maˈtʼuww

Writing Scripts Descended from Egyptian Hieroglyphs

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Inscriptional
Pahlavi

𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩𐭪

Abjad¹
3 c. CE - 6 c. CE¹

Right-to-left¹

Parthian-Pahlavi

Languages¹

Middle Persian (a.k.a. Pahlavi, Pārsīk)

Places¹

Parthia and later the Sassanid Empire (modern day Iran, Iraq, the Levant, Central Asia and the Indain subcontinent)

Abecedary²

Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Aleph × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Aleph 𐭠 𐭠𐭋𐭐 ʾ IPA: /a/, /aː/	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Beth × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Beth 𐭡 𐭡𐭕 b IPA: /b/, /w/	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Gimel × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Gimel 𐭢 𐭢𐭌𐭋 g IPA: /g/, /j/	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Daleth × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Daleth 𐭣 𐭣𐭫𐭲 d IPA: /d/, /j/	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter He × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter He 𐭤 𐭤 h IPA: /h/
Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Waw-Ayin-Resh × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Waw-Ayin-Resh 𐭥 w, ʿ, r IPA: /u/, /o/, /v/, /ʕ/, /r/	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Zayin × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Zayin 𐭦 𐭦𐭩𐭭 z IPA: /z/	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Heth × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Heth 𐭧 𐭧𐭲 h IPA: /h/, /x/	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Teth × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Teth 𐭨 𐭨𐭲 t IPA: /tˤ/	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Yodh × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Yodh 𐭩 𐭩𐭣 j IPA: /j/, /eː/, /iː/, /d̠͡ʒ/
Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Kaph × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Kaph 𐭪 𐭪𐭯 k IPA: /k/, /ɡ/	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Lamadh × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Lamadh 𐭫 𐭫𐭬𐭣 l IPA: /l/, /r/	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Mem-Qoph × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Mem-Qoph 𐭬 m, q IPA: /m/, /q/	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Nun × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Nun 𐭭 𐭭𐭭 n IPA: /n/	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Samekh × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Samekh 𐭮 𐭮𐭬𐭪 s IPA: /s/, /h/
Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Pe × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Pe 𐭯 𐭯 p IPA: /p/, /b/, /f/	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Sadhe × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Sadhe 𐭰 𐭰𐭣 s IPA: /t̠͡ʃ/, /d̠͡ʒ/, /z/	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Shin × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Shin 𐭱 𐭱𐭭 sh IPA: /ʃ//	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Taw × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Taw 𐭲 𐭲𐭥 t IPA: /t/, /d/

Epigraphy³

Pa_IPb_Epi01

Gold Sasanian coin dating c. 611 CE, depicting Khusrau II and the Middle Persian inscriptions "Khusrau, king of kings, [has] increased the royal glory" (left), and Anahita (right) (Description and English translation - here)

Script comparison^2,4-6

Writing Script		Head of ox		House plan		Throw stick		Nile tilapia			Man with arms raised				Pear shaped mace				Two diagonal strokes	Plan of rectangular enclosure		Heart and trachea		Arm with downward facing palm		Hand	Crook	Water ripple	Cobra	Reed column		Eye		Mouth	Rush with shoots			Cord on stick	Head	Bow						Crossed sticks
Egyptian Hieroglyphs	Logography 32 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 𓃾 Head of Ox Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ka		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 𓉐 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 𓌙 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 𓆛 Bulti fish Phonogram in for: int “bulti”			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 𓀠 Man with arms raised Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 𓌉 Pear shaped mace Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 𓏭 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6 𓉗 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 𓄤 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 𓂣 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 𓂧 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 𓋿 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 𓈖 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 𓆓 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 𓊽 Reed column Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/ Conventional Anglicisation: djed		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 𓁹 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 𓂋 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 𓇑 Rush with roots Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 𓎗 Cord on stick Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wedj	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 𓁶 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a 𓌓 Bow Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet						Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 𓏴 Crossed sticks Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”
Inscriptional Parthian (Parent)	Abjad 2 c. BCE - 3 c. CE	Inscriptional Parthian letter Aleph × Inscriptional Parthian letter Aleph 𐭀 𐭀𐭋𐭐 ʾ IPA: /a/, /aː/		Inscriptional Parthian letter Beth × Inscriptional Parthian letter Beth 𐭁 𐭁𐭕 b IPA: /b/, /v/		Inscriptional Parthian letter Gimel × Inscriptional Parthian letter Gimel 𐭂 𐭂𐭐𐭋 g IPA: /g/, /j/		Inscriptional Parthian letter Daleth × Inscriptional Parthian letter Daleth 𐭃 𐭃𐭋𐭕 d IPA: /d/, /j/			Inscriptional Parthian letter He × Inscriptional Parthian letter He 𐭄 𐭄 h IPA: /h/				Inscriptional Parthian letter Waw × Inscriptional Parthian letter Waw 𐭅 𐭅𐭅 w IPA: /v/, /r/				Inscriptional Parthian letter Zayin × Inscriptional Parthian letter Zayin 𐭆 𐭆𐭉𐭍 z IPA: /z/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Heth × Inscriptional Parthian letter Heth 𐭇 𐭇𐭕 h IPA: /h/, /x/		Inscriptional Parthian letter Teth × Inscriptional Parthian letter Teth 𐭈 𐭈𐭕 t IPA: /t/		Inscriptional Parthian letter Yodh × Inscriptional Parthian letter Yodh 𐭉 𐭉𐭃 j IPA: /j/, /ĕː/, /ĭː/		Inscriptional Parthian letter Kaph × Inscriptional Parthian letter Kaph 𐭊 𐭊𐭐 k IPA: /k/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Lamadh × Inscriptional Parthian letter Lamadh 𐭋 𐭋𐭌𐭃 l IPA: /l/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Mem × Inscriptional Parthian letter Mem 𐭌 𐭌𐭌 m IPA: /m/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Nun × Inscriptional Parthian letter Nun 𐭍 𐭍𐭍 n IPA: /n/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Samekh × Inscriptional Parthian letter Samekh 𐭎 𐭎𐭌𐭊 s IPA: /s/		Inscriptional Parthian letter Ayin × Inscriptional Parthian letter Ayin 𐭏 𐭏𐭉𐭃 ʿ IPA: /ʔ/		Inscriptional Parthian letter Pe × Inscriptional Parthian letter Pe 𐭐 𐭐 p IPA: /p/, /b/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Sadhe × Inscriptional Parthian letter Sadhe 𐭑 𐭑𐭃 s IPA: /s/			Inscriptional Parthian letter Qoph × Inscriptional Parthian letter Qoph 𐭒 𐭒𐭐 q IPA: /q/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Resh × Inscriptional Parthian letter Resh 𐭓 𐭓𐭔 r IPA: /r/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Shin × Inscriptional Parthian letter Shin 𐭔 𐭔𐭍 sh IPA: /ʃ/, /ʒ/						Inscriptional Parthian letter Taw × Inscriptional Parthian letter Taw 𐭕 𐭕𐭅 t IPA: /t/, /d/
Inscriptional Pahlavi	Abjad 3 c. CE - 6 c. CE	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Aleph × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Aleph 𐭠 𐭠𐭋𐭐 ʾ IPA: /a/, /aː/		Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Beth × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Beth 𐭡 𐭡𐭕 b IPA: /b/, /w/		Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Gimel × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Gimel 𐭢 𐭢𐭌𐭋 g IPA: /g/, /j/		Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Daleth × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Daleth 𐭣 𐭣𐭫𐭲 d IPA: /d/, /j/			Inscriptional Pahlavi letter He × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter He 𐭤 𐭤 h IPA: /h/				Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Waw-Ayin-Resh × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Waw-Ayin-Resh 𐭥 w, ʿ, r IPA: /u/, /o/, /v/, /ʕ/, /r/				Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Zayin × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Zayin 𐭦 𐭦𐭩𐭭 z IPA: /z/	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Heth × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Heth 𐭧 𐭧𐭲 h IPA: /h/, /x/		Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Teth × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Teth 𐭨 𐭨𐭲 t IPA: /tˤ/		Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Yodh × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Yodh 𐭩 𐭩𐭣 j IPA: /j/, /eː/, /iː/, /d̠͡ʒ/		Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Kaph × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Kaph 𐭪 𐭪𐭯 k IPA: /k/, /ɡ/	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Lamadh × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Lamadh 𐭫 𐭫𐭬𐭣 l IPA: /l/, /r/	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Mem-Qoph × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Mem-Qoph 𐭬 m, q IPA: /m/, /q/	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Nun × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Nun 𐭭 𐭭𐭭 n IPA: /n/	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Samekh × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Samekh 𐭮 𐭮𐭬𐭪 s IPA: /s/, /h/				Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Pe × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Pe 𐭯 𐭯 p IPA: /p/, /b/, /f/	Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Sadhe × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Sadhe 𐭰 𐭰𐭣 s IPA: /t̠͡ʃ/, /d̠͡ʒ/, /z/					Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Shin × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Shin 𐭱 𐭱𐭭 sh IPA: /ʃ//						Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Taw × Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Taw 𐭲 𐭲𐭥 t IPA: /t/, /d/
Psalter Pahlavi (Child)	Abjad Mid 6 c. CE - 7 c. CE	Psalter Pahlavi letter Aleph × Psalter Pahlavi letter Aleph 𐮀 𐮀𐮊𐮎 ʾ IPA: /a/, /aː/		Psalter Pahlavi letter Beth × Psalter Pahlavi letter Beth 𐮁 𐮁𐮑 b IPA: /b/, /w/		Psalter Pahlavi letter Gimel × Psalter Pahlavi letter Gimel 𐮂 𐮂𐮋𐮊 g IPA: /g/, /j/		Psalter Pahlavi letter Daleth × Psalter Pahlavi letter Daleth 𐮃 𐮃𐮊𐮑 d IPA: /d/, /j/			Psalter Pahlavi letter He × Psalter Pahlavi letter He 𐮄 𐮄 h IPA: /h/				Psalter Pahlavi letter Waw-Ayin-Resh × Psalter Pahlavi letter Waw-Ayin-Resh 𐮅 w, ʿ, r IPA: /u/, /o/, /v/, /ʕ/, /r/				Psalter Pahlavi letter Zayin × Psalter Pahlavi letter Zayin 𐮆 𐮆𐮈𐮌 z IPA: /z/	Psalter Pahlavi letter Heth × Psalter Pahlavi letter Heth 𐮇 𐮇𐮑 h IPA: /h/, /x/				Psalter Pahlavi letter Yodh × Psalter Pahlavi letter Yodh 𐮈 𐮈𐮃 j IPA: /j/, /eː/, /iː/, /d̠͡ʒ/		Psalter Pahlavi letter Kaph × Psalter Pahlavi letter Kaph 𐮉 𐮉𐮎 k IPA: /k/, /ɡ/	Psalter Pahlavi letter Lamadh × Psalter Pahlavi letter Lamadh 𐮊 𐮊𐮋𐮃 l IPA: /l/, /r/	Psalter Pahlavi letter Mem-Qoph × Psalter Pahlavi letter Mem-Qoph 𐮋 m, q IPA: /m/, /q/	Psalter Pahlavi letter Nun × Psalter Pahlavi letter Nun 𐮌 𐮌𐮌 n IPA: /n/	Psalter Pahlavi letter Samekh × Psalter Pahlavi letter Samekh 𐮍 𐮍𐮋𐮉 s IPA: /s/, /h/				Psalter Pahlavi letter Pe × Psalter Pahlavi letter Pe 𐮎 𐮎 p IPA: /p/, /b/, /f/	Psalter Pahlavi letter Sadhe × Psalter Pahlavi letter Sadhe 𐮏 𐮏𐮃 s IPA: /t̠͡ʃ/, /d̠͡ʒ/, /z/					Psalter Pahlavi letter Shin × Psalter Pahlavi letter Shin 𐮐 𐮐𐮌 sh IPA: /ʃ/						Psalter Pahlavi letter Taw × Psalter Pahlavi letter Taw 𐮑 𐮑𐮅 t IPA: /t/, /d/
Book Pahlavi (Child)	Abjad 6 c. CE - Present	Book Pahlavi letter Aleph-Heth × Book Pahlavi letter Aleph-Heth ʾ, h, x		Book Pahlavi letter Beth × Book Pahlavi letter Beth b		Book Pahlavi letter Gimel-Daleth-Yodh × Book Pahlavi letter Gimel-Daleth-Yodh g, d, y		Old Book Pahlavi letter Daleth × Old Book Pahlavi letter Daleth d Used in historical spellings.			Book Pahlavi letter He × Book Pahlavi letter He h				Book Pahlavi letter Waw-Nun-Ayin-Resh × Book Pahlavi letter Waw-Nun-Ayin-Resh w, n, ʿ, r				Book Pahlavi letter Zayin × Book Pahlavi letter Zayin z							Book Pahlavi letter Kaph × Book Pahlavi letter Kaph k Old Book Pahlavi letter Kaph × Old Book Pahlavi letter Kaph k	Book Pahlavi letter Lamedh × Book Pahlavi letter Lamedh r Book Pahlavi letter Stroked Lamadh × Book Pahlavi letter Stroked Lamadh l, r Book Pahlavi letter Hooked Lamadh × Book Pahlavi letter Hooked Lamadh l Used in Aramaic heterograms. Old Book Pahlavi letter Lamedh × Old Book Pahlavi letter Lamedh l Used in Aramaic heterograms.	Book Pahlavi letter Mem-Qoph × Book Pahlavi letter Mem-Qoph m, q		Book Pahlavi letter Samekh × Book Pahlavi letter Samekh s Alternate Book Pahlavi letter Samekh × Alternate Book Pahlavi letter Samekh s				Book Pahlavi letter Pe × Book Pahlavi letter Pe p	Book Pahlavi letter Sadhe × Book Pahlavi letter Sadhe s					Book Pahlavi letter Shin × Book Pahlavi letter Shin sh						Book Pahlavi letter Taw × Book Pahlavi letter Taw t

Lineage^1,2,6,7

Egyptian Hieroglyphs
↳Hieratic Egyptian
↳Proto-Sinaitic
↳Phoenician
↳Aramaic
↳Inscriptional Parthian
↳Inscriptional Pahlavi
↳Psalter Pahlavi
↳Book Pahlavi

References

1. Daniels, P. T., & Bright, W. (Eds.). (1996). The world’s writing systems. Oxford University Press.
2. Everson M, Pournader R (2007). "L2/07-207R: Proposal for encoding the Inscriptional Parthian, Inscriptional Pahlavi, and Psalter Pahlavi scripts in the SMP of the UCS” Retrieved Janurary 18, 2024, from unicode.org website: https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2007/07207r-n3286r-parthian-pahlavi.pdf
3. Anonymous. (c. 611 CE). 1923,1105.58. British Museum, London, United Kingdom. Retrieved Janurary 18, 2024, from https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_1923-1105-58
4. Colless, Brian E (1990). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Sinai". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 28: 1–52. doi:10.2143/anes.28.0.525711
5. Colless, Brian E (1991). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Canaan". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 29: 18–66. doi:10.2143/anes.29.0.525718
6. Pandey, A. (2018). Preliminary proposal to encode Book Pahlavi in Unicode. Unicode.org. https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18276-book-pahlavi.pdf
7. Beyer, K. (1986). Aramaic language: Its distribution and subdivisions (J. F. Healey, Trans.). Gottingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.