲟⲟⲩ Sahidic pronunciation: /dz/ Bohairic pronunciation: /dz/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /dz/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /dz/ Coptic letter Soou (minuscule) × Coptic letter Soou (minuscule) ⲋ Ⲥⲟⲟⲩ Sahidic pronunciation: /dz/ Bohairic pronunciation: /dz/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /dz/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /dz/	Coptic letter Tau (majuscule) × Coptic letter Tau (majuscule) Ⲧ Ⲧⲁⲩ t/d Sahidic pronunciation: /t/ Bohairic pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /d/ (final [t]) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /t/ Coptic letter Tau (minuscule) × Coptic letter Tau (minuscule) ⲧ Ⲧⲁⲩ t/d Sahidic pronunciation: /t/ Bohairic pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /d/ (final [t]) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /t/		Coptic letter Phi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Phi (majuscule) Ⲫ Ⲫⲓ f Sahidic pronunciation: /ph/ Bohairic pronunciation: /pʰ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /b/~/f/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Coptic letter Phi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Phi (minuscule) ⲫ Ⲫⲓ f Sahidic pronunciation: /ph/ Bohairic pronunciation: /pʰ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /b/~/f/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /f/	Coptic letter Chi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Chi (majuscule) Ⲭ Ⲭⲓ k/sh/kh Sahidic pronunciation: /kh/ Bohairic pronunciation: /kʰ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /k/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /k/ (if the word is Coptic in origin), /x/ (if the word is Greek in origin), /ç/ (if the word is Greek in origin but before /e̞/ or /i/) Coptic letter Chi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Chi (minuscule) ⲭ Ⲭⲓ k/sh/kh Sahidic pronunciation: /kh/ Bohairic pronunciation: /kʰ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /k/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /k/ (if the word is Coptic in origin), /x/ (if the word is Greek in origin), /ç/ (if the word is Greek in origin but before /e̞/ or /i/)	Coptic letter Sampi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Sampi (majuscule) Ⳁ Sahidic pronunciation: — Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: — Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: — Coptic letter Sampi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Sampi (minuscule) ⳁ Sahidic pronunciation: — Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: — Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: —	Coptic letter Shai (majuscule) × Coptic letter Shai (majuscule) Ϣ Ϣⲁⲓ sh Sahidic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Coptic letter Shai (minuscule) × Coptic letter Shai (minuscule) ϣ Ϣⲁⲓ sh Sahidic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Old Coptic letter Shei (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Shei (majuscule) Ⳅ Old Coptic letter Shei (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Shei (minuscule) ⳅ	Coptic letter Fai (majuscule) × Coptic letter Fai (majuscule) Ϥ Ϥⲁⲓ f Sahidic pronunciation: /f/ Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /f/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Coptic letter Fai (minuscule) × Coptic letter Fai (minuscule) ϥ Ϥⲁⲓ f Sahidic pronunciation: /f/ Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /f/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /f/	Coptic letter Khai (majuscule) × Coptic letter Khai (majuscule) Ϧ Ϧⲁⲓ kh/q Sahidic pronunciation: — Bohairic pronunciation: /x/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /x/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /x/ Coptic letter Khai (minuscule) × Coptic letter Khai (minuscule) ϧ Ϧⲁⲓ kh/q Sahidic pronunciation: — Bohairic pronunciation: /x/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /x/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /x/	Coptic letter Hori (majuscule) × Coptic letter Hori (majuscule) Ϩ Ϩⲟⲣⲓ h Sahidic pronunciation: /h/ Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /h/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) × Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) ϩ Ϩⲟⲣⲓ h Sahidic pronunciation: /h/ Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /h/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Old Coptic letter Hori (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Hori (majuscule) Ⳍ Old Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) ⳍ	Coptic letter Janja (majuscule) × Coptic letter Janja (majuscule) Ϫ Ϫⲁⲛϫⲁ g/j Sahidic pronunciation: /t͡ʃ/ Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /t͡ʃ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /ɟ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /g/, /dʒ/ (before /e̞/ or /i/) Coptic letter Janja (minuscule) × Coptic letter Janja (minuscule) ϫ Ϫⲁⲛϫⲁ g/j Sahidic pronunciation: /t͡ʃ/ Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /t͡ʃ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /ɟ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /g/, /dʒ/ (before /e̞/ or /i/) Old Coptic letter Gangia (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Gangia (majuscule) Ⳗ Old Coptic letter Gangia (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Gangia (minuscule) ⳗ	Coptic letter Cheema (majuscule) × Coptic letter Cheema (majuscule) Ϭ Ϭⲓⲙⲁ c/ch Sahidic pronunciation: /kʲ/ Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʰ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /tʃ/, [e̞tʃ] (usually following a consonant) Coptic letter Cheema (minuscule) × Coptic letter Cheema (minuscule) ϭ Ϭⲓⲙⲁ c/ch Sahidic pronunciation: /kʲ/ Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʰ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /tʃ/, [e̞tʃ] (usually following a consonant)	Coptic letter Ti (majuscule) × Coptic letter Ti (majuscule) Ϯ Ⲧⲓ ti Sahidic pronunciation: /tiː/ Bohairic pronunciation: /tʼi/, /ti/, /tə/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /di/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ti/ Coptic letter Ti (minuscule) × Coptic letter Ti (minuscule) ϯ Ⲧⲓ ti Sahidic pronunciation: /tiː/ Bohairic pronunciation: /tʼi/, /ti/, /tə/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /di/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ti/	Coptic letter Epsi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Epsi (majuscule) Ⲯ Ⲉⲯⲓ ps Sahidic pronunciation: — Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: [bs] (only in Greek loanwords) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: [ps], [e̞ps] (usually following a consonant) Coptic letter Epsi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Epsi (minuscule) ⲯ Ⲉⲯⲓ ps Sahidic pronunciation: — Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: [bs] (only in Greek loanwords) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: [ps], [e̞ps] (usually following a consonant)	Coptic letter Oou (majuscule) × Coptic letter Oou (majuscule) Ⲱ Ⲱⲩ o/w Sahidic pronunciation: /oː/ Bohairic pronunciation: /o/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /oː/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /oː/ Coptic letter Oou (minuscule) × Coptic letter Oou (minuscule) ⲱ Ⲱⲩ o/w Sahidic pronunciation: /oː/ Bohairic pronunciation: /o/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /oː/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /oː/
Old Nubian (Child)	Alphabet ??? - ???	Old Nubian letter Alpha		Old Nubian letter Bēta		Old Nubian letter Gamma		Old Nubian letter Delta			Old Nubian letter Ei				Old Nubian letter Epsilon				Old Nubian letter Zēta	Old Nubian letter Ēta		Old Nubian letter Thēta		Old Nubian letter Yota		Old Nubian letter Kappa	Old Nubian letter Lambda	Old Nubian letter Me	Old Nubian letter Ne	Old Nubian letter Exi		Old Nubian letter O		Old Nubian letter Pi					Old Nubian letter Ro	Old Nubian letter Sima						Old Nubian letter Taw		Old Nubian letter Phi	Old Nubian letter Chi		Old Nubian letter Šay			Old Nubian letter Hōri		Old Nubian letter Cēma		Old Nubian letter Epsi	Old Nubian letter Ōu

Lineage^6,9,10,17-24

Egyptian Hieroglyphs
↳Hieratic Egyptian
↳Demotic Egyptian (selected letters)
↳Proto-Sinaitic
↳Phoenician
↳Archaic Greek
↳Modern Greek
↳Bactrian
↳Coptic
↳Old Nubian
↳Armenian
↳Asomtavruli
↳Glagolitic

References

1. Daniels, P. T., & Bright, W. (Eds.). (1996). The world’s writing systems. Oxford University Press.
2. Greek and Coptic. (n.d.). Unicode.org. Retrieved July 24, 2023, from https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0370.pdf
3. Coptic. (n.d.). Unicode.org. Retrieved July 24, 2023, from https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2C80.pdf
4. Peust, C. (1999). Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction To The Phonology Of A Dead Language. https://archive.org/details/PEUST1999EgyptianPhonologyAnIntroductionToThePhonologyOfADeadLanguageOCR
5. Sobhy, G. P. G. (1915). The pronunciation of Coptic in the church of Egypt. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 2(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.2307/3853861
6. Makar, K. (n.d.). The Coptic Language: Introduction. Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States. Retrieved July 24, 2023, from https://www.suscopts.org/deacons/coptic/FT-Coptic%20Language-Lectures.pdf
7. Ϧⲉⲛ `ⲫⲣⲁⲛ `ⲙ`Ⲫⲓⲱⲧ. (n.d.). Wikisource.org. Retrieved July 24, 2023, from https://wikisource.org/wiki/%CF%A6%E2%B2%89%E2%B2%9B_%60%E2%B2%AB%E2%B2%A3%E2%B2%81%E2%B2%9B_%60%E2%B2%99%60%E2%B2%AA%E2%B2%93%E2%B2%B1%E2%B2%A7
8. Yassa B. Recording of live reading of "The Lord's Prayer" in Bohairic Coptic. MP3 file. July 25 2023.
9. Colless, B. E. (1990). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Sinai". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 28: 1–52. doi:10.2143/anes.28.0.525711
10. Colless, B. E. (1991). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Canaan". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 29: 18–66. doi:10.2143/anes.29.0.525718
11. The Demotic Palaeographical Database Project (DPDP). (2021). Retrieved July 15, 2022, from 5.162 website: http://129.206.5.162/beta/index.html
12. The demotic dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. (n.d.). uchicago.edu. Retrieved September 2, 2022, from https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/demotic-dictionary-oriental-institute-university-chicago
13. Davary. (1982). Illustrations. fu-berlin.de. Retrieved July 24, 2023, from https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/8366/02_Illustrations.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y
14. Armenian. (n.d.). Unicode.org. Retrieved July 24, 2023, from https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0530.pdf
15. Georgian. (n.d.). Unicode.org. Retrieved July 24, 2023, from https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10A0.pdf
16. Glagolitic. (n.d.). Unicode.org. Retrieved July 24, 2023, from https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2C00.pdf
17. Albright, William F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and their Decipherment.
18. Davidson, L. (2022, March 18). How the Phoenician Alphabet Revolutionised Language. Retrieved July 15, 2022, from historyhit.com website: https://www.historyhit.com/how-the-phoenician-alphabet-revolutionised-language/
19. Bakker, E. J. (Ed.). (2010). A companion to the ancient Greek language: Bakker/A companion to the ancient Greek language. Wiley-Blackwell.
20. Brown, K. (2014). Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world (K. Brown & S. Ogilvie, Eds.). Elsevier Science & Technology.
21. Boud'hors, Anne (1997). "L'onciale penchée en copte et sa survie jusqu'au XVe siècle en Haute-Égypte". In Déroche, François; Richard, Francis (eds.). Scribes et manuscrits du Moyen-Orient. Paris: Bibliothèque nationale de France. pp. 118–133.
22. Daniels, P. T., & Bright, W. (Eds.). (1996). The world’s writing systems. Oxford University Press.
23. Kemertelidze, Nino (1999). "The Origin of Kartuli (Georgian) Writing (Alphabet)". In Cram, D., Linn, A. R., & Nowak, E. (Eds.). (1999). History of linguistics 1996: Volume 1: Traditions in linguistics worldwide. John Benjamins Publishing.
24. Schenker, A. M. (1996). The dawn of Slavic: Introduction of Slavic philology. Yale University Press.