maˈtʼuww

Writing Scripts Descended from Egyptian Hieroglyphs

× About

☰

Old Nubian

ⲛⲟⲩⲃⲓⲛ

Alphabet¹
8 c. CE - Present²

Left-to-right¹

Old_Nubian

Languages^3,4

Old Nubian and Nobiin

Places^{citation needed}

Southern Egypt and Northern Sudan

Abecedary⁵

Old Nubian letter Alpha × Old Nubian letter Alpha ⲁ ⲁⲗⲫⲁ a IPA: /a, aː/ Derived from Coptic letter Alpha (minuscule) (ⲁ).	Old Nubian letter Beta × Old Nubian letter Beta ⲃ ⲃⲏⲧⲁ b IPA: /b/ Derived from Coptic letter Beta (minuscule) (ⲃ).	Old Nubian letter Gamma × Old Nubian letter Gamma ⲅ ⲅⲁⲙⲙⲁ g IPA: /ɡ/ Derived from Coptic letter Gamma (minuscule) (ⲅ).	Old Nubian letter Delta × Old Nubian letter Delta ⲇ ⲇⲉⲗⲧⲁ d IPA: /d/ Derived from Coptic letter Delta (minuscule) (ⲇ).	Old Nubian letter Eey × Old Nubian letter Eey ⲉ ⲉⲓ e IPA: /e, eː/ Derived from Coptic letter Eey (minuscule) (ⲉ).
Old Nubian letter Soou × Old Nubian letter Soou ⲋ ⲥⲟⲟⲩ Derived from Coptic letter Soou (minuscule) (ⲋ).	Old Nubian letter Zeta × Old Nubian letter Zeta ⲍ ⲍⲏⲧⲁ z IPA: /z/ Derived from Coptic letter Zeta (minuscule) (ⲍ).	Old Nubian letter Eta × Old Nubian letter Eta ⲏ ⲏⲧⲁ ē IPA: /i, iː/ Derived from Coptic letter Eta (minuscule) (ⲏ).	Old Nubian letter Theta × Old Nubian letter Theta ⲑ ⲑⲏⲧⲁ th IPA: /t/ Derived from Coptic letter Theta (minuscule) (ⲑ).	Old Nubian letter Iota × Old Nubian letter Iota ⲓ ⲓⲟⲧⲁ i IPA: /i/ Derived from Coptic letter Iota (minuscule) (ⲓ).
Old Nubian letter Kappa × Old Nubian letter Kappa ⲕ ⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁ k IPA: /k/, /ɡ/ Derived from Coptic letter Kappa (minuscule) (ⲕ).	Old Nubian letter Lola × Old Nubian letter Lola ⲗ ⲗⲟⲗⲁ l IPA: /l/ Derived from Coptic letter Lola (minuscule) (ⲗ).	Old Nubian letter Mey × Old Nubian letter Mey ⲙ ⲙⲉⲓ m IPA: /m/ Derived from Coptic letter Mey (minuscule) (ⲙ).	Old Nubian letter Ney × Old Nubian letter Ney ⲛ ⲛⲉⲓ n IPA: /n/ Derived from Coptic letter Ney (minuscule) (ⲛ).	Old Nubian letter Exi × Old Nubian letter Exi ⲝ ⲉⲝⲓ x IPA: /ks/ Derived from Coptic letter Exi (minuscule) (ⲝ).
Old Nubian letter O × Old Nubian letter O ⲟ ⲟ o IPA: /o/, /oː/ Derived from Coptic letter O (minuscule) (ⲟ).	Old Nubian letter Pi × Old Nubian letter Pi ⲡ ⲡⲓ p IPA: /p/ Derived from Coptic letter Pi (minuscule) (ⲡ).	Old Nubian letter Roo × Old Nubian letter Roo ⲣ ⲣⲟ r IPA: /ɾ/ Derived from Coptic letter Roo (minuscule) (ⲣ).	Old Nubian letter Seema × Old Nubian letter Seema ⲥ ⲥⲓⲙⲁ s IPA: /s/ Derived from Coptic letter Seema (minuscule) (ⲥ).	Old Nubian letter Tau × Old Nubian letter Tau ⲧ ⲧⲁⲩ t IPA: /t/ Derived from Coptic letter Tau (minuscule) (ⲧ).
Old Nubian letter Upsilon × Old Nubian letter Upsilon ⲩ ⲩⲡⲥⲓⲗⲟⲛ u IPA: /i/, /u/ Derived from Coptic letter Upsilon (minuscule) (ⲩ).	Old Nubian letter Phi × Old Nubian letter Phi ⲫ ⲫⲓ ph IPA: /f/ Derived from Coptic letter Phi (minuscule) (ⲫ).	Old Nubian letter Chi × Old Nubian letter Chi ⲭ ⲭⲓ kh IPA: /x/ Derived from Coptic letter Chi (minuscule) (ⲭ).	Old Nubian letter Epsi × Old Nubian letter Epsi ⲯ ⲉⲯⲓ ps IPA: /ps/ Derived from Coptic letter Epsi (minuscule) (ⲯ).	Old Nubian letter Oou × Old Nubian letter Oou ⲱ ⲱⲩ ō IPA: /o/, /oː/ Derived from Coptic letter Oou (minuscule) (ⲱ).
Old Nubian letter Shai × Old Nubian letter Shai ϣ ϣⲁⲓ š IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Coptic letter Shai (minuscule) (ϣ).	Old Nubian letter Hori × Old Nubian letter Hori Ϩ Ϩⲟⲣⲓ h IPA: /h/ Derived from Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) (Ϩ).	Old Nubian letter Shima × Old Nubian letter Shima ⳝ ⳝⲓⲙⲁ j IPA: /ɟ/ Derived from Coptic letter Shima (minuscule) (ϭ).	Old Nubian letter Ngi × Old Nubian letter Ngi ⳟ ⳟⲓ ŋ IPA: /ŋ/ Derived from Meroitic cursive letter Kha (𐦭).	Old Nubian letter Nyi × Old Nubian letter Nyi ⳡ ⳡⲓ ñ IPA: /ɲ/ Derived from Meroitic cursive letter Na (𐦩).
Old Nubian letter Wau × Old Nubian letter Wau ⳣ ⳣⲁⳣ w IPA: /w/ Derived from Meroitic cursive letter Wa (𐦥).

Epigraphy⁶

OC_Epi01

OC_Epi02

Fragment of an Old Nubian literary text written on parchment in ink. Excavated in Qasr Ibrim, Egypt. (Undated)
(English description - here)

Script comparison^5,7-9

Writing Script		Head of ox		House plan		Throw stick		Nile tilapia			Man with arms raised				Pear shaped mace				Two diagonal strokes	Plan of rectangular enclosure		Heart and trachea		Arm with downward facing palm		Hand	Crook	Water ripple	Cobra	Reed column		Eye	Wick	Mouth	Rush with shoots			Cord on stick	Head	Bow				Basket of fruit or grain		Crossed sticks
Egyptian Hieroglyphs	Logography 32 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 𓃾 Head of Ox Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ka		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 𓉐 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 𓌙 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 𓆛 Bulti fish Phonogram in for: int “bulti”			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 𓀠 Man with arms raised Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 𓌉 Pear shaped mace Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 𓏭 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6 𓉗 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 𓄤 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 𓂣 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 𓂧 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 𓋿 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 𓈖 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 𓆓 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 𓊽 Reed column Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/ Conventional Anglicisation: djed		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 𓁹 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28 𓎛 Wick Phonogram ḥ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 𓂋 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 𓇑 Rush with roots Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 𓎗 Cord on stick Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wedj	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 𓁶 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a 𓌓 Bow Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M39 𓇨 Basket of fruit or grain Determinative for: rnpt “vegetables”		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 𓏴 Crossed sticks Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”					Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M8 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M8 𓆷 Pool with lilies Phonogram šꜣ for: šꜣ “marsh” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ʃɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: sha Ideogram for: ꜣḫt “Inundation” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑxɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: akhet	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I9 𓆑 Horned viper Phonogram f Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /f/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /f/ Determinative in: it “father”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M12 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M12 𓆼 Lily plant Phonogram ḫꜣ, for: ḫꜣ “1,000” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /χaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /xɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: kha	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F18 & Y1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F18 𓄑 Tusk of elephant Phonogram bḥ or ḥw Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth” Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Y1 𓏛 Papyrus scroll Phonogram mḏꜣt Determinative and Ideogram for: ibḥ “tooth” Ideogram for: mḏꜣt “paypyrus roll, book” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛd͡ʒɑt/ Conventional Anglicisation: medjat Determinative for: rḫ “know” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛx/ Conventional Anglicisation: rekh	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. U29 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. U29 𓍒 Fire drill (Variation of Gardiner No. U28) Phonogram ḏꜣ for: ꜥnḫ.(w) (w)ḏꜣ snb “may he live, be prosperous, be healthy” Conventional Anglicisation: ankh wedja seneb	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V31 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V31 𓎡 Basket with handle Phonogram k Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /k/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /k/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D37 & X1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D37 𓂞 Arm holding conical loaf Phonogram dj for: rḏj “give” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈcʼiːjit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾV)ˈtʼiːjiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /(ɾə)ˈtʼiːʔəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼiːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /rɛd͡ʒi/ Conventional Anglicisation: redji Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. X1 𓏏 Small bread loaf Phonogram t Ideogram for: t “bread” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /t/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /t/
Meroitic Cursive (Parent)	Abugida 3 c. BCE - 6 c. CE	Meroitic cursive letter O × Meroitic cursive letter O 𐦣	Meroitic cursive letter Na × Meroitic cursive letter Na 𐦩	Meroitic cursive letter Ra × Meroitic cursive letter Ra 𐦫	Meroitic cursive letter Sa × Meroitic cursive letter Sa 𐦯	Meroitic cursive letter A × Meroitic cursive letter A 𐦠	Meroitic cursive letter E × Meroitic cursive letter E 𐦡	Meroitic cursive letter I × Meroitic cursive letter I 𐦢	Meroitic cursive letter Ya × Meroitic cursive letter Ya 𐦤	Meroitic cursive letter Wa × Meroitic cursive letter Wa 𐦥	Meroitic cursive letter Ba × Meroitic cursive letter Ba 𐦦		Meroitic cursive letter Pa × Meroitic cursive letter Pa 𐦧	Meroitic cursive letter Ma × Meroitic cursive letter Ma 𐦨	Meroitic cursive letter Ne × Meroitic cursive letter Ne 𐦪	Meroitic cursive letter La × Meroitic cursive letter La 𐦬	Meroitic cursive letter Kha × Meroitic cursive letter Kha 𐦭	Meroitic cursive letter Hha × Meroitic cursive letter Hha 𐦮	Meroitic hieroglyph letter Se × Meroitic cursive letter Se 𐦱	Meroitic cursive letter Ka × Meroitic cursive letter Ka 𐦲	Meroitic cursive letter Qa × Meroitic cursive letter Qa 𐦳	Meroitic cursive letter Ta × Meroitic cursive letter Ta 𐦴		Meroitic cursive letter Te × Meroitic cursive letter Te 𐦵		Meroitic cursive letter To × Meroitic cursive letter To 𐦶	Meroitic cursive letter Da × Meroitic cursive letter Da 𐦷
Coptic (Parent)	Alphabet 2 c. BCE - Present	Coptic letter Alpha (majuscule) × Coptic letter Alpha (majuscule) Ⲁ Ⲁⲗⲫⲁ a Sahidic pronunciation: /a/ Bohairic pronunciation: /a/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /æ/, /ɑ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ä/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Alpha (majuscule) (Α). Coptic letter Alpha (minuscule) × Coptic letter Alpha (minuscule) ⲁ Ⲁⲗⲫⲁ a Sahidic pronunciation: /a/ Bohairic pronunciation: /a/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /æ/, /ɑ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ä/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Alpha (majuscule) (Α).		Coptic letter Beta (majuscule) × Coptic letter Beta (majuscule) Ⲃ Ⲃⲏⲧⲁ b/v Sahidic pronunciation: /β/ Bohairic pronunciation: /β/ (final [b]) Late Coptic pronunciation: /w/ (final [b]) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /b/, (/v/ before a vowel [except in a name]) Derived from Modern Greek letter Beta (majuscule) (Β). Coptic letter Beta (minuscule) × Coptic letter Beta (minuscule) ⲃ Ⲃⲏⲧⲁ b/v Sahidic pronunciation: /β/ Bohairic pronunciation: /β/ (final [b]) Late Coptic pronunciation: /w/ (final [b]) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /b/, (/v/ before a vowel [except in a name]) Derived from Modern Greek letter Beta (majuscule) (Β).		Coptic letter Gamma (majuscule) × Coptic letter Gamma (majuscule) Ⲅ Ⲅⲁⲙⲙⲁ gh/ng Sahidic pronunciation: /k/ (marked Greek words) Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: /g/, ( /ɣ/ before Alpha, O or Oou Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ɣ/, /g/ (before /e̞/ or /i/), /ŋ/ (before /g/ or /k/) Derived from Modern Greek letter Gamma (majuscule) (Γ). Coptic letter Gamma (minuscule) × Coptic letter Gamma (minuscule) ⲅ Ⲅⲁⲙⲙⲁ gh/ng Sahidic pronunciation: /k/ (marked Greek words) Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: /g/, ( /ɣ/ before Alpha, O or Oou Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ɣ/, /g/ (before /e̞/ or /i/), /ŋ/ (before /g/ or /k/) Derived from Modern Greek letter Gamma (majuscule) (Γ).		Coptic letter Delta (majuscule) × Coptic letter Delta (majuscule) Ⲇ Ⲇⲉⲗⲧⲁ d Sahidic pronunciation: /t/ (marked Greek words) Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: /d/ (marked Greek words) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ð/, (/d/ in a name) Derived from Modern Greek letter Delta (majuscule) (Δ). Coptic letter Delta (minuscule) × Coptic letter Delta (minuscule) ⲇ Ⲇⲉⲗⲧⲁ d Sahidic pronunciation: /t/ (marked Greek words) Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: /d/ (marked Greek words) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ð/, (/d/ in a name) Derived from Modern Greek letter Delta (majuscule) (Δ).			Coptic letter Eey (majuscule) × Coptic letter Eey (majuscule) Ⲉ Ⲉⲓ ə Sahidic pronunciation: /ɛ/, /ə/ (ⲉⲓ = /iː/, /j/) Bohairic pronunciation: /ɛ/, /ə/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Late Coptic pronunciation:/æ/, /ɑ/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /e̞/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Epsilon (majuscule) (Ε). Coptic letter Eey (minuscule) × Coptic letter Eey (minuscule) ⲉ Ⲉⲓ ə Sahidic pronunciation: /ɛ/, /ə/ (ⲉⲓ = /iː/, /j/) Bohairic pronunciation: /ɛ/, /ə/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Late Coptic pronunciation:/æ/, /ɑ/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /e̞/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Epsilon (majuscule) (Ε).				Coptic letter Upsilon (majuscule) × Coptic letter Epsilon (majuscule) Ⲩ Ⲉⲡⲥⲓⲗⲟⲛ u Sahidic pronunciation: /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Bohairic pronunciation: /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Late Coptic pronunciation: /ɪ/, /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/, /w/) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /w/ (between "ⲟ" and another vowel except "ⲱ"), /v/ (after /ɑ/ (ⲁ or /e̞/ (ⲉ)), /u/ (digraph "ⲟⲩ") Derived from Modern Greek letter Upsilon (majuscule) (Υ). Coptic letter Upsilon (minuscule) × Coptic letter Epsilon (minuscule) ⲩ Ⲉⲡⲥⲓⲗⲟⲛ u Sahidic pronunciation: /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Bohairic pronunciation: /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Late Coptic pronunciation: /ɪ/, /w/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/, /w/) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /w/ (between "ⲟ" and another vowel except "ⲱ"), /v/ (after /ɑ/ (ⲁ or /e̞/ (ⲉ)), /u/ (digraph "ⲟⲩ") Derived from Modern Greek letter Upsilon (majuscule) (Υ).				Coptic letter Zeta (majuscule) × Coptic letter Zeta (majuscule) Ⲍ Ⲍⲏⲧⲁ z Sahidic pronunciation: /s/ (marked Greek words) Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: /z/ (marked Greek words) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /z/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Zeta (majuscule) (Ζ). Coptic letter Zeta (minuscule) × Coptic letter Zeta (minuscule) ⲍ Ⲍⲏⲧⲁ z Sahidic pronunciation: /s/ (marked Greek words) Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: /z/ (marked Greek words) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /z/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Zeta (majuscule) (Ζ).	Coptic letter Eta (majuscule) × Coptic letter Eta (majuscule) Ⲏ Ⲏⲧⲁ ee Sahidic pronunciation: /eː/ Bohairic pronunciation: /e/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /æ/, /ɑ/, /ɪ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /iː/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Eta (majuscule) (Η). Coptic letter Eta (minuscule) × Coptic letter Eta (minuscule) ⲏ Ⲏⲧⲁ ee Sahidic pronunciation: /eː/ Bohairic pronunciation: /e/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /æ/, /ɑ/, /ɪ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /iː/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Eta (majuscule) (Η).		Coptic letter Theta (majuscule) × Coptic letter Theta (majuscule) Ⲑ Ⲑⲏⲧⲁ th/t Sahidic pronunciation: /th/ Bohairic pronunciation: /tʰ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /t/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /θ/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Theta (majuscule) (Θ). Coptic letter Theta (minuscule) × Coptic letter Theta (minuscule) ⲑ Ⲑⲏⲧⲁ th/t Sahidic pronunciation: /th/ Bohairic pronunciation: /tʰ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /t/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /θ/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Theta (minuscule) (θ).		Coptic letter Iota (majuscule) × Coptic letter Iota (majuscule) Ⲓ Ⲓⲟⲧⲁ i/j/y Sahidic pronunciation: /iː/, /j/ Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /j/, /ə/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Late Coptic pronunciation: /ɪ/, /j/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /j/ (before vowels), /ɪ/ (after vowels to form diphthongs) Derived from Modern Greek letter Iota (majuscule) (Ι). Coptic letter Iota (minuscule) × Coptic letter Iota (minuscule) ⲓ Ⲓⲟⲧⲁ i/j/y Sahidic pronunciation: /iː/, /j/ Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /j/, /ə/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Late Coptic pronunciation: /ɪ/, /j/ (ⲓⲉ = /e/) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /i/, /j/ (before vowels), /ɪ/ (after vowels to form diphthongs) Derived from Modern Greek letter Iota (minuscule) (ι).		Coptic letter Kappa (majuscule) × Coptic letter Kappa (majuscule) Ⲕ Ⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁ k Sahidic pronunciation: /k/ Bohairic pronunciation: /kʼ/, /k/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /k/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /k/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Kappa (majuscule) (Κ). Coptic letter Kappa (minuscule) × Coptic letter Kappa (minuscule) ⲕ Ⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁ k Sahidic pronunciation: /k/ Bohairic pronunciation: /kʼ/, /k/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /k/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /k/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Kappa (minuscule) (κ).	Coptic letter Lola (majuscule) × Coptic letter Lola (majuscule) Ⲗ Ⲗⲟⲗⲁ l Sahidic pronunciation: /l/ Bohairic pronunciation: /l/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /l/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /l/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Lamda (minuscule) (λ). Coptic letter Lola (minuscule) × Coptic letter Lola (minuscule) ⲗ Ⲗⲟⲗⲁ l Sahidic pronunciation: /l/ Bohairic pronunciation: /l/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /l/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /l/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Lamda (minuscule) (λ).	Coptic letter Mey (majuscule) × Coptic letter Mey (majuscule) Ⲙ Ⲙⲉⲓ m Sahidic pronunciation: /m/ Bohairic pronunciation: /m/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /m/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /m/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Mu (majuscule) (Μ). Coptic letter Mey (minuscule) × Coptic letter Mey (minuscule) ⲙ Ⲙⲉⲓ m Sahidic pronunciation: /m/ Bohairic pronunciation: /m/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /m/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /m/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Mu (majuscule) (Μ). Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Ni (majuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Ni (majuscule) Ⲻ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35. Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Ni (minuscule) × Old Coptic Dialect-P/Proto-Theban letter Ni (minuscule) ⲻ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. N35.	Coptic letter Ney (majuscule) × Coptic letter Ney (majuscule) Ⲛ Ⲛⲉⲓ n Sahidic pronunciation: /n/ Bohairic pronunciation: /n/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /n/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /n/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Nu (majuscule) (Ν). Coptic letter Ney (minuscule) × Coptic letter Ney (minuscule) ⲛ Ⲛⲉⲓ n Sahidic pronunciation: /n/ Bohairic pronunciation: /n/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /n/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /n/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Nu (majuscule) (Ν).	Coptic letter Exi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Exi (majuscule) Ⲝ Ⲉⲝⲓ x Sahidic pronunciation: — Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: /ks/ (only in Greek loanwords) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ks/, [e̞ks] (usually following a consonant, or sometimes when starting a word) Derived from Modern Greek letter Xi (minuscule) (ξ). Coptic letter Exi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Exi (minuscule) ⲝ Ⲉⲝⲓ x Sahidic pronunciation: — Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: /ks/ (only in Greek loanwords) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ks/, [e̞ks] (usually following a consonant, or sometimes when starting a word) Derived from Modern Greek letter Xi (minuscule) (ξ).		Coptic letter O (majuscule) × Coptic letter O (majuscule) Ⲟ ⲟ o Sahidic pronunciation: /ɔ/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Bohairic pronunciation: /ɔ/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Late Coptic pronunciation: /o/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/, /w/) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /o̞/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/) Derived from Modern Greek letter Omicron (majuscule) (Ο). Coptic letter O (minuscule) × Coptic letter (minuscule) ⲟ ⲟ o Sahidic pronunciation: /ɔ/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Bohairic pronunciation: /ɔ/ (ⲟⲩ = /uː/, /w/) Late Coptic pronunciation: /o/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/, /w/) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /o̞/ (ⲟⲩ = /u/) Derived from Modern Greek letter Omicron (minuscule) (ο).	Old Coptic letter Hat (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Hat (majuscule) Ⳕ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28. Old Coptic letter Hat (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Hat (minuscule) ⳕ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V28.	Coptic letter Pi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Pi (majuscule) Ⲡ Ⲡⲓ p Sahidic pronunciation: /p/ Bohairic pronunciation: /p/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /b/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /p/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Pi (majuscule) (Π). Coptic letter Pi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Pi (minuscule) ⲡ Ⲡⲓ p Sahidic pronunciation: /p/ Bohairic pronunciation: /p/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /b/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /p/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Pi (majuscule) (Π).					Coptic letter Roo (majuscule) × Coptic letter Roo (majuscule) Ⲣ Ⲣⲟ r Sahidic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Rho (majuscule) (Ρ). Coptic letter Roo (minuscule) × Coptic letter Roo (minuscule) ⲣ Ⲣⲟ r Sahidic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ɾ/~/r/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Rho (minuscule) (ρ).	Coptic letter Seema (majuscule) × Coptic letter Seema (majuscule) Ⲥ Ⲥⲓⲙⲁ s/c Sahidic pronunciation: /s/ Bohairic pronunciation: /s/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /s/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /s/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Sigma (majuscule) (Σ). Coptic letter Seema (minuscule) × Coptic letter Seema (minuscule) ⲥ Ⲥⲓⲙⲁ s/c Sahidic pronunciation: /s/ Bohairic pronunciation: /s/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /s/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /s/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Sigma (majuscule) (Σ).					Coptic letter Soou (majuscule) × Coptic letter Soou (majuscule) Ⲋ Ⲥⲟⲟⲩ Sahidic pronunciation: /dz/ Bohairic pronunciation: /dz/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /dz/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /dz/ Derived from Modern Greek ligature Stigma (majuscule) (Ϛ). Coptic letter Soou (minuscule) × Coptic letter Soou (minuscule) ⲋ Ⲥⲟⲟⲩ Sahidic pronunciation: /dz/ Bohairic pronunciation: /dz/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /dz/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /dz/ Derived from Modern Greek ligature Stigma (minuscle) (ϛ).	Coptic letter Tau (majuscule) × Coptic letter Tau (majuscule) Ⲧ Ⲧⲁⲩ t/d Sahidic pronunciation: /t/ Bohairic pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /d/ (final [t]) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /t/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Tau (majuscule) (Τ). Coptic letter Tau (minuscule) × Coptic letter Tau (minuscule) ⲧ Ⲧⲁⲩ t/d Sahidic pronunciation: /t/ Bohairic pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /d/ (final [t]) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /t/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Tau (majuscule) (Τ).		Coptic letter Phi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Phi (majuscule) Ⲫ Ⲫⲓ f Sahidic pronunciation: /ph/ Bohairic pronunciation: /pʰ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /b/~/f/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Phi (majuscule) (Φ). Coptic letter Phi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Phi (minuscule) ⲫ Ⲫⲓ f Sahidic pronunciation: /ph/ Bohairic pronunciation: /pʰ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /b/~/f/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Phi (majuscule) (Φ).	Coptic letter Chi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Chi (majuscule) Ⲭ Ⲭⲓ k/sh/kh Sahidic pronunciation: /kh/ Bohairic pronunciation: /kʰ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /k/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /k/ (if the word is Coptic in origin), /x/ (if the word is Greek in origin), /ç/ (if the word is Greek in origin but before /e̞/ or /i/) Derived from Modern Greek letter Chi (minuscule) (χ). Coptic letter Chi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Chi (minuscule) ⲭ Ⲭⲓ k/sh/kh Sahidic pronunciation: /kh/ Bohairic pronunciation: /kʰ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /k/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /k/ (if the word is Coptic in origin), /x/ (if the word is Greek in origin), /ç/ (if the word is Greek in origin but before /e̞/ or /i/) Derived from Modern Greek letter Chi (minuscule) (χ).	Coptic letter Sampi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Sampi (majuscule) Ⳁ Sahidic pronunciation: — Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: — Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: — Derived from Archaic Greek letter Sampi and Modern Greek letter Rho (Ρ). Coptic letter Sampi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Sampi (minuscule) ⳁ Sahidic pronunciation: — Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: — Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: — Derived from Archaic Greek letter Sampi and Modern Greek letter Rho (Ρ).	Coptic letter Shai (majuscule) × Coptic letter Shai (majuscule) Ϣ Ϣⲁⲓ sh Sahidic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8. Coptic letter Shai (minuscule) × Coptic letter Shai (minuscule) ϣ Ϣⲁⲓ sh Sahidic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8. Old Coptic letter Shei (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Shei (majuscule) Ⳅ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8. Old Coptic letter Shei (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Shei (minuscule) ⳅ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M8.	Coptic letter Fai (majuscule) × Coptic letter Fai (majuscule) Ϥ Ϥⲁⲓ f Sahidic pronunciation: /f/ Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /f/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9. Coptic letter Fai (minuscule) × Coptic letter Fai (minuscule) ϥ Ϥⲁⲓ f Sahidic pronunciation: /f/ Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /f/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /f/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. I9.	Coptic letter Khai (majuscule) × Coptic letter Khai (majuscule) Ϧ Ϧⲁⲓ kh/q Sahidic pronunciation: — Bohairic pronunciation: /x/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /x/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /x/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12. Coptic letter Khai (minuscule) × Coptic letter Khai (minuscule) ϧ Ϧⲁⲓ kh/q Sahidic pronunciation: — Bohairic pronunciation: /x/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /x/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /x/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. M12.	Coptic letter Hori (majuscule) × Coptic letter Hori (majuscule) Ϩ Ϩⲟⲣⲓ h Sahidic pronunciation: /h/ Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /h/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 & Y1. Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) × Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) ϩ Ϩⲟⲣⲓ h Sahidic pronunciation: /h/ Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /h/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /h/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 & Y1. Old Coptic letter Hori (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Hori (majuscule) Ⳍ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 & Y1. Old Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) ⳍ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. F18 & Y1.	Coptic letter Janja (majuscule) × Coptic letter Janja (majuscule) Ϫ Ϫⲁⲛϫⲁ g/j Sahidic pronunciation: /t͡ʃ/ Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /t͡ʃ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /ɟ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /g/, /dʒ/ (before /e̞/ or /i/) Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29. Coptic letter Janja (minuscule) × Coptic letter Janja (minuscule) ϫ Ϫⲁⲛϫⲁ g/j Sahidic pronunciation: /t͡ʃ/ Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /t͡ʃ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /ɟ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /g/, /dʒ/ (before /e̞/ or /i/) Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29. Old Coptic letter Gangia (majuscule) × Old Coptic letter Gangia (majuscule) Ⳗ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29. Old Coptic letter Gangia (minuscule) × Old Coptic letter Gangia (minuscule) ⳗ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. U29.	Coptic letter Cheema (majuscule) × Coptic letter Cheema (majuscule) Ϭ Ϭⲓⲙⲁ c/ch Sahidic pronunciation: /kʲ/ Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʰ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /tʃ/, [e̞tʃ] (usually following a consonant) Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V31. Coptic letter Cheema (minuscule) × Coptic letter Cheema (minuscule) ϭ Ϭⲓⲙⲁ c/ch Sahidic pronunciation: /kʲ/ Bohairic pronunciation: /t͡ʃʰ/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /ʃ/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /tʃ/, [e̞tʃ] (usually following a consonant) Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. V31.	Coptic letter Ti (majuscule) × Coptic letter Ti (majuscule) Ϯ Ⲧⲓ ti Sahidic pronunciation: /tiː/ Bohairic pronunciation: /tʼi/, /ti/, /tə/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /di/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ti/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37 & X1. Coptic letter Ti (minuscule) × Coptic letter Ti (minuscule) ϯ Ⲧⲓ ti Sahidic pronunciation: /tiː/ Bohairic pronunciation: /tʼi/, /ti/, /tə/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /di/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /ti/ Derived from Demotic Egyptian Gardiner's Sign No. D37 & X1.	Coptic letter Epsi (majuscule) × Coptic letter Epsi (majuscule) Ⲯ Ⲉⲯⲓ ps Sahidic pronunciation: — Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: [bs] (only in Greek loanwords) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: [ps], [e̞ps] (usually following a consonant) Derived from Modern Greek letter Psi (majuscule) (Ψ). Coptic letter Epsi (minuscule) × Coptic letter Epsi (minuscule) ⲯ Ⲉⲯⲓ ps Sahidic pronunciation: — Bohairic pronunciation: — Late Coptic pronunciation: [bs] (only in Greek loanwords) Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: [ps], [e̞ps] (usually following a consonant) Derived from Modern Greek letter Psi (minuscule) (ψ).	Coptic letter Oou (majuscule) × Coptic letter Oou (majuscule) Ⲱ Ⲱⲩ o/w Sahidic pronunciation: /oː/ Bohairic pronunciation: /o/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /oː/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /oː/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Omega (minuscule) (ω). Coptic letter Oou (minuscule) × Coptic letter Oou (minuscule) ⲱ Ⲱⲩ o/w Sahidic pronunciation: /oː/ Bohairic pronunciation: /o/ Late Coptic pronunciation: /oː/ Greco-Bohairic pronunciation: /oː/ Derived from Modern Greek letter Omega (minuscule) (ω).
Old Nubian	Alphabet 8 c. CE - Present	Old Nubian letter Alpha × Old Nubian letter Alpha ⲁ ⲁⲗⲫⲁ a IPA: /a, aː/ Derived from Coptic letter Alpha (minuscule) (ⲁ).		Old Nubian letter Beta × Old Nubian letter Beta ⲃ ⲃⲏⲧⲁ b IPA: /b/ Derived from Coptic letter Beta (minuscule) (ⲃ).		Old Nubian letter Gamma × Old Nubian letter Gamma ⲅ ⲅⲁⲙⲙⲁ g IPA: /ɡ/ Derived from Coptic letter Gamma (minuscule) (ⲅ).		Old Nubian letter Delta × Old Nubian letter Delta ⲇ ⲇⲉⲗⲧⲁ d IPA: /d/ Derived from Coptic letter Delta (minuscule) (ⲇ).			Old Nubian letter Eey × Old Nubian letter Eey ⲉ ⲉⲓ e IPA: /e, eː/ Derived from Coptic letter Eey (minuscule) (ⲉ).				Old Nubian letter Upsilon × Old Nubian letter Upsilon ⲩ ⲩⲡⲥⲓⲗⲟⲛ u IPA: /i/, /u/ Derived from Coptic letter Upsilon (minuscule) (ⲩ).				Old Nubian letter Zeta × Old Nubian letter Zeta ⲍ ⲍⲏⲧⲁ z IPA: /z/ Derived from Coptic letter Zeta (minuscule) (ⲍ).	Old Nubian letter Eta × Old Nubian letter Eta ⲏ ⲏⲧⲁ ē IPA: /i, iː/ Derived from Coptic letter Eta (minuscule) (ⲏ).		Old Nubian letter Theta × Old Nubian letter Theta ⲑ ⲑⲏⲧⲁ th IPA: /t/ Derived from Coptic letter Theta (minuscule) (ⲑ).		Old Nubian letter Iota × Old Nubian letter Iota ⲓ ⲓⲟⲧⲁ i IPA: /i/ Derived from Coptic letter Iota (minuscule) (ⲓ).		Old Nubian letter Kappa × Old Nubian letter Kappa ⲕ ⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁ k IPA: /k/, /ɡ/ Derived from Coptic letter Kappa (minuscule) (ⲕ).	Old Nubian letter Lola × Old Nubian letter Lola ⲗ ⲗⲟⲗⲁ l IPA: /l/ Derived from Coptic letter Lola (minuscule) (ⲗ).	Old Nubian letter Mey × Old Nubian letter Mey ⲙ ⲙⲉⲓ m IPA: /m/ Derived from Coptic letter Mey (minuscule) (ⲙ).	Old Nubian letter Ney × Old Nubian letter Ney ⲛ ⲛⲉⲓ n IPA: /n/ Derived from Coptic letter Ney (minuscule) (ⲛ).	Old Nubian letter Exi × Old Nubian letter Exi ⲝ ⲉⲝⲓ x IPA: /ks/ Derived from Coptic letter Exi (minuscule) (ⲝ).		Old Nubian letter O × Old Nubian letter O ⲟ ⲟ o IPA: /o/, /oː/ Derived from Coptic letter O (minuscule) (ⲟ).		Old Nubian letter Pi × Old Nubian letter Pi ⲡ ⲡⲓ p IPA: /p/ Derived from Coptic letter Pi (minuscule) (ⲡ).					Old Nubian letter Roo × Old Nubian letter Roo ⲣ ⲣⲟ r IPA: /ɾ/ Derived from Coptic letter Roo (minuscule) (ⲣ).	Old Nubian letter Seema × Old Nubian letter Seema ⲥ ⲥⲓⲙⲁ s IPA: /s/ Derived from Coptic letter Seema (minuscule) (ⲥ).					Old Nubian letter Soou × Old Nubian letter Soou ⲋ ⲥⲟⲟⲩ Derived from Coptic letter Soou (minuscule) (ⲋ).	Old Nubian letter Tau × Old Nubian letter Tau ⲧ ⲧⲁⲩ t IPA: /t/ Derived from Coptic letter Tau (minuscule) (ⲧ).		Old Nubian letter Phi × Old Nubian letter Phi ⲫ ⲫⲓ ph IPA: /f/ Derived from Coptic letter Phi (minuscule) (ⲫ).	Old Nubian letter Chi × Old Nubian letter Chi ⲭ ⲭⲓ kh IPA: /x/ Derived from Coptic letter Chi (minuscule) (ⲭ).		Old Nubian letter Shai × Old Nubian letter Shai ϣ ϣⲁⲓ š IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Coptic letter Shai (minuscule) (ϣ).			Old Nubian letter Hori × Old Nubian letter Hori Ϩ Ϩⲟⲣⲓ h IPA: /h/ Derived from Coptic letter Hori (minuscule) (Ϩ).		Old Nubian letter Shima × Old Nubian letter Shima ⳝ ⳝⲓⲙⲁ j IPA: /ɟ/ Derived from Coptic letter Shima (minuscule) (ϭ).		Old Nubian letter Epsi × Old Nubian letter Epsi ⲯ ⲉⲯⲓ ps IPA: /ps/ Derived from Coptic letter Epsi (minuscule) (ⲯ).	Old Nubian letter Oou × Old Nubian letter Oou ⲱ ⲱⲩ ō IPA: /o/, /oː/ Derived from Coptic letter Oou (minuscule) (ⲱ).

Lineage^9-16

Egyptian Hieroglyphs
↳Hieratic Egyptian
↳Demotic Egyptian
↳Meroitic Cursive (selected letters)
↳Old Nubian
↳Proto-Sinaitic
↳Phoenician
↳Archaic Greek
↳Modern Greek
↳Coptic
↳Old Nubian

Old_Nubian

Commission artwork by Seven (Fiverr page - here)

References

1. Daniels, P. T., & Bright, W. (Eds.). (1996). The world’s writing systems. Oxford University Press.
2. Rilly, Claude (2008). "The Last Traces of Meroitic? A Tentative Scenario for the Disappearance of the Meroitic Script". In Baines, John; Bennet, John; Houston, Stephen (eds.). The Disappearance of Writing Systems: Perspectives on Literacy and Communication. London: Equinox Publishing. pp. 183–205.
3. Ochała G. Multilingualism in Christian Nubia: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Dotawo [Internet]. 2014;1. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/d61110007
4. Sawarda Nubian - union for Nubian studies [Internet]. Unionfornubianstudies.org. [cited 2024 May 27]. Available from: https://unionfornubianstudies.org/projects/sawarda/
5. Coptic. (n.d.). Unicode.org. Retrieved May 27, 2024, from https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2C80.pdf
6. Anonymous. (undated). EA82963. British Museum, London, United Kingdom. Retrieved May 25, 2024, from https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/Y_EA82963
7. Colless, Brian E (1990). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Sinai". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 28: 1–52. doi:10.2143/anes.28.0.525711
8. Colless, Brian E (1991). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Canaan". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 29: 18–66. doi:10.2143/anes.29.0.525718
9. Claude Rilly (2011). Recent Research on Meroitic, the Ancient Language of Sudan. http://www.ityopis.org/Issues-1_files/ITYOPIS-I-Rilly.pdf
10. Allen, J. P. (2014). Middle Egyptian: An introduction to the language and culture of hieroglyphs. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
11. Albright, William F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and their Decipherment.
12. Davidson, L. (2022, March 18). How the Phoenician Alphabet Revolutionised Language. Retrieved May 27, 2024, from historyhit.com website: https://www.historyhit.com/how-the-phoenician-alphabet-revolutionised-language/
13. Howard, M. C. (2012). Transnationalism in ancient and medieval societies: The role of cross-border trade and travel. McFarland & Company.
14. Bakker, E. J. (Ed.). (2010). A companion to the ancient Greek language: Bakker/A companion to the ancient Greek language. Wiley-Blackwell. 
15. Campbell, G. L. (1991). Compendium of the World’s Writing Systems. Biddles LTD, 1.
16. Boud'hors, Anne (1997). "L'onciale penchée en copte et sa survie jusqu'au XVe siècle en Haute-Égypte". In Déroche, François; Richard, Francis (eds.). Scribes et manuscrits du Moyen-Orient. Paris: Bibliothèque nationale de France. pp. 118–133.