Book
Pahlavi

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1

𓃾

Head of Ox

Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/
Conventional Anglicisation: ka

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1

𓉐

House plan

Phonogram pr for: pr “house”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/
Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/
Conventional Anglicisation: per

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14

𓌙

Throw stick

Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/
Conventional Anglicisation: qema

Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/
Conventional Anglicisation: aam

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1

𓆛

Bulti fish

Phonogram in for: int “bulti”

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28

𓀠

Man with arms raised

Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3

𓌉

Pear shaped mace

Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4

𓏭

Two diagonal strokes

Determinative for duality

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6

𓉗

Plan of rectangular enclosure

Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/
Conventional Anglicisation: hut

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35

𓄤

Heart and windpipe

Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/
Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/
Conventional Anglicisation: nefer

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42

𓂣

Arm with downward facing palm

Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/
Conventional Anglicisation: meh

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46

𓂧

Hand

Phonogram d
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/

Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: djeret

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39

𓋿

Crook

Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/
Conventional Anglicisation: aut

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35

𓈖

Water ripple

Phonogram n
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10

𓆓

Cobra

Phonogram ḏ
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11

𓊽

Reed column

Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/
Conventional Anglicisation: djed

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4

𓁹

Eye

Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/
Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/
Conventional Anglicisation: iri

Ideogram for: jrt “eye”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: iret

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21

𓂋

Mouth

Phonogram r
Ideogram for: r “mouth”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22

𓇑

Rush with roots

Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24

𓎗

Cord on stick

Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/
Conventional Anglicisation: wedj

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1

𓁶

Head

Phonogram tp
Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/
Conventional Anglicisation: tepw

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a

𓌓

Bow

Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9

𓏴

Crossed sticks

Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”

Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Aleph

𐭠

𐭠𐭋𐭐

ʾ
IPA: /a/, /aː/

Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Beth

𐭡

𐭡𐭕

b
IPA: /b/, /w/

Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Gimel

𐭢

𐭢𐭌𐭋

g
IPA: /g/, /j/

Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Daleth

𐭣

𐭣𐭫𐭲

d
IPA: /d/, /j/

Inscriptional Pahlavi letter He

𐭤

𐭤

h
IPA: /h/

Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Waw-Ayin-Resh

𐭥

w, ʿ, r
IPA: /u/, /o/, /v/, /ʕ/, /r/

Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Zayin

𐭦

𐭦𐭩𐭭

z
IPA: /z/

Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Heth

𐭧

𐭧𐭲

h
IPA: /h/, /x/

Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Teth

𐭨

𐭨𐭲

t
IPA: /tˤ/

Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Yodh

𐭩

𐭩𐭣

j
IPA: /j/, /eː/, /iː/, /d̠͡ʒ/

Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Kaph

𐭪

𐭪𐭯

k
IPA: /k/, /ɡ/

Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Lamadh

𐭫

𐭫𐭬𐭣

l
IPA: /l/, /r/

Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Mem-Qoph

𐭬

m, q
IPA: /m/, /q/

Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Nun

𐭭

𐭭𐭭

n
IPA: /n/

Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Samekh

𐭮

𐭮𐭬𐭪

s
IPA: /s/, /h/

Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Pe

𐭯

𐭯

p
IPA: /p/, /b/, /f/

Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Sadhe

𐭰

𐭰𐭣

s
IPA: /t̠͡ʃ/, /d̠͡ʒ/, /z/

Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Shin

𐭱

𐭱𐭭

sh
IPA: /ʃ//

Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Taw

𐭲

𐭲𐭥

t
IPA: /t/, /d/

Psalter Pahlavi letter Aleph

𐮀

𐮀𐮊𐮎

ʾ
IPA: /a/, /aː/

Psalter Pahlavi letter Beth

𐮁

𐮁𐮑

b
IPA: /b/, /w/

Psalter Pahlavi letter Gimel

𐮂

𐮂𐮋𐮊

g
IPA: /g/, /j/

Psalter Pahlavi letter Daleth

𐮃

𐮃𐮊𐮑

d
IPA: /d/, /j/

Psalter Pahlavi letter He

𐮄

𐮄

h
IPA: /h/

Psalter Pahlavi letter Waw-Ayin-Resh

𐮅

w, ʿ, r
IPA: /u/, /o/, /v/, /ʕ/, /r/

Psalter Pahlavi letter Zayin

𐮆

𐮆𐮈𐮌

z
IPA: /z/

Psalter Pahlavi letter Heth

𐮇

𐮇𐮑

h
IPA: /h/, /x/

Psalter Pahlavi letter Yodh

𐮈

𐮈𐮃

j
IPA: /j/, /eː/, /iː/, /d̠͡ʒ/

Psalter Pahlavi letter Kaph

𐮉

𐮉𐮎

k
IPA: /k/, /ɡ/

Psalter Pahlavi letter Lamadh

𐮊

𐮊𐮋𐮃

l
IPA: /l/, /r/

Psalter Pahlavi letter Mem-Qoph

𐮋

m, q
IPA: /m/, /q/

Psalter Pahlavi letter Nun

𐮌

𐮌𐮌

n
IPA: /n/

Psalter Pahlavi letter Samekh

𐮍

𐮍𐮋𐮉

s
IPA: /s/, /h/

Psalter Pahlavi letter Pe

𐮎

𐮎

p
IPA: /p/, /b/, /f/

Psalter Pahlavi letter Sadhe

𐮏

𐮏𐮃

s
IPA: /t̠͡ʃ/, /d̠͡ʒ/, /z/

Psalter Pahlavi letter Shin

𐮐

𐮐𐮌

sh
IPA: /ʃ/

Psalter Pahlavi letter Taw

𐮑

𐮑𐮅

t
IPA: /t/, /d/

Book Pahlavi letter Aleph-Heth

ʾ, h, x

Book Pahlavi letter Beth

b

Book Pahlavi letter Gimel-Daleth-Yodh

g, d, y

Old Book Pahlavi letter Daleth

d
Used in historical spellings.

Book Pahlavi letter He

h

Book Pahlavi letter Waw-Nun-Ayin-Resh

w, n, ʿ, r

Book Pahlavi letter Zayin

z

Book Pahlavi letter Kaph

k

Old Book Pahlavi letter Kaph

k

Book Pahlavi letter Lamedh

r

Book Pahlavi letter Stroked Lamadh

l, r

Book Pahlavi letter Hooked Lamadh

l
Used in Aramaic heterograms.

Old Book Pahlavi letter Lamedh

l
Used in Aramaic heterograms.

Book Pahlavi letter Mem-Qoph

m, q

Book Pahlavi letter Samekh

s

Alternate Book Pahlavi letter Samekh

s

Book Pahlavi letter Pe

p

Book Pahlavi letter Sadhe

s

Book Pahlavi letter Shin

sh

Book Pahlavi letter Taw

t

Avestan letter A

𐬀

a
IPA: /a/

Avestan letter Be

𐬠

b
IPA: /b/

Avestan letter De

𐬛

d
IPA: /d/

Avestan letter Ne

𐬥

n
IPA: /n/

Avestan letter I

𐬌

i
IPA: /ɪ/

Avestan letter Re

𐬭

r
IPA: /r/

Avestan letter Ze

𐬰

z
IPA: /z/

Avestan letter Ke

𐬐

k
IPA: /k/

Avestan letter Me

𐬨

m
IPA: /m/

Avestan letter Se

𐬯

s
IPA: /s/

Avestan letter Pe

𐬞

p
IPA: /p/

Avestan letter She

𐬱

š
IPA: /ʃ/

Avestan letter Te

𐬙

t
IPA: /t/