Archaic Greek

Epichoric alphabets^1-3

Archaic Greece was extremely decentralised, with many independent city states and their colonies scattered around the Mediterranean, using their own local or epichoric version of the Greek alphabet.

Kirchhoff (1877) grossly categorised these epichoric alphabets into four groups based on shared characteristics.

Most archaic and closest to the Phoenician script.
Distributed in Crete and southern Agean islands (Thera, Melos, and Anaphe).

These alphabets typically only use letters strictly derived from the Phoenician script, except for Xi (Ξ).

General summary

Archaic Greek letter Alpha × Archaic Greek letter Alpha a IPA: /a/, /aː/ Derived from Phoenician letter ʾālep (𐤀). Numerical value: 1	Archaic Greek letter Beta × Archaic Greek letter Beta b IPA: /b/ Derived from Phoenician letter Bēt (𐤁). Numerical value: 2	Archaic Greek letter Gamma × Archaic Greek letter Gamma g IPA: /ɡ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Gīml (𐤂). Numerical value: 3	Archaic Greek letter Delta × Archaic Greek letter Delta d IPA: /d/ Derived from Phoenician letter Dālet (𐤃). Numerical value: 4	Archaic Greek letter Ei × Archaic Greek letter Ei e IPA: /e/, /eː/ Derived from Phoenician letter He (𐤄). Numerical value: 5
Archaic Greek letter Wau × Archaic Greek letter Wau w IPA: /w/ Derived from Phoenician letter Wāw (𐤅). Numerical value: 6	Archaic Greek letter Zeta × Archaic Greek letter Zeta z IPA: [zd](?) Derived from Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆). Numerical value: 7	Archaic Greek letter Eta × Archaic Greek letter Eta h IPA: /h/, /ɛː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Hēt (𐤇). Numerical value: 8	Archaic Greek letter Theta × Archaic Greek letter Theta th IPA: /tʰ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṭēt (𐤈). Numerical value: 9	Archaic Greek letter Iota × Archaic Greek letter Iota i IPA: /i/, /iː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Yod (𐤉). Numerical value: 10
Archaic Greek letter Kappa × Archaic Greek letter Kappa k IPA: /k/ Derived from Phoenician letter Kāp (𐤊). Numerical value: 20	Archaic Greek letter Lambda × Archaic Greek letter Lambda l IPA: /l/ Derived from Phoenician letter Lāmed (𐤋). Numerical value: 30	Archaic Greek letter Mu × Archaic Greek letter Mu m IPA: /m/ Derived from Phoenician letter Mēm (𐤌). Numerical value: 40	Archaic Greek letter Nu × Archaic Greek letter Nu n IPA: /n/ Derived from Phoenician letter Nūn (𐤍). Numerical value: 50
Archaic Greek letter Ou × Archaic Greek letter Ou o IPA: /o/, /oː/ Derived from Phoenician letter ʿayin (𐤏). Numerical value: 70	Archaic Greek letter Pi × Archaic Greek letter Pi p IPA: /p/ Derived from Phoenician letter Pē (𐤐). Numerical value: 80	Archaic Greek letter San × Archaic Greek letter San s IPA: /s/ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṩādē (𐤑).	Archaic Greek letter Koppa × Archaic Greek letter Koppa k IPA: /k/ Derived from Phoenician letter Qōp (𐤒). Numerical value: 90	Archaic Greek letter Rho × Archaic Greek letter Rho r IPA: /r/ Derived from Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh (𐤓). Numerical value: 100
Archaic Greek letter Sigma × Archaic Greek letter Sigma s IPA: /s/ Derived from Phoenician letter Šīn (𐤔). Numerical value: 200	Archaic Greek letter Tau × Archaic Greek letter Tau t IPA: /t/ Derived from Phoenician letter Tāw (𐤕). Numerical value: 300	Archaic Greek letter U × Archaic Greek letter U u IPA: /u/, /uː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Wāw (𐤅). Numerical value: 6

Specific regional alphabets

	Alpha	Beta	Gamma	Delta	Ei	Wau	Zeta	Heta	Eta	Theta	Iota	Kappa	Lamda	Mu	Nu	Xi	Ou	Pi	San	Qoppa	Rho	Sigma	Tau	U	Phi	Chi	Psi	Ō
Crete
Thera and Kyrene
Melos, Sikinos, and Anaphe

Ancestor of the Latin script.
Distributed in Central mainland Greece (Thessaly, Boeotia and most of the Peloponnese), Euboea, and respective colonies (mostly in Italy).

Also generally lacks Xi (Ξ), but generally utilises Phi (Φ), Psi (Ψ), and Chi (Χ).

General summary

Archaic Greek letter Alpha × Archaic Greek letter Alpha a IPA: /a/, /aː/ Derived from Phoenician letter ʾālep (𐤀). Numerical value: 1	Archaic Greek letter Beta × Archaic Greek letter Beta b IPA: /b/ Derived from Phoenician letter Bēt (𐤁). Numerical value: 2	Archaic Greek letter Gamma × Archaic Greek letter Gamma g IPA: /ɡ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Gīml (𐤂). Numerical value: 3	Archaic Greek letter Delta × Archaic Greek letter Delta d IPA: /d/ Derived from Phoenician letter Dālet (𐤃). Numerical value: 4	Archaic Greek letter Ei × Archaic Greek letter Ei e IPA: /e/, /eː/ Derived from Phoenician letter He (𐤄). Numerical value: 5
Archaic Greek letter Wau × Archaic Greek letter Wau w IPA: /w/ Derived from Phoenician letter Wāw (𐤅). Numerical value: 6	Archaic Greek letter Zeta × Archaic Greek letter Zeta z IPA: [zd](?) Derived from Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆). Numerical value: 7	Archaic Greek letter Eta × Archaic Greek letter Eta h IPA: /h/, /ɛː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Hēt (𐤇). Numerical value: 8	Archaic Greek letter Theta × Archaic Greek letter Theta th IPA: /tʰ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṭēt (𐤈). Numerical value: 9	Archaic Greek letter Iota × Archaic Greek letter Iota i IPA: /i/, /iː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Yod (𐤉). Numerical value: 10
Archaic Greek letter Kappa × Archaic Greek letter Kappa k IPA: /k/ Derived from Phoenician letter Kāp (𐤊). Numerical value: 20	Archaic Greek letter Lambda × Archaic Greek letter Lambda l IPA: /l/ Derived from Phoenician letter Lāmed (𐤋). Numerical value: 30	Archaic Greek letter Mu × Archaic Greek letter Mu m IPA: /m/ Derived from Phoenician letter Mēm (𐤌). Numerical value: 40	Archaic Greek letter Nu × Archaic Greek letter Nu n IPA: /n/ Derived from Phoenician letter Nūn (𐤍). Numerical value: 50
Archaic Greek letter Ou × Archaic Greek letter Ou o IPA: /o/, /oː/ Derived from Phoenician letter ʿayin (𐤏). Numerical value: 70	Archaic Greek letter Pi × Archaic Greek letter Pi p IPA: /p/ Derived from Phoenician letter Pē (𐤐). Numerical value: 80	Archaic Greek letter San × Archaic Greek letter San s IPA: /s/ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṩādē (𐤑).	Archaic Greek letter Koppa × Archaic Greek letter Koppa k IPA: /k/ Derived from Phoenician letter Qōp (𐤒). Numerical value: 90	Archaic Greek letter Rho × Archaic Greek letter Rho r IPA: /r/ Derived from Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh (𐤓). Numerical value: 100
Archaic Greek letter Sigma × Archaic Greek letter Sigma s IPA: /s/ Derived from Phoenician letter Šīn (𐤔). Numerical value: 200	Archaic Greek letter Tau × Archaic Greek letter Tau t IPA: /t/ Derived from Phoenician letter Tāw (𐤕). Numerical value: 300	Archaic Greek letter U × Archaic Greek letter U u IPA: /u/, /uː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Wāw (𐤅). Numerical value: 400	Archaic Greek letter Xi × Archaic Greek letter Xi ks IPA: /ks/ Derived from Phoenician letter Śāmek (𐤎). Numerical value: 60	Archaic Greek letter Phi × Archaic Greek letter Phi ph IPA: /pʰ/ Likely derived from Phoenician letter Qōp (𐤒). Numerical value: 500
Archaic Greek letter Chi × Archaic Greek letter Chi kh IPA: /kʰ/ Numerical value: 600

Specific regional alphabets

	Alpha	Beta	Gamma	Delta	Ei	Wau	Zeta	Heta	Eta	Theta	Iota	Kappa	Lamda	Mu	Nu	Xi	Ou	Pi	San	Qoppa	Rho	Sigma	Tau	U	Phi	Chi	Psi	Ō
Euboea
Boeotia
Thessaly
Phocis
Lokris and colonies
Lakonia, Messenia, and Taras
Arcadia
Elis
Achaea and colonies
Ithaca and Cephalonia
Euboean western colonies

Distributed in Athens (before 403 BCE) and several Aegean islands.

Also lacks Xi (Ξ), but utilises Phi (Φ) and Chi (Χ).

General summary

Archaic Greek letter Alpha × Archaic Greek letter Alpha a IPA: /a/, /aː/ Derived from Phoenician letter ʾālep (𐤀). Numerical value: 1	Archaic Greek letter Beta × Archaic Greek letter Beta b IPA: /b/ Derived from Phoenician letter Bēt (𐤁). Numerical value: 2	Archaic Greek letter Gamma × Archaic Greek letter Gamma g IPA: /ɡ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Gīml (𐤂). Numerical value: 3	Archaic Greek letter Delta × Archaic Greek letter Delta d IPA: /d/ Derived from Phoenician letter Dālet (𐤃). Numerical value: 4	Archaic Greek letter Ei × Archaic Greek letter Ei e IPA: /e/, /eː/ Derived from Phoenician letter He (𐤄). Numerical value: 5
Archaic Greek letter Wau × Archaic Greek letter Wau w IPA: /w/ Derived from Phoenician letter Wāw (𐤅). Numerical value: 6	Archaic Greek letter Zeta × Archaic Greek letter Zeta z IPA: [zd](?) Derived from Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆). Numerical value: 7	Archaic Greek letter Eta × Archaic Greek letter Eta h IPA: /h/, /ɛː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Hēt (𐤇). Numerical value: 8	Archaic Greek letter Theta × Archaic Greek letter Theta th IPA: /tʰ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṭēt (𐤈). Numerical value: 9	Archaic Greek letter Iota × Archaic Greek letter Iota i IPA: /i/, /iː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Yod (𐤉). Numerical value: 10
Archaic Greek letter Kappa × Archaic Greek letter Kappa k IPA: /k/ Derived from Phoenician letter Kāp (𐤊). Numerical value: 20	Archaic Greek letter Lambda × Archaic Greek letter Lambda l IPA: /l/ Derived from Phoenician letter Lāmed (𐤋). Numerical value: 30	Archaic Greek letter Mu × Archaic Greek letter Mu m IPA: /m/ Derived from Phoenician letter Mēm (𐤌). Numerical value: 40	Archaic Greek letter Nu × Archaic Greek letter Nu n IPA: /n/ Derived from Phoenician letter Nūn (𐤍). Numerical value: 50
Archaic Greek letter Ou × Archaic Greek letter Ou o IPA: /o/, /oː/ Derived from Phoenician letter ʿayin (𐤏). Numerical value: 70	Archaic Greek letter Pi × Archaic Greek letter Pi p IPA: /p/ Derived from Phoenician letter Pē (𐤐). Numerical value: 80	Archaic Greek letter San × Archaic Greek letter San s IPA: /s/ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṩādē (𐤑).	Archaic Greek letter Koppa × Archaic Greek letter Koppa k IPA: /k/ Derived from Phoenician letter Qōp (𐤒). Numerical value: 90	Archaic Greek letter Rho × Archaic Greek letter Rho r IPA: /r/ Derived from Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh (𐤓). Numerical value: 100
Archaic Greek letter Sigma × Archaic Greek letter Sigma s IPA: /s/ Derived from Phoenician letter Šīn (𐤔). Numerical value: 200	Archaic Greek letter Tau × Archaic Greek letter Tau t IPA: /t/ Derived from Phoenician letter Tāw (𐤕). Numerical value: 300	Archaic Greek letter U × Archaic Greek letter U u IPA: /u/, /uː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Wāw (𐤅). Numerical value: 400		Archaic Greek letter Phi × Archaic Greek letter Phi ph IPA: /pʰ/ Likely derived from Phoenician letter Qōp (𐤒). Numerical value: 500
Archaic Greek letter Chi × Archaic Greek letter Chi kh IPA: /kʰ/ Numerical value: 600

Specific regional alphabets

	Alpha	Beta	Gamma	Delta	Ei	Wau	Zeta	Heta	Eta	Theta	Iota	Kappa	Lamda	Mu	Nu	Xi	Ou	Pi	San	Qoppa	Rho	Sigma	Tau	U	Phi	Chi	Psi	Ō
Attica and Sigeion
Aegina and Kydonia
Naxos (Sicily) and Amorgos
Paros and Thasos

Evolved into Greco-Iberian and Modern Greek scripts.
Distributed in Athens (after 403 BCE), Ionian dodecapolis, Knidos in Asia Minor, Corinth, and Argos on the northeastern Peloponnese.

Utilises Xi (Ξ), Phi (Φ), Psi (Ψ), and Chi (Χ).
Ō (Ω) was invented in Ionia by breaking up the circle of Ou (Ο).
Sampi (ͳ) was used in Ionia to represent SS (ΣΣ) and TT (ΤΤ).

General summary

Archaic Greek letter Alpha × Archaic Greek letter Alpha a IPA: /a/, /aː/ Derived from Phoenician letter ʾālep (𐤀). Numerical value: 1	Archaic Greek letter Beta × Archaic Greek letter Beta b IPA: /b/ Derived from Phoenician letter Bēt (𐤁). Numerical value: 2	Archaic Greek letter Gamma × Archaic Greek letter Gamma g IPA: /ɡ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Gīml (𐤂). Numerical value: 3	Archaic Greek letter Delta × Archaic Greek letter Delta d IPA: /d/ Derived from Phoenician letter Dālet (𐤃). Numerical value: 4	Archaic Greek letter Ei × Archaic Greek letter Ei e IPA: /e/, /eː/ Derived from Phoenician letter He (𐤄). Numerical value: 5
	Archaic Greek letter Zeta × Archaic Greek letter Zeta z IPA: [zd](?) Derived from Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆). Numerical value: 7	Archaic Greek letter Eta × Archaic Greek letter Eta h IPA: /h/, /ɛː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Hēt (𐤇). Numerical value: 8	Archaic Greek letter Theta × Archaic Greek letter Theta th IPA: /tʰ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṭēt (𐤈). Numerical value: 9	Archaic Greek letter Iota × Archaic Greek letter Iota i IPA: /i/, /iː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Yod (𐤉). Numerical value: 10
Archaic Greek letter Kappa × Archaic Greek letter Kappa k IPA: /k/ Derived from Phoenician letter Kāp (𐤊). Numerical value: 20	Archaic Greek letter Lambda × Archaic Greek letter Lambda l IPA: /l/ Derived from Phoenician letter Lāmed (𐤋). Numerical value: 30	Archaic Greek letter Mu × Archaic Greek letter Mu m IPA: /m/ Derived from Phoenician letter Mēm (𐤌). Numerical value: 40	Archaic Greek letter Nu × Archaic Greek letter Nu n IPA: /n/ Derived from Phoenician letter Nūn (𐤍). Numerical value: 50	Archaic Greek letter Xi × Archaic Greek letter Xi ks IPA: /ks/ Derived from Phoenician letter Śāmek (𐤎). Numerical value: 60
Archaic Greek letter Ou × Archaic Greek letter Ou o IPA: /o/, /oː/ Derived from Phoenician letter ʿayin (𐤏). Numerical value: 70	Archaic Greek letter Pi × Archaic Greek letter Pi p IPA: /p/ Derived from Phoenician letter Pē (𐤐). Numerical value: 80			Archaic Greek letter Rho × Archaic Greek letter Rho r IPA: /r/ Derived from Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh (𐤓). Numerical value: 100
Archaic Greek letter Sigma × Archaic Greek letter Sigma s IPA: /s/ Derived from Phoenician letter Šīn (𐤔). Numerical value: 200	Archaic Greek letter Tau × Archaic Greek letter Tau t IPA: /t/ Derived from Phoenician letter Tāw (𐤕). Numerical value: 300	Archaic Greek letter U × Archaic Greek letter U u IPA: /u/, /uː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Wāw (𐤅). Numerical value: 400		Archaic Greek letter Phi × Archaic Greek letter Phi ph IPA: /pʰ/ Likely derived from Phoenician letter Qōp (𐤒). Numerical value: 500
Archaic Greek letter Chi × Archaic Greek letter Chi kh IPA: /kʰ/ Numerical value: 600	Archaic Greek letter Psi × Archaic Greek letter Psi ps IPA: /ps/ Numerical value: 700	Archaic Greek letter Ō × Archaic Greek letter Ō o IPA: /ɔː/ Derived from Archaic Greek letter Ou. Numerical value: 800	Archaic Greek letter Sampi × Archaic Greek letter Sampi ss or ts IPA: /ss/ or /ts/ Numerical value: 900

Specific regional alphabets

	Alpha	Beta	Gamma	Delta	Ei	Wau	Zeta	Heta	Eta	Theta	Iota	Kappa	Lamda	Mu	Nu	Xi	Ou	Pi	San	Qoppa	Rho	Sigma	Tau	U	Phi	Chi	Psi	Ō
Corinth and Korkyra
Megara and Byzantion
Sikyon
Philius, Cheonae, and Tiryns
Argos and Mycenae
Eastern Argolis
Aetolia and Epirus
Syracuse and colonies
Megara Hyblaea and Selinous
Delos, Keos, and Syros
Ionian Dodekapolis and colonies
Rhodes, Gela, and Akragas
Knidos
Aiolis

In 403-402 BCE, the Euclidean reform was passed for Athens to officially abandon the Attic alphabet and adopt the Ionic alphabet.

The Ionic alphabet was then spread in use throughout Greece, including the Macedonian court, and subsequently the Hellenic world,

Writing Script

Head of ox

House plan

Throw stick

Nile tilapia

Man with arms raised

Pear shaped mace

Two diagonal strokes

Plan of rectangular enclosure

Heart and trachea

Arm with downward facing palm

Hand

Crook

Water ripple

Cobra

Reed column

Eye

Wick

Mouth

Rush with shoots

Cord on stick

Head

Bow

Basket of fruit or grain

Crossed sticks

Egyptian Hieroglyphs

Logography
            
32 c. BCE - 4 c. CE

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M39

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9

Phoenician (Parent)

Abjad
                
12 c. BCE - 135 BCE

Phoenician letter ʾālep

Phoenician letter Bēt

Phoenician letter Gīml

Phoenician letter Dālet

Phoenician letter He

Phoenician letter Wāw

Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin

Phoenician letter Hēt

Phoenician letter Ṭēt

Phoenician letter Yod

Phoenician letter Kāp

Phoenician letter Lāmed

Phoenician letter Mēm

Phoenician letter Nūn

Phoenician letter Śāmek

Phoenician letter ʿayin

Phoenician letter Pē

Phoenician letter Ṩādē

Phoenician letter Qōp

Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh

Phoenician letter Šīn

Phoenician letter Tāw

Paleo-Hebrew (Sibling)

Abjad
                
10 c. BCE - 135 CE

Paleo-Hebrew letter ʾālep

Paleo-Hebrew letter Bēt

Paleo-Hebrew letter Gīml

Paleo-Hebrew letter Dālet

Paleo-Hebrew letter He

Paleo-Hebrew letter Wāw

Paleo-Hebrew letter Zajin/Zayin

Paleo-Hebrew letter Hēt

Paleo-Hebrew letter Ṭēt

Paleo-Hebrew letter Yod

Paleo-Hebrew letter Kāp

Paleo-Hebrew letter Lāmed

Paleo-Hebrew letter Mēm

Paleo-Hebrew letter Nūn

Paleo-Hebrew letter Śāmek

Paleo-Hebrew letter ʿayin

Paleo-Hebrew letter Pē

Paleo-Hebrew letter Ṩādē

Paleo-Hebrew letter Qōp

Paleo-Hebrew letter Rēs/Resh

Paleo-Hebrew letter Šīn

Paleo-Hebrew letter Tāw

Imperial Aramaic (Sibling)

Abjad
            
8 c. BCE - 7 c. CE

Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph

Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth

Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal

Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath

Imperial Aramaic letter Hē

Imperial Aramaic letter Waw

Imperial Aramaic letter Zain

Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth

Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth

Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh

Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph

Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh

Imperial Aramaic letter Mem

Imperial Aramaic letter Nun

Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath

Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin

Imperial Aramaic letter Pē

Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē

Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph

Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš

Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn

Imperial Aramaic letter Taw

Phrygian (Sibling)


Alphabet
            
8 c. BCE - 330 BCE

Phrygian letter A

Phrygian letter B (variant 1)

Phrygian letter B (variant 2)

Phrygian letter G

Phrygian letter D (variant 1)

Phrygian letter D (variant 2)

Phrygian letter E (variant 1)

Phrygian letter E (variant 2)

Phrygian letter V

Phrygian letter U

Phrygian letter Z (variant 1)

Phrygian letter Z (variant 2)

Phrygian letter Z (variant 3)

Phrygian letter Z (variant 4)

Phrygian letter I

Phrygian letter Y (variant 1)

Phrygian letter Y (variant 2)

Phrygian letter K (variant 1)

Phrygian letter K (variant 2)

Phrygian letter K (variant 3)

Phrygian letter K (variant 4)

Phrygian letter K (variant 5)

Phrygian letter L

Phrygian letter M

Phrygian letter N

Phrygian letter O

Phrygian letter P

Phrygian letter R

Phrygian letter S (variant 1)

Phrygian letter S (variant 2)

Phrygian letter S (variant 3)

Phrygian letter S (variant 4)

Phrygian letter T

Proto-Rovash (Sibling)


Alphabet
            
7/6 c. BCE - 11/12 c. CE

Proto-Rovash letter Forked A

Proto-Rovash letter Forked E

Proto-Rovash letter Diagonal E

Proto-Rovash letter Sharp D

Proto-Rovash letter Open V

Proto-Rovash letter Forked O (variant 1)

Proto-Rovash letter Forked O (variant 2)

Proto-Rovash letter Forked Sz

Proto-Rovash letter Angled Ch

Proto-Rovash letter Gh

Proto-Rovash letter Arched Ch

Proto-Rovash letter Open T

Proto-Rovash letter Central T

Proto-Rovash letter Sharp T

Proto-Rovash letter Closed T

Proto-Rovash letter Angled I

Proto-Rovash letter Arched I

Proto-Rovash letter Closed J

Proto-Rovash letter Circle-ended I

Proto-Rovash letter Simple L

Proto-Rovash letter Open M

Proto-Rovash letter Round M

Proto-Rovash letter Forked N

Proto-Rovash letter N

Proto-Rovash letter Circle-ended Sh

Proto-Rovash letter Cs

Proto-Rovash letter Closed Q

Proto-Rovash letter Arched K

Proto-Rovash letter Sharp R

Proto-Rovash letter Arched R

Proto-Rovash letter Zs

Proto-Rovash letter Arched D

Proto-Rovash letter Central F

Sidetic (Sibling)

Alphabet
?5 c. - ?3 c. BCE

Sidetic letter U

Sidetic letter Θ (variant 1)

Sidetic letter Θ (variant 2)

Sidetic letter I (variant 1)

Sidetic letter I (variant 2)

Sidetic letter O (variant 1)

Sidetic letter O (variant 2)

Sidetic letter P

Sidetic letter S (variant 1)

Sidetic letter S (variant 2)

Neo-Punic (Sibling)

Abjad
?4 c. BCE - ???

Neo-Punic letter ʾālep

Neo-Punic letter Bēt

Neo-Punic letter Gīml

Neo-Punic letter Dālet

Neo-Punic letter He

Neo-Punic letter Wāw

Neo-Punic letter Zajin/Zayin

Neo-Punic letter Hēt

Neo-Punic letter Ṭēt

Neo-Punic letter Yod

Neo-Punic letter Kāp

Neo-Punic letter Lāmed

Neo-Punic letter Mēm

Neo-Punic letter Nūn

Neo-Punic letter Śāmek

Neo-Punic letter ʿayin

Neo-Punic letter Pē

Neo-Punic letter Ṩādē

Neo-Punic letter Qōp

Neo-Punic letter Rēs/Resh

Neo-Punic letter Šīn

Neo-Punic letter Tāw

Libyco-Berber (Sibling)

Abjad
2 c. BCE - 7 c. CE

Libyco-Berber letter B

Libyco-Berber letter G (horizontal variant)

Libyco-Berber letter G (vertical variant)

Libyco-Berber letter D (horizontal variant)

Libyco-Berber letter D (vertical variant)

Libyco-Berber letter U (horizontal variant)

Libyco-Berber letter U (vertical variant)

Libyco-Berber letter Ż (horizontal variant)

Libyco-Berber letter Ẓ (horizontal variant)

Libyco-Berber letter Ẓ (vertical variant)

Libyco-Berber letter Z

Libyco-Berber letter H

Libyco-Berber letter H (vertical variant)

Libyco-Berber letter Ṭ (horizontal variant)

Libyco-Berber letter Ṭ (vertical variant)

Libyco-Berber letter I (horizontal variant)

Libyco-Berber letter I (vertical variant)

Libyco-Berber letter K (horizontal variant)

Libyco-Berber letter K (vertical variant)

Libyco-Berber letter L (horizontal variant)

Libyco-Berber letter L (vertical variant)

Libyco-Berber letter M (horizontal variant)

Libyco-Berber letter M (vertical variant)

Libyco-Berber letter N

Libyco-Berber letter S

Libyco-Berber letter F (horizontal variant)

Libyco-Berber letter F (vertical variant)

Libyco-Berber letter Ç (horizontal variant)

Libyco-Berber letter Ç (vertical variant)

Libyco-Berber letter Q (horizontal variant)

Libyco-Berber letter R

Libyco-Berber letter Š (horizontal variant)

Libyco-Berber letter Š (vertical variant)

Libyco-Berber letter T

Libyco-Berber letter T₁ (horizontal variant)

Archaic Greek

Alphabet
            
8 c. BCE - 4 c. BCE

Archaic Greek letter Alpha

Archaic Greek letter Beta

Archaic Greek letter Gamma

Archaic Greek letter Delta

Archaic Greek letter Ei

Archaic Greek letter Wau

Archaic Greek letter U

Archaic Greek letter Zeta

Archaic Greek letter Eta (eastern variant)

Archaic Greek letter Eta (southern/western variant)

Archaic Greek letter Theta

Archaic Greek letter Iota

Archaic Greek letter Kappa

Archaic Greek letter Lambda

Archaic Greek letter Mu

Archaic Greek letter Nu

Archaic Greek letter Xi (eastern variant)

Archaic Greek letter Ou

Archaic Greek letter Pi

Archaic Greek letter San

Archaic Greek letter Koppa

Archaic Greek letter Rho

Archaic Greek letter Sigma

Archaic Greek letter Tau

Archaic Greek letter Phi

Archaic Greek letter Chi (western variant)

Archaic Greek letter Chi (eastern variant)

Archaic Greek letter Sampi

Archaic Greek letter Psi

Archaic Greek letter Ō

Lydian (child)

Alphabet
7 c. BCE - 3 c. BCE

Lydian letter A

Lydian letter B

Lydian letter G

Lydian letter D

Lydian letter E

Lydian letter V

Lydian letter U

Lydian letter I

Lydian letter K

Lydian letter L

Lydian letter M

Lydian letter N

Lydian letter O

Lydian letter An

Lydian letter R

Lydian letter SS

Lydian letter T

Carian (Child)

Alphabet
7 c. BCE - 1 c. BCE

Carian letter A

Carian letter P

Carian letter D

Carian letter I

Carian letter Y

Carian letter U

Carian letter E

Carian letter L

Carian letter M

Carian letter N

Carian letter O

Carian letter B

Carian letter Sam

Carian letter Koppa

Carian letter R

Carian letter T

Carian letter K

Etruscan (Child)

Alphabet
650 BCE - 1 c. BCE

Old Italic letter A

Archaic Etruscan letter A

Neo-Etruscan letter A

Old Italic letter Be

Archaic Etruscan letter Be

Old Italic letter Ke

Archaic Etruscan letter Ke

Neo-Etruscan letter Ke

Old Italic letter De

Archaic Etruscan letter De

Old Italic letter E

Archaic Etruscan letter E

Neo-Etruscan letter E

Old Italic letter Ve

Archaic Etruscan letter Ve

Neo-Etruscan letter Ve

Old Italic letter U

Archaic Etruscan letter U

Neo-Etruscan letter U

Old Italic letter Ze

Archaic Etruscan letter Ze

Neo-Etruscan letter Ze

Old Italic letter He

Archaic Etruscan letter He

Neo-Etruscan letter He

Old Italic letter The

Archaic Etruscan letter The

Neo-Etruscan letter The

Old Italic letter I

Archaic Etruscan letter I

Neo-Etruscan letter I

Old Italic letter Ka

Archaic Etruscan letter Ka

Old Italic letter El

Archaic Etruscan letter El

Neo-Etruscan letter El

Old Italic letter Em

Archaic Etruscan letter Em

Neo-Etruscan letter Em

Old Italic letter En

Archaic Etruscan letter En

Neo-Etruscan letter En

Old Italic letter s᫈

Archaic Etruscan letter s᫈

Old Italic letter O

Archaic Etruscan letter O

Old Italic letter P

Archaic Etruscan letter P

Neo-Etruscan letter P

Old Italic letter She

Archaic Etruscan letter She

Neo-Etruscan letter She

Old Italic letter Ku

Archaic Etruscan letter Ku

Old Italic letter Er

Archaic Etruscan letter Er

Neo-Etruscan letter Er

Old Italic letter Es

Archaic Etruscan letter Es

Neo-Etruscan letter Es

Old Italic letter Te

Archaic Etruscan letter Te

Neo-Etruscan letter Te

Old Italic letter Phe

Archaic Etruscan letter Phe

Neo-Etruscan letter Phe

Old Italic letter Eks

Archaic Etruscan letter Eks

Old Italic letter Khe

Archaic Etruscan letter Khe

Neo-Etruscan letter Khe

Messapic (Child)

Alphabet
6 c. BCE - ???

Messapic letter Alpha

Messapic letter Beta

Messapic letter Gamma

Messapic letter Delta

Messapic letter Epsilon

Messapic letter Digamma

Messapic letter Zeta

Messapic letter Eta

Messapic letter Heta

Messapic letter Ṭheta

Messapic letter Iota

Messapic letter Kappa

Messapic letter Lambda

Messapic letter Mu

Messapic letter Nu

Messapic letter Xi

Messapic letter Omicron

Messapic letter Pi

Messapic letter Koppa

Messapic letter Rho

Messapic letter Sigma

Messapic letter Tau

Messapic letter Chi

Lycian (Child)

Alphabet
5 c. BCE - 330 BCE

Lycian letter A

Lycian letter B

Lycian letter G

Lycian letter D

Lycian letter I

Lycian letter W

Lycian letter Z

Lycian letter H

Lycian letter Th

Lycian letter J

Lycian letter K

Lycian letter L

Lycian letter M

Lycian letter N

Lycian letter U

Lycian letter P

Lycian letter R

Lycian letter S

Lycian letter T

Greco-Iberian (Child)

Alphabet
5 c. BCE - ???

Greco-Iberian letter Alpha

Greco-Iberian letter Beta

Greco-Iberian letter Gamma

Greco-Iberian letter Delta

Greco-Iberian letter Upsilon

Greco-Iberian letter Eta

Greco-Iberian letter Iota

Greco-Iberian letter Kappa

Greco-Iberian letter Lambda

Greco-Iberian letter Nu

Greco-Iberian letter Omicron

Greco-Iberian letter Rho

Greco-Iberian letter Sigma

Greco-Iberian letter Tau

Greco-Iberian letter Sampi

Classical Greek (Child)

Alphabet
5 c. BCE - 4 c. BCE

Archaic Greek

Languages2

Places2

Epichoric alphabets1-3

General summary

Archaic Greek letter Alpha

Archaic Greek letter Beta

Archaic Greek letter Gamma

Archaic Greek letter Delta

Archaic Greek letter Ei

Archaic Greek letter Wau

Archaic Greek letter Zeta

Archaic Greek letter Eta

Archaic Greek letter Theta

Archaic Greek letter Iota

Archaic Greek letter Kappa

Archaic Greek letter Lambda

Archaic Greek letter Mu

Archaic Greek letter Nu

Archaic Greek letter Ou

Archaic Greek letter Pi

Archaic Greek letter San

Archaic Greek letter Koppa

Archaic Greek letter Rho

Archaic Greek letter Sigma

Archaic Greek letter Tau

Archaic Greek letter U

Specific regional alphabets

Crete

Thera and Kyrene

Melos, Sikinos, and Anaphe

General summary

Archaic Greek letter Alpha

Archaic Greek letter Beta

Archaic Greek letter Gamma

Archaic Greek letter Delta

Archaic Greek letter Ei

Archaic Greek letter Wau

Archaic Greek letter Zeta

Archaic Greek letter Eta

Archaic Greek letter Theta

Archaic Greek letter Iota

Archaic Greek letter Kappa

Archaic Greek letter Lambda

Archaic Greek letter Mu

Archaic Greek letter Nu

Archaic Greek letter Ou

Archaic Greek letter Pi

Archaic Greek letter San

Archaic Greek letter Koppa

Archaic Greek letter Rho

Archaic Greek letter Sigma

Archaic Greek letter Tau

Archaic Greek letter U

Archaic Greek letter Xi

Archaic Greek letter Phi

Archaic Greek letter Chi

Specific regional alphabets

Euboea

Boeotia

Thessaly

Phocis

Lokris and colonies

Lakonia, Messenia, and Taras

Arcadia

Elis

Achaea and colonies

Ithaca and Cephalonia

Euboean western colonies

General summary

Archaic Greek letter Alpha

Archaic Greek letter Beta

Archaic Greek letter Gamma

Archaic Greek letter Delta

Archaic Greek letter Ei

Archaic Greek letter Wau

Archaic Greek letter Zeta

Archaic Greek letter Eta

Archaic Greek letter Theta

Archaic Greek letter Iota

Languages²

Places²

Epichoric alphabets^1-3

Thera
and Kyrene

Melos, Sikinos,
and Anaphe

Lokris
and colonies

Lakonia, Messenia,
and Taras

Achaea
and colonies

Ithaca
and Cephalonia

Euboean western
colonies