Coptic

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1

𓃾

Head of Ox

Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/
Conventional Anglicisation: ka

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1

𓉐

House plan

Phonogram pr for: pr “house”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/
Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/
Conventional Anglicisation: per

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14

𓌙

Throw stick

Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/
Conventional Anglicisation: qema

Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/
Conventional Anglicisation: aam

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1

𓆛

Bulti fish

Phonogram in for: int “bulti”

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28

𓀠

Man with arms raised

Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3

𓌉

Pear shaped mace

Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4

𓏭

Two diagonal strokes

Determinative for duality

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6

𓉗

Plan of rectangular enclosure

Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/
Conventional Anglicisation: hut

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35

𓄤

Heart and windpipe

Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/
Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/
Conventional Anglicisation: nefer

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42

𓂣

Arm with downward facing palm

Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/
Conventional Anglicisation: meh

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46

𓂧

Hand

Phonogram d
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/

Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: djeret

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39

𓋿

Crook

Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/
Conventional Anglicisation: aut

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35

𓈖

Water ripple

Phonogram n
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10

𓆓

Cobra

Phonogram ḏ
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11

𓊽

Reed column

Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/
Conventional Anglicisation: djed

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4

𓁹

Eye

Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/
Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/
Conventional Anglicisation: iri

Ideogram for: jrt “eye”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: iret

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28

𓎛

Wick

Phonogram ḥ
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħ/

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21

𓂋

Mouth

Phonogram r
Ideogram for: r “mouth”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22

𓇑

Rush with roots

Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24

𓎗

Cord on stick

Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/
Conventional Anglicisation: wedj

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1

𓁶

Head

Phonogram tp
Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/
Conventional Anglicisation: tepw

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a

𓌓

Bow

Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M39

𓇨

Basket of fruit or grain

Determinative for: rnpt “vegetables”

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9

𓏴

Crossed sticks

Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M8

𓆷

Pool with lilies

Phonogram šꜣ for: šꜣ “marsh”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ʃɑ/
Conventional Anglicisation: sha

Ideogram for: ꜣḫt “Inundation”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑxɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: akhet

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I9

𓆑

Horned viper

Phonogram f
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /f/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /f/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /f/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /f/

Determinative in: it “father”

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M12

𓆼

Lily plant

Phonogram ḫꜣ, for: ḫꜣ “1,000” 
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʔ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /xɑ/
Conventional Anglicisation: kha

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F18

𓄑

Tusk of elephant

Phonogram bḥ or ḥw

Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth”

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Y1

𓏛

Papyrus scroll

Phonogram mḏꜣt
Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth”

Ideogram for: mḏꜣt “paypyrus roll, book”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛd͡ʒɑt/
Conventional Anglicisation: medjat

Determinative for: rḫ “know”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛx/
Conventional Anglicisation: rekh

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. U29

𓍒

Fire drill (Variation of Gardiner No. U28)

Phonogram ḏꜣ for: ꜥnḫ.(w) (w)ḏꜣ snb “may he live, be prosperous, be healthy”
Conventional Anglicisation: ankh wedja seneb

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V31

𓎡

Basket with handle

Phonogram k
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /k/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /k/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /k/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /k/

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D37

𓂞

Arm holding conical loaf

Phonogram dj for: rḏj “give”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈcʼiːjit/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈtʼiːjiʔ/
Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾə)ˈtʼiːʔəʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼiːʔ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛd͡ʒi/
Conventional Anglicisation: redji

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. X1

𓏏

Small bread loaf

Phonogram t
Ideogram for: t “bread”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /t/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/, ∅
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /t/

Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42

Arm with downward facing palm

Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/
Conventional Anglicisation: meh

Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D42.

Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39

Crook

Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/
Conventional Anglicisation: aut

Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. S39.

Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35

Water ripple

Phonogram n
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/

Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35.

Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10

Cobra

Phonogram ḏ
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/

Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I10.

Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28

Wick

Phonogram ḥ
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħ/

Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28.

Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21

Mouth

Phonogram r
Ideogram for: r “mouth”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/

Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D21.

Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8

Pool with lilies

Phonogram šꜣ for: šꜣ “marsh”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ʃɑ/
Conventional Anglicisation: sha

Ideogram for: ꜣḫt “Inundation”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑxɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: akhet

Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8.

Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9

Horned viper

Phonogram f
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /f/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /f/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /f/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /f/

Determinative in: it “father”

Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9.

Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12

Lily plant

Phonogram ḫꜣ, for: ḫꜣ “1,000” 
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʔ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /xɑ/
Conventional Anglicisation: kha

Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12.

Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18

Tusk of elephant

Phonogram bḥ or ḥw

Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth”

Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18.

Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Y1

Papyrus scroll

Phonogram mḏꜣt
Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth”

Ideogram for: mḏꜣt “paypyrus roll, book”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛd͡ʒɑt/
Conventional Anglicisation: medjat

Determinative for: rḫ “know”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛx/
Conventional Anglicisation: rekh

Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. Y1.

Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29

Fire drill

Phonogram ḏꜣ for: ꜥnḫ.(w) (w)ḏꜣ snb “may he live, be prosperous, be healthy”
Conventional Anglicisation: ankh wedja seneb

Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29.

Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V31

Basket with handle

Phonogram k
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /k/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /k/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /k/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /k/

Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No.V31.

Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37

Arm holding conical loaf

Phonogram dj for: rḏj “give”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈcʼiːjit/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈtʼiːjiʔ/
Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾə)ˈtʼiːʔəʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼiːʔ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛd͡ʒi/
Conventional Anglicisation: redji

Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37.

Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. X1

Small bread loaf

Phonogram t
Ideogram for: t “bread”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /t/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/, ∅
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /t/

Derived from Hieratic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. X1.

Coptic Greek Uncial letter Alpha

Α

ΑΛΦΑ

a
IPA: /a/

Derived from Biblical Greek Uncial letter Alpha (Α).

Numerical value: 1

Coptic Greek Uncial letter Beta

Β

ΒΗΤΑ

b
IPA: /b/

Derived from Biblical Greek Uncial letter Beta (Β).

Numerical value: 2

Coptic Greek Uncial letter Gamma

Γ

ΓΑΜΜΑ

g
IPA: /g/

Derived from Biblical Greek Uncial letter Gamma (Γ).

Numerical value: 3

Coptic Greek Uncial letter Delta

Δ

ΔΕΛΤΑ

d
IPA: /d/

Derived from Biblical Greek Uncial letter Delta (Δ).

Numerical value: 4

Hellenistic Greek letter Epsilon

Ε

ΕΨΙΛΟΝ

Simple E

e
IPA: /e̞/

Derived from Biblical Greek Uncial letter Epsilon (Ε).

Numerical value: 5

Coptic Greek Uncial letter Upsilon

Υ

ΥΨΙΛΟΝ

Simple U

y
IPA: /y/

Derived from Biblical Greek Uncial letter Upsilon (Υ).

Numerical value: 400

Coptic Greek Uncial letter Zeta

Ζ

ΖΗΤΑ

z
IPA: /z/

Derived from Biblical Greek Uncial letter Zeta (Ζ).

Numerical value: 7

Coptic Greek Uncial letter Eta

Η

ΗΤΑ

ē
IPA: /i/

Derived from Biblical Greek Uncial letter Eta (Η).

Numerical value: 8

Coptic Greek Uncial letter Theta

Θ

ΘΗΤΑ

th
IPA: /tʰ/

Derived from Biblical Greek Uncial letter Theta (Θ).

Numerical value: 9

Coptic Greek Uncial letter Iota

Ι

ΙΩΤΑ

i
IPA: /i/

Derived from Biblical Greek Uncial letter Iota (Ι).

Numerical value: 10

Coptic Greek Uncial letter Kappa

Κ

ΚΑΠΠΑ

k
IPA: /k/

Derived from Biblical Greek Uncial letter Kappa (Κ).

Numerical value: 20

Coptic Greek Uncial letter Lambda

Λ

ΛΑΜΒΔΑ

l
IPA: /l/

Derived from Biblical Greek Uncial letter Lambda (Λ).

Numerical value: 30

Coptic Greek Uncial letter Mu

Μ

ΜΥ

m
IPA: /m/

Derived from Biblical Greek Uncial letter Mu (Μ).

Numerical value: 40

Coptic Greek Uncial letter Nu

Ν

ΝΥ

n
IPA: /n/

Derived from Biblical Greek Uncial letter Nu (Ν).

Numerical value: 50

Coptic Greek Uncial letter Xi

Ξ

ΞΙ

ks
IPA: /ks/

Derived from Biblical Greek Uncial letter Xi (Ξ).

Numerical value: 60

Coptic Greek Uncial letter Omicron

Ο

ΟΜΙΚΡΟΝ

Small O

o
IPA: /o̞/

Derived from Biblical Greek Uncial letter Omicron (Ο).

Numerical value: 70

Classical Greek Captial letter Pi

Π

ΠΙ

p
IPA: /p/

Derived from Biblical Greek Uncial letter Pi (Π).

Numerical value: 80

Coptic Greek Uncial letter Rho

Ρ

ΡΟ

r
IPA: /r/

Derived from Biblical Greek Uncial letter Rho (Ρ).

Numerical value: 100

Coptic Greek Uncial letter Sigma

Σ

ΣΙΓΜΑ

s
IPA: /s/

Derived from Biblical Greek Uncial letter Sigma (Σ).

Numerical value: 200

Coptic Greek Uncial letter Tau

Τ

ΤΑΥ

t
IPA: /t/

Derived from Biblical Greek Uncial letter Tau (Τ).

Numerical value: 300

Coptic Greek Uncial letter Phi

Φ

ΦΙ

ph
IPA: /pʰ/

Likely derived from Biblical Greek Uncial letter Phi (Φ).

Numerical value: 500

Hellenistic Greek letter Chi

Χ

ΧΙ

kh
IPA: /kʰ/

Likely derived from Biblical Greek Uncial letter Chi (Χ).

Numerical value: 600

Coptic Greek Uncial letter Psi

Ψ

ΨΙ

ps
IPA: /ps/

Likely derived from Biblical Greek Uncial letter Psi (Ψ).

Numerical value: 700

Coptic Greek Uncial letter Omega

Ω

ΩΜΕΓΑ

Big O

o
IPA: /o̞/

Derived from Biblical Greek Uncial letter Omega (Ω).

Numerical value: 800

Coptic letter Alpha (majuscule)

Ⲁ

Ⲁⲗⲫⲁ
a
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /a/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /a/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /æ/, /ɑ/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ä/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Alpha (majuscule) (Α).

Numerical value: 1

Coptic letter Alpha (minuscule)

ⲁ

Ⲁⲗⲫⲁ
a
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /a/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /a/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /æ/, /ɑ/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ä/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Alpha (majuscule) (Α).

Numerical value: 1

Coptic letter Beta (majuscule)

Ⲃ

Ⲃⲏⲧⲁ
b/v
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /β/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /β/ (final [b])
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /w/ (final [b])
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /b/, (/v/ before a vowel [except in a name])

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Beta (majuscule) (Β).

Numerical value: 2

Coptic letter Beta (minuscule)

ⲃ

Ⲃⲏⲧⲁ
b/v
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /β/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /β/ (final [b])
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /w/ (final [b])
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /b/, (/v/ before a vowel [except in a name])

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Beta (majuscule) (Β).

Numerical value: 2

Coptic letter Gamma (majuscule)

Ⲅ

Ⲅⲁⲙⲙⲁ
gh/ng
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /k/ (marked Greek words)
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: —
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /g/, ( /ɣ/ before Alpha, O or Oou
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɣ/, /g/ (before /e̞/ or /i/), /ŋ/ (before /g/ or /k/)

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Gamma (majuscule) (Γ).

Numerical value: 3

Coptic letter Gamma (minuscule)

ⲅ

Ⲅⲁⲙⲙⲁ
gh/ng
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /k/ (marked Greek words)
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: —
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /g/, ( /ɣ/ before Alpha, O or Oou
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɣ/, /g/ (before /e̞/ or /i/), /ŋ/ (before /g/ or /k/)

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Gamma (majuscule) (Γ).

Numerical value: 3

Coptic letter Delta (majuscule)

Ⲇ

Ⲇⲉⲗⲧⲁ
d
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /t/ (marked Greek words)
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: —
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /d/ (marked Greek words)
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ð/, (/d/ in a name)

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Delta (majuscule) (Δ).

Numerical value: 4

Coptic letter Delta (minuscule)

ⲇ

Ⲇⲉⲗⲧⲁ
d
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /t/ (marked Greek words)
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: —
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /d/ (marked Greek words)
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ð/, (/d/ in a name)

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Delta (majuscule) (Δ).

Numerical value: 4

Coptic letter Eey (majuscule)

Ⲉ

Ⲉⲓ
ə
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ɛ/, /ə/ (ⲉⲓ = /iː/, /j/)
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɛ/, /ə/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/)
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation:/æ/, /ɑ/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/)
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /e̞/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Epsilon (majuscule) (Ε).

Numerical value: 5

Coptic letter Eey (minuscule)

ⲉ

Ⲉⲓ
ə
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ɛ/, /ə/ (ⲉⲓ = /iː/, /j/)
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɛ/, /ə/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/)
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation:/æ/, /ɑ/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/)
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /e̞/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Epsilon (majuscule) (Ε).

Numerical value: 5

Coptic letter Epsilon (majuscule)

Ⲩ

Ⲉⲡⲥⲓⲗⲟⲛ
u
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/)
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/)
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ɪ/, /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/, /w/)
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /w/ (between "ⲟ" and another vowel except "ⲱ"), /v/ (after /ɑ/ (ⲁ or /e̞/ (ⲉ)), /u/ (digraph "ⲟⲩ")

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Upsilon (majuscule) (Υ).

Numerical value: 400

Coptic letter Epsilon (minuscule)

ⲩ

Ⲉⲡⲥⲓⲗⲟⲛ
u
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/)
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/)
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ɪ/, /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/, /w/)
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /w/ (between "ⲟ" and another vowel except "ⲱ"), /v/ (after /ɑ/ (ⲁ or /e̞/ (ⲉ)), /u/ (digraph "ⲟⲩ")

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Upsilon (majuscule) (Υ).

Numerical value: 400

Coptic letter Zeta (majuscule)

Ⲍ

Ⲍⲏⲧⲁ
z
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /s/ (marked Greek words)
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: —
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /z/ (marked Greek words)
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /z/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Zeta (majuscule) (Ζ).

Numerical value: 7

Coptic letter Zeta (minuscule)

ⲍ

Ⲍⲏⲧⲁ
z
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /s/ (marked Greek words)
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: —
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /z/ (marked Greek words)
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /z/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Zeta (majuscule) (Ζ).

Numerical value: 7

Coptic letter Eta (majuscule)

Ⲏ

Ⲏⲧⲁ
ee
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /eː/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /e/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /æ/, /ɑ/, /ɪ/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /iː/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Eta (majuscule) (Η).

Numerical value: 8

Coptic letter Eta (minuscule)

ⲏ

Ⲏⲧⲁ
ee
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /eː/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /e/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /æ/, /ɑ/, /ɪ/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /iː/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Eta (majuscule) (Η).

Numerical value: 8

Coptic letter Theta (majuscule)

Ⲑ

Ⲑⲏⲧⲁ
th/t
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /th/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʰ/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /t/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /θ/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Theta (majuscule) (Θ).

Numerical value: 9

Coptic letter Theta (minuscule)

ⲑ

Ⲑⲏⲧⲁ
th/t
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /th/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʰ/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /t/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /θ/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Theta (minuscule) (θ).

Numerical value: 9

Coptic letter Iota (majuscule)

Ⲓ

Ⲓⲟⲧⲁ
i/j/y
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /iː/, /j/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /j/, /ə/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/)
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ɪ/, /j/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/)
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /j/ (before vowels), /ɪ/ (after vowels to form diphthongs)

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Iota (majuscule) (Ι).

Numerical value: 10

Coptic letter Iota (minuscule)

ⲓ

Ⲓⲟⲧⲁ
i/j/y
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /iː/, /j/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /j/, /ə/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/)
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ɪ/, /j/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/)
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /j/ (before vowels), /ɪ/ (after vowels to form diphthongs)

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Iota (minuscule) (ι).

Numerical value: 10

Coptic letter Kappa (majuscule)

Ⲕ

Ⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁ
k
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /k/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /kʼ/, /k/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /k/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /k/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Kappa (majuscule) (Κ).

Numerical value: 20

Coptic letter Kappa (minuscule)

ⲕ

Ⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁ
k
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /k/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /kʼ/, /k/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /k/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /k/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Kappa (minuscule) (κ).

Numerical value: 20

Coptic letter Lola (majuscule)

Ⲗ

Ⲗⲟⲗⲁ
l
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /l/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /l/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /l/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /l/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Lamda (minuscule) (λ).

Numerical value: 30

Coptic letter Lola (minuscule)

ⲗ

Ⲗⲟⲗⲁ
l
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /l/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /l/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /l/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /l/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Lamda (minuscule) (λ).

Numerical value: 30

Coptic letter Mey (majuscule)

Ⲙ

Ⲙⲉⲓ
m
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /m/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /m/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /m/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /m/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Mu (majuscule) (Μ).

Numerical value: 40

Coptic letter Mey (minuscule)

ⲙ

Ⲙⲉⲓ
m
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /m/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /m/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /m/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /m/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Mu (majuscule) (Μ).

Numerical value: 40

Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Ni (majuscule)

Ⲻ

Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35.

Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Ni (minuscule)

ⲻ

Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35.

Coptic letter Ney (majuscule)

Ⲛ

Ⲛⲉⲓ
n
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /n/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /n/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /n/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /n/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Nu (majuscule) (Ν).

Numerical value: 50

Coptic letter Ney (minuscule)

ⲛ

Ⲛⲉⲓ
n
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /n/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /n/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /n/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /n/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Nu (majuscule) (Ν).

Numerical value: 50

Coptic letter Exi (majuscule)

Ⲝ

Ⲉⲝⲓ
x
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: —
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: —
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ks/ (only in Greek loanwords)
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ks/, [e̞ks] (usually following a consonant, or sometimes when starting a word)

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Xi (minuscule) (ξ).

Numerical value: 60

Coptic letter Exi (minuscule)

ⲝ

Ⲉⲝⲓ
x
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: —
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: —
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ks/ (only in Greek loanwords)
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ks/, [e̞ks] (usually following a consonant, or sometimes when starting a word)

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Xi (minuscule) (ξ).

Numerical value: 60

Coptic letter O (majuscule)

Ⲟ

ⲟ
o
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ɔ/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/)
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɔ/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/)
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /o/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/, /w/)
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /o̞/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/)

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Omicron (majuscule) (Ο).

Numerical value: 70

Coptic letter (minuscule)

ⲟ

ⲟ
o
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ɔ/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/)
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɔ/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/)
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /o/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/, /w/)
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /o̞/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/)

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Omicron (minuscule) (ο).

Numerical value: 70

Old Coptic letter Hat (majuscule)

Ⳕ

Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28.

Old Coptic letter Hat (minuscule)

ⳕ

Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28.

Coptic letter Pi (majuscule)

Ⲡ

Ⲡⲓ
p
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /p/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /p/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /b/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /p/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Pi (majuscule) (Π).

Numerical value: 80

Coptic letter Pi (minuscule)

ⲡ

Ⲡⲓ
p
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /p/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /p/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /b/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /p/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Pi (majuscule) (Π).

Numerical value: 80

Coptic letter Roo (majuscule)

Ⲣ

Ⲣⲟ
r
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Rho (majuscule) (Ρ).

Numerical value: 100

Coptic letter Roo (minuscule)

ⲣ

Ⲣⲟ
r
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Rho (minuscule) (ρ).

Numerical value: 100

Coptic letter Seema (majuscule)

Ⲥ

Ⲥⲓⲙⲁ
s/c
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /s/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /s/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /s/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /s/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Sigma (majuscule) (Σ).

Numerical value: 200

Coptic letter Seema (minuscule)

ⲥ

Ⲥⲓⲙⲁ
s/c
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /s/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /s/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /s/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /s/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Sigma (majuscule) (Σ).

Numerical value: 200

Coptic letter Soou (majuscule)

Ⲋ

Ⲥⲟⲟⲩ

Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: -
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: -
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: -
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: -

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) ligature Stigma (majuscule) (Ϛ).

Numerical value: 6

Coptic letter Soou (minuscule)

ⲋ

Ⲥⲟⲟⲩ

Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: -
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: -
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: -
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: -

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) ligature Stigma (minuscle) (ϛ).

Numerical value: 6

Coptic letter Tau (majuscule)

Ⲧ

Ⲧⲁⲩ
t/d
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /t/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /d/ (final [t])
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /t/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Tau (majuscule) (Τ).

Numerical value: 300

Coptic letter Tau (minuscule)

ⲧ

Ⲧⲁⲩ
t/d
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /t/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /d/ (final [t])
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /t/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Tau (majuscule) (Τ).

Numerical value: 300

Coptic letter Phi (majuscule)

Ⲫ

Ⲫⲓ
f
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ph/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /pʰ/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /b/~/f/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /f/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Phi (majuscule) (Φ).

Numerical value: 500

Coptic letter Phi (minuscule)

ⲫ

Ⲫⲓ
f
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ph/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /pʰ/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /b/~/f/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /f/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Phi (majuscule) (Φ).

Numerical value: 500

Coptic letter Chi (majuscule)

Ⲭ

Ⲭⲓ
k/sh/kh
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /kh/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /kʰ/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /k/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /k/ (if the word is Coptic in origin), /x/ (if the word is Greek in origin), /ç/ (if the word is Greek in origin but before /e̞/ or /i/)

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Chi (minuscule) (χ).

Numerical value: 600

Coptic letter Chi (minuscule)

ⲭ

Ⲭⲓ
k/sh/kh
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /kh/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /kʰ/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /k/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /k/ (if the word is Coptic in origin), /x/ (if the word is Greek in origin), /ç/ (if the word is Greek in origin but before /e̞/ or /i/)

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Chi (minuscule) (χ).

Numerical value: 600

Coptic letter Sampi (majuscule)

Ⳁ

Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: —
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: —
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: —
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: —

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letters Sampi and Rho (Ρ).

Numerical value: 900

Coptic letter Sampi (minuscule)

ⳁ

Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: —
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: —
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: —
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: —

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letters Sampi and Rho (Ρ).

Numerical value: 900

Coptic letter Shai (majuscule)

Ϣ

Ϣⲁⲓ
sh
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ʃ/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/

Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8.

Coptic letter Shai (minuscule)

ϣ

Ϣⲁⲓ
sh
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /ʃ/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/

Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8.

Old Coptic letter Shei (majuscule)

Ⳅ

Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8.

Old Coptic letter Shei (minuscule)

ⳅ

Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8.

Coptic letter Fai (majuscule)

Ϥ

Ϥⲁⲓ
f
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /f/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /f/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /f/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /f/

Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9.

Coptic letter Fai (minuscule)

ϥ

Ϥⲁⲓ
f
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /f/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /f/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /f/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /f/

Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9.

Coptic letter Khai (majuscule)

Ϧ

Ϧⲁⲓ
kh/q
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: —
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /x/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /x/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /x/

Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12.

Coptic letter Khai (minuscule)

ϧ

Ϧⲁⲓ
kh/q
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: —
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /x/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /x/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /x/

Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12.

Coptic letter Hori (majuscule)

Ϩ

Ϩⲟⲣⲓ
h
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /h/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /h/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /h/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /h/

Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 & Y1.

Coptic letter Hori (minuscule)

ϩ

Ϩⲟⲣⲓ
h
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /h/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /h/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /h/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /h/

Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 & Y1.

Old Coptic letter Hori (majuscule)

Ⳍ

Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 & Y1.

Old Coptic letter Hori (minuscule)

ⳍ

Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 & Y1.

Coptic letter Janja (majuscule)

Ϫ

Ϫⲁⲛϫⲁ
g/j
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /t͡ʃ/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /t͡ʃ/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ɟ/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /g/, /dʒ/ (before /e̞/ or /i/)

Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29.

Coptic letter Janja (minuscule)

ϫ

Ϫⲁⲛϫⲁ
g/j
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /t͡ʃ/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /t͡ʃ/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ɟ/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /g/, /dʒ/ (before /e̞/ or /i/)

Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29.

Old Coptic letter Gangia (majuscule)

Ⳗ

Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29.

Old Coptic letter Gangia (minuscule)

ⳗ

Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29.

Coptic letter Cheema (majuscule)

Ϭ

Ϭⲓⲙⲁ
c/ch
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /kʲ/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʰ/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʃ/, [e̞tʃ] (usually following a consonant)

Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V31.

Coptic letter Cheema (minuscule)

ϭ

Ϭⲓⲙⲁ
c/ch
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /kʲ/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʰ/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʃ/, [e̞tʃ] (usually following a consonant)

Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V31.

Coptic letter Ti (majuscule)

Ϯ

Ⲧⲓ
ti
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /tiː/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʼi/, /ti/, /tə/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /di/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ti/

Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37 & X1.

Coptic letter Ti (minuscule)

ϯ

Ⲧⲓ
ti
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /tiː/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /tʼi/, /ti/, /tə/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /di/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /ti/

Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37 & X1.

Coptic letter Epsi (majuscule)

Ⲯ

Ⲉⲯⲓ
ps
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: —
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: —
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: [bs] (only in Greek loanwords)
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: [ps], [e̞ps] (usually following a consonant)

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Psi (majuscule) (Ψ).

Numerical value: 700

Coptic letter Epsi (minuscule)

ⲯ

Ⲉⲯⲓ
ps
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: —
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: —
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: [bs] (only in Greek loanwords)
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: [ps], [e̞ps] (usually following a consonant)

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Psi (minuscule) (ψ).

Numerical value: 700

Coptic letter Oou (majuscule)

Ⲱ

Ⲱⲩ
o/w
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /oː/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /o/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /oː/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /oː/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Omega (minuscule) (ω).

Numerical value: 800

Coptic letter Oou (minuscule)

ⲱ

Ⲱⲩ
o/w
Reconstructed Classical Sahidic pronunciation: /oː/
Reconstructed Classical Bohairic pronunciation: /o/
Traditional Bohairic pronunciation: /oː/
Ecclesiastical Bohairic pronunciation: /oː/

Derived from Imperial Greek (Coptic Uncial) letter Omega (minuscule) (ω).

Numerical value: 800

Old Nubian letter Alpha

ⲁ

ⲁⲗⲫⲁ
a
IPA: /a, aː/

Derived from Coptic letter Alpha (minuscule) (ⲁ).

Old Nubian letter Beta

ⲃ

ⲃⲏⲧⲁ
b
IPA: /b/

Derived from Coptic letter Beta (minuscule) (ⲃ).

Old Nubian letter Gamma

ⲅ

ⲅⲁⲙⲙⲁ
g
IPA: /ɡ/

Derived from Coptic letter Gamma (minuscule) (ⲅ).

Old Nubian letter Delta

ⲇ

ⲇⲉⲗⲧⲁ
d
IPA: /d/

Derived from Coptic letter Delta (minuscule) (ⲇ).

Old Nubian letter Eey

ⲉ

ⲉⲓ
e
IPA: /e, eː/

Derived from Coptic letter Eey (minuscule) (ⲉ).

Old Nubian letter Upsilon

ⲩ

ⲩⲡⲥⲓⲗⲟⲛ
u
IPA: /i/, /u/

Derived from Coptic letter Upsilon (minuscule) (ⲩ).

Old Nubian letter Zeta

ⲍ

ⲍⲏⲧⲁ
z
IPA: /z/

Derived from Coptic letter Zeta (minuscule) (ⲍ).

Old Nubian letter Eta

ⲏ

ⲏⲧⲁ
ē
IPA: /i, iː/

Derived from Coptic letter Eta (minuscule) (ⲏ).

Old Nubian letter Theta

ⲑ

ⲑⲏⲧⲁ
th
IPA: /t/

Derived from Coptic letter Theta (minuscule) (ⲑ).

Old Nubian letter Iota

ⲓ

ⲓⲟⲧⲁ
i
IPA: /i/

Derived from Coptic letter Iota (minuscule) (ⲓ).

Old Nubian letter Kappa

ⲕ

ⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁ
k
IPA: /k/, /ɡ/

Derived from Coptic letter Kappa (minuscule) (ⲕ).

Old Nubian letter Lola

ⲗ

ⲗⲟⲗⲁ
l
IPA: /l/

Derived from Coptic letter Lola (minuscule) (ⲗ).

Old Nubian letter Mey

ⲙ

ⲙⲉⲓ
m
IPA: /m/

Derived from Coptic letter Mey (minuscule) (ⲙ).

Old Nubian letter Ney

ⲛ

ⲛⲉⲓ
n
IPA: /n/

Derived from Coptic letter Ney (minuscule) (ⲛ).

Old Nubian letter Exi

ⲝ

ⲉⲝⲓ
x
IPA: /ks/

Derived from Coptic letter Exi (minuscule) (ⲝ).

Old Nubian letter O

ⲟ

ⲟ
o
IPA: /o/, /oː/

Derived from Coptic letter O (minuscule) (ⲟ).

Old Nubian letter Pi

ⲡ

ⲡⲓ
p
IPA: /p/

Derived from Coptic letter Pi (minuscule) (ⲡ).

Old Nubian letter Roo

ⲣ

ⲣⲟ
r
IPA: /ɾ/

Derived from Coptic letter Roo (minuscule) (ⲣ).

Old Nubian letter Seema

ⲥ

ⲥⲓⲙⲁ
s
IPA: /s/

Derived from Coptic letter Seema (minuscule) (ⲥ).

Old Nubian letter Soou

ⲋ

ⲥⲟⲟⲩ

Derived from Coptic letter Soou (minuscule) (ⲋ).

Old Nubian letter Tau

ⲧ

ⲧⲁⲩ
t
IPA: /t/

Derived from Coptic letter Tau (minuscule) (ⲧ).

Old Nubian letter Phi

ⲫ

ⲫⲓ
ph
IPA: /f/

Derived from Coptic letter Phi (minuscule) (ⲫ).

Old Nubian letter Chi

ⲭ

ⲭⲓ
kh
IPA: /x/

Derived from Coptic letter Chi (minuscule) (ⲭ).

Old Nubian letter Shai

ϣ

ϣⲁⲓ
š
IPA: /ʃ/

Derived from Coptic letter Shai (minuscule) (ϣ).

Old Nubian letter Hori

Ϩ

Ϩⲟⲣⲓ
h
IPA: /h/

Derived from Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) (Ϩ).

Old Nubian letter Shima

ⳝ

ⳝⲓⲙⲁ
j
IPA: /ɟ/

Derived from Coptic letter Shima (minuscule) (ϭ).

Old Nubian letter Epsi

ⲯ

ⲉⲯⲓ
ps
IPA: /ps/

Derived from Coptic letter Epsi (minuscule) (ⲯ).

Old Nubian letter Oou

ⲱ

ⲱⲩ
ō
IPA: /o/, /oː/

Derived from Coptic letter Oou (minuscule) (ⲱ).