Iberian
Southeastern Iberian peninsula (modern day Alicante and Murcia, Spain)
Greco-Iberian letter Alpha
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Greco-Iberian letter Gamma
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Greco-Iberian letter Sampi
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Greco-Iberian letter Nu
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Greco-Iberian letter Eta
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Greco-Iberian letter Kappa
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Greco-Iberian letter Sigma
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Greco-Iberian letter Iota
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Greco-Iberian letter Tau
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Greco-Iberian letter Rho’
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Greco-Iberian letter Omicron
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Greco-Iberian letter Delta
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Greco-Iberian letter Rho
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Greco-Iberian letter Upsilon
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Greco-Iberian letter Beta
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Greco-Iberian letter Lambda
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| Writing Script | Head of ox | House plan | Throw stick | Nile tilapia | Man with arms raised | Pear shaped mace | Two diagonal strokes | Plan of rectangular enclosure | Heart and trachea | Arm with downward facing palm | Hand | Crook | Water ripple | Cobra | Reed column | Eye | Wick | Mouth | Rush with shoots | Cord on stick | Head | Bow | Basket of fruit or grain | Crossed sticks | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Logography
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1𓃾Head of Ox
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1𓉐House plan
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14𓌙Throw stick
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1𓆛Bulti fish
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28𓀠Man with arms raised
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3𓌉Pear shaped mace
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4𓏭Two diagonal strokes
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6𓉗Plan of rectangular enclosure
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35𓄤Heart and windpipe
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42𓂣Arm with downward facing palm
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46𓂧Hand
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39𓋿Crook
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35𓈖Water ripple
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10𓆓Cobra
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11𓊽Reed column
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4𓁹Eye
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28𓎛Wick
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21𓂋Mouth
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22𓇑Rush with roots
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24𓎗Cord on stick
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1𓁶Head
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a𓌓Bow
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M39
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M39𓇨Basket of fruit or grain
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9𓏴Crossed sticks
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| Archaic Greek (Parent) | Alphabet
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Archaic Greek letter Alpha
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Archaic Greek letter Alphaa
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Archaic Greek letter Beta
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Archaic Greek letter Gamma
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Archaic Greek letter Delta
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Archaic Greek letter Deltad
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Archaic Greek letter Ei
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Archaic Greek letter Eie
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Archaic Greek letter Wau
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Archaic Greek letter U
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Archaic Greek letter Uu
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Archaic Greek letter Zeta
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Archaic Greek letter Zetaz
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Archaic Greek letter Eta (eastern variant)
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Archaic Greek letter Eta (eastern variant)h
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Archaic Greek letter Eta (southern/western variant)
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Archaic Greek letter Eta (southern/western variant)h
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Archaic Greek letter Theta
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Archaic Greek letter Thetath
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Archaic Greek letter Iota
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Archaic Greek letter Iotai
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Archaic Greek letter Kappa
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Archaic Greek letter Lambda
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Archaic Greek letter Lambdal
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Archaic Greek letter Mu
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Archaic Greek letter Nu
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Archaic Greek letter Xi (eastern variant)
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Archaic Greek letter Xi (eastern variant)ks
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Archaic Greek letter Ou
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Archaic Greek letter Ouo
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Archaic Greek letter Pi
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Archaic Greek letter San
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Archaic Greek letter Koppa
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Archaic Greek letter Rho
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Archaic Greek letter Rhor
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Archaic Greek letter Sigma
×
Archaic Greek letter Sigmas
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Archaic Greek letter Tau
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Archaic Greek letter Phi
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Archaic Greek letter Phiph
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Archaic Greek letter Chi (western variant)
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Archaic Greek letter Chi (western variant)kh
Archaic Greek letter Chi (eastern variant)
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Archaic Greek letter Chi (eastern variant)kh
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Archaic Greek letter Sampi
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Archaic Greek letter Sampiͳss or ts
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Archaic Greek letter Psi
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Archaic Greek letter Psips
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Archaic Greek letter Ō
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| Etruscan (Sibling) | Alphabet 8 c. BCE - 1 c. BCE |
![]() Old Italic letter A ![]() Archaic Etruscan letter A ![]() Neo-Etruscan letter A |
![]() Old Italic letter Be ![]() Archaic Etruscan letter Be |
![]() Old Italic letter Ke ![]() Archaic Etruscan letter Ke ![]() Neo-Etruscan letter Ke |
![]() Old Italic letter De ![]() Archaic Etruscan letter De |
![]() Old Italic letter E ![]() Archaic Etruscan letter E ![]() Neo-Etruscan letter E |
![]() Old Italic letter Ve ![]() Archaic Etruscan letter Ve ![]() Neo-Etruscan letter Ve |
![]() Old Italic letter U ![]() Archaic Etruscan letter U ![]() Neo-Etruscan letter U |
![]() Old Italic letter Ze ![]() Archaic Etruscan letter Ze ![]() Neo-Etruscan letter Ze |
![]() Old Italic letter He ![]() Archaic Etruscan letter He ![]() Neo-Etruscan letter He |
![]() Old Italic letter The ![]() Archaic Etruscan letter The ![]() Neo-Etruscan letter The |
![]() Old Italic letter I ![]() Archaic Etruscan letter I ![]() Neo-Etruscan letter I |
![]() Old Italic letter Ka ![]() Archaic Etruscan letter Ka |
![]() Old Italic letter El ![]() Archaic Etruscan letter El ![]() Neo-Etruscan letter El |
![]() Old Italic letter Em ![]() Archaic Etruscan letter Em ![]() Neo-Etruscan letter Em |
![]() Old Italic letter En ![]() Archaic Etruscan letter En ![]() Neo-Etruscan letter En |
![]() Old Italic letter s᫈ ![]() Archaic Etruscan letter s᫈ |
![]() Old Italic letter O ![]() Archaic Etruscan letter O |
![]() Old Italic letter P ![]() Archaic Etruscan letter P ![]() Neo-Etruscan letter P |
![]() Old Italic letter She ![]() Archaic Etruscan letter She ![]() Neo-Etruscan letter She |
![]() Old Italic letter Ku ![]() Archaic Etruscan letter Ku |
![]() Old Italic letter Er ![]() Archaic Etruscan letter Er ![]() Neo-Etruscan letter Er |
![]() Old Italic letter Es ![]() Archaic Etruscan letter Es ![]() Neo-Etruscan letter Es |
![]() Old Italic letter Te ![]() Archaic Etruscan letter Te ![]() Neo-Etruscan letter Te |
![]() Old Italic letter Phe ![]() Archaic Etruscan letter Phe ![]() Neo-Etruscan letter Phe |
![]() Old Italic letter Eks ![]() Archaic Etruscan letter Eks |
![]() Old Italic letter Khe ![]() Archaic Etruscan letter Khe ![]() Neo-Etruscan letter Khe |
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| Lydian (Sibling) | Alphabet 8 c. BCE - 2 c. BCE |
![]() Lydian letter A |
![]() Lydian letter B |
![]() Lydian letter G |
![]() Lydian letter D |
![]() Lydian letter E |
![]() Lydian letter V |
![]() Lydian letter U |
![]() Lydian letter I |
![]() Lydian letter K |
![]() Lydian letter L |
![]() Lydian letter M |
![]() Lydian letter N |
![]() Lydian letter O |
![]() Lydian letter An |
![]() Lydian letter R |
![]() Lydian letter SS |
![]() Lydian letter T |
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| Carian (Sibling) | Alphabet 7 c. BCE - 3 c. BCE |
![]() Carian letter A |
![]() Carian letter P |
![]() Carian letter D |
![]() Carian letter I |
![]() Carian letter Y |
![]() Carian letter U |
![]() Carian letter E |
![]() Carian letter L |
![]() Carian letter M |
![]() Carian letter N |
![]() Carian letter O |
![]() Carian letter B |
![]() Carian letter Sam |
![]() Carian letter Koppa |
![]() Carian letter R |
![]() Carian letter T |
![]() Carian letter K |
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| Messapic (Sibling) | Alphabet 6 c. BCE - 2 c. BCE |
![]() Messapic letter Alpha |
![]() Messapic letter Beta |
![]() Messapic letter Gamma |
![]() Messapic letter Delta |
![]() Messapic letter Epsilon |
![]() Messapic letter Digamma |
![]() Messapic letter Zeta |
![]() Messapic letter Eta |
![]() Messapic letter Heta |
![]() Messapic letter Ṭheta |
![]() Messapic letter Iota |
![]() Messapic letter Kappa |
![]() Messapic letter Lambda |
![]() Messapic letter Mu |
![]() Messapic letter Nu |
![]() Messapic letter Xi |
![]() Messapic letter Omicron |
![]() Messapic letter Pi |
![]() Messapic letter Koppa |
![]() Messapic letter Rho |
![]() Messapic letter Sigma |
![]() Messapic letter Tau |
![]() Messapic letter Chi |
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| Lycian (Sibling) | Alphabet 5 c. BCE - 2 c. BCE |
![]() Lycian letter A |
![]() Lycian letter B |
![]() Lycian letter G |
![]() Lycian letter D |
![]() Lycian letter I |
![]() Lycian letter W |
![]() Lycian letter Z |
![]() Lycian letter H |
![]() Lycian letter Th |
![]() Lycian letter J |
![]() Lycian letter K |
![]() Lycian letter L |
![]() Lycian letter M |
![]() Lycian letter N |
![]() Lycian letter U |
![]() Lycian letter P |
![]() Lycian letter R |
![]() Lycian letter S |
![]() Lycian letter T |
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| Classical Greek Capitals (Sibling) | Alphabet 5 c. BCE - 4 c. BCE |
Classical Greek Captial letter Alpha
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Classical Greek Captial letter AlphaΑΑΛΦΑa
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Classical Greek Captial letter Beta
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Classical Greek Captial letter BetaΒΒΗΤΑb
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Classical Greek Captial letter Gamma
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Classical Greek Captial letter GammaΓΓΑΜΜΑg
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Classical Greek Captial letter Delta
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Classical Greek Captial letter DeltaΔΔΕΛΤΑd
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Classical Greek Captial letter Epsilon
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Archaic Greek letter EpsilonΕΕΨΙΛΟΝSimple E
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Classical Greek Captial letter Upsilon
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Classical Greek Captial letter UpsilonΥΥΨΙΛΟΝSimple U
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Classical Greek Captial letter Zeta
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Classical Greek Captial letter ZetaΖΖΗΤΑz
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Classical Greek Captial letter Eta
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Classical Greek Captial letter EtaΗΗΤΑē
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Classical Greek Captial letter Theta
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Classical Greek Captial letter ThetaΘΘΗΤΑth
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Classical Greek Captial letter Iota
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Classical Greek Captial letter IotaΙΙΩΤΑi
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Classical Greek Captial letter Kappa
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Classical Greek Captial letter KappaΚΚΑΠΠΑk
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Classical Greek Captial letter Lambda
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Classical Greek Captial letter LambdaΛΛΑΜΒΔΑl
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Classical Greek Captial letter Mu
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Classical Greek Captial letter MuΜΜΥm
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Classical Greek Captial letter Nu
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Classical Greek Captial letter NuΝΝΥn
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Classical Greek Captial letter Xi
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Classical Greek Captial letter XiΞΞΙks
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Classical Greek Captial letter Omicron
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Classical Greek Captial letter OmicronΟΟΜΙΚΡΟΝSmall O
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Classical Greek Captial letter Pi
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Classical Greek Captial letter PiΠΠΙp
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Classical Greek Captial letter Rho
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Classical Greek Captial letter RhoΡΡΟr
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Classical Greek Captial letter Sigma
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Classical Greek Captial letter SigmaΣΣΙΓΜΑs
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Classical Greek Captial letter Tau
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Classical Greek Captial letter TauΤΤΑΥt
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Classical Greek Captial letter Phi
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Classical Greek Captial letter PhiΦΦΙph
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Classical Greek Captial letter Chi
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Classical Greek Captial letter ChiΧΧΙkh
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Classical Greek letter Sampi
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Classical Greek letter SampiΣΑΜΠΙ"like a Pi (Π)"
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Classical Greek Captial letter Psi
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Classical Greek Captial letter PsiΨΨΙps
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Classical Greek Captial letter Omega
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Classical Greek Captial letter OmegaΩΩΜΕΓΑBig O
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| Greco-Iberian | Alphabet 5 c. BCE - 3 c. BCE |
Greco-Iberian letter Alpha
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Greco-Iberian letter Beta
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Greco-Iberian letter Gamma
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Greco-Iberian letter Delta
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Greco-Iberian letter Upsilon
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Greco-Iberian letter Eta
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Greco-Iberian letter Iota
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Greco-Iberian letter Kappa
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Greco-Iberian letter Lambda
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Greco-Iberian letter Nu
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Greco-Iberian letter Omicron
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Greco-Iberian letter Rho
Greco-Iberian letter Rho’
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Greco-Iberian letter Sigma
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Greco-Iberian letter Tau
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Greco-Iberian letter Sampi
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1. Sinner, A. G., & Velaza, J. (Eds.). (2019). Palaeohispanic languages and epigraphies. Oxford University Press. Retrieved November 2, 2025, from https://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/145739/1/Chapter_4._Palaeohispanic_writing_syste.pdf
2. Gómez-Moreno, M. (1922). De epigrafía ibérica: El plomo de Alcoy”. Revista de Filología Española, 341–366.
3. Hoz, Javier de (1987). La escritura greco-ibérica. Veleia 2–3, pp. 285–298.
4. Ruiz Darasse, C. (2022). Mnamon: Ibère. Laboratorio di Storia, Archeologia, Epigrafia e Tradizione dell’antico (SAET) - Scuola Normale Superiore. https://doi.org/10.25429/SNS.IT/LETTERE/MNAMON028
5. Colless, Brian E (1990). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Sinai". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 28: 1–52. doi:10.2143/anes.28.0.525711
6. Colless, Brian E (1991). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Canaan". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 29: 18–66. doi:10.2143/anes.29.0.525718
7. Kirchhoff, A (1877). Studien zur geschichte des griechischen alphabets (3rd rev ed.). Berlin: F. Dümmler. OL 24337090M.
8. Little, C. C. (2011). Proposal to Encode Additional Old Italic Characters. Retrieved November 2, 2025, from unicode.org website: https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11146r-old-italic.pdf
9. Everson, M. (2006). Proposal to encode the Lycian and Lydian scripts in the SMP of the UCS. Retrieved November 2, 2025, from dkuug.dk website: http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3019.pdf
10. Adiego, I. J. (2006). The Carian Language. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
11. Marcos, J-J. (2024). Fonts for Greek Paleography. Typofonts.com. https://typofonts.com/GREEK_PALEOGRAPHY.pdf
12. Allen, J. P. (2014). Middle Egyptian: An introduction to the language and culture of hieroglyphs. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
13. Albright, William F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and their Decipherment.
14. Davidson, L. (2022, March 18). How the Phoenician Alphabet Revolutionised Language. Retrieved November 2, 2025, from historyhit.com website: https://www.historyhit.com/how-the-phoenician-alphabet-revolutionised-language/
15. Danby, H. (1963). The Mishnah: Translated from the Hebrew with Introduction and brief Explanatory Notes. London, England: Oxford University Press.
16. Shaked, Saul (1987). "Aramaic". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 250–261. p. 251
17. Bakker, E. J. (Ed.). (2010). A companion to the ancient Greek language: Bakker/A companion to the ancient Greek language. Wiley-Blackwell.
18. Daniels, P. T., & Bright, W. (Eds.). (1996). The world’s writing systems. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
19. A Companion to the Ancient Greek Christidis, A. F. (Ed.). (2007). A history of ancient Greek: From the beginnings to late antiquity. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.anguage, article by Roger D. (2010). Wiley-Blackwell.
20. De Simone, Carlo (2017). "Messapic". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Vol. 3. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1.