Parthian, Aramaic
Parthia and later the Sassanid Empire (modern day Iran, Iraq, the Levant, Central Asia and the Indain subcontinent)
Inscriptional Parthian letter Aleph
×
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Beth
×
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Gimel
×
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Daleth
×
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Inscriptional Parthian letter He
×
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Waw
×
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Zayin
×
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Heth
×
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Teth
×
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Yodh
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Kaph
×
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Lamadh
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Mem
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Nun
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Samekh
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Ayin
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Pe
×
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Sadhe
×
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Qoph
×
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Resh
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Shin
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Taw
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian ligature Gimel-Waw
×
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= |
Inscriptional Parthian letter Waw
×
|
+ |
Inscriptional Parthian letter Gimel
×
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Inscriptional Parthian ligature Heth-Waw
×
|
= |
Inscriptional Parthian letter Waw
×
|
+ |
Inscriptional Parthian letter Heth
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian ligature Yodh-Waw
×
|
= |
Inscriptional Parthian letter Waw
×
|
+ |
Inscriptional Parthian letter Yodh
×
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Inscriptional Parthian ligature Nun-Waw
×
|
= |
Inscriptional Parthian letter Waw
×
|
+ |
Inscriptional Parthian letter Nun
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian ligature Ayin-Lamedh
×
|
= |
Inscriptional Parthian letter Lamadh
×
|
+ |
Inscriptional Parthian letter Ayin
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian ligature Resh-Waw
×
|
= |
Inscriptional Parthian letter Waw
×
|
+ |
Inscriptional Parthian letter Resh
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian ligature Taw-Waw
×
|
= |
Inscriptional Parthian letter Waw
×
|
+ |
Inscriptional Parthian letter Taw
×
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Inscriptional Parthian ligature Nun-Daleth
×
|
= |
Inscriptional Parthian letter Daleth
×
|
+ |
Inscriptional Parthian letter Nun
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian ligature Sadhe-Daleth
×
|
= |
Inscriptional Parthian letter Daleth
×
|
+ |
Inscriptional Parthian letter Sadhe
×
|
Fired clay plaquue depicting a man and an inscription referring to Mithra, Warka, Iraq. (Description and English translation - here)
Writing Script | Head of ox | House plan | Throw stick | Nile tilapia | Man with arms raised | Pear shaped mace | Two diagonal strokes | Plan of rectangular enclosure | Heart and trachea | Arm with downward facing palm | Hand | Crook | Water ripple | Cobra | Reed column | Eye | Mouth | Rush with shoots | Cord on stick | Head | Bow | Crossed sticks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Logography |
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1
×
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1
×
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14
×
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1
×
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28
×
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3
×
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4
×
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06
×
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35
×
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42
×
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46
×
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39
×
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35
×
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10
×
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11
×
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4
×
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21
×
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22
×
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24
×
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1
×
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a
×
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9
×
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Aramaic (Parent) | Abjad |
Aramaic letter Ālaph
×
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Aramaic letter Bēth
×
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Aramaic letter Gāmal
×
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Aramaic letter Dālath
×
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Aramaic letter Hē
×
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Aramaic letter Waw
×
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Aramaic letter Zain
×
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Aramaic letter Khēth
×
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Aramaic letter Ṭēth
×
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Aramaic letter Iodh
×
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Aramaic letter Kāph
×
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Aramaic letter Lāmadh
×
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Aramaic letter Mem
×
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Aramaic letter Nun
×
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Aramaic letter Semkath
×
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Aramaic letter Ayin
×
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Aramaic letter Pē
×
|
Aramaic letter Ṩādhē
×
|
Aramaic letter Qoph
×
|
Aramaic letter Rēš
×
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Aramaic letter Šīn
×
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Aramaic letter Taw
×
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Kharoṣṭhī | Abugida |
Kharoṣṭhī letter A
×
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Ba
×
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Ga
×
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Dha
×
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Ha
×
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Va
×
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Ja
×
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Gha
×
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Tha
×
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Ya
×
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Ka
×
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Kharoṣṭhī letter La
×
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Ma
×
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Na
×
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Śa
×
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Kharoṣṭhī letter P
×
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Sa
×
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Kha
×
|
Kharoṣṭhī letter Ra
×
|
Kharoṣṭhī letter Ṣa
×
|
Kharoṣṭhī letter Ta
×
|
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Early/Ashokan Brahmi (Sibling) | Abugida |
Early Brahmi letter A |
Early Brahmi letter Ba |
Early Brahmi letter Ga |
Early Brahmi letter Dha |
Early Brahmi letter Ha |
Early Brahmi letter Va |
Early Brahmi letter Ja |
Early Brahmi letter Gha |
Early Brahmi letter Tha |
Early Brahmi letter Ya |
Early Brahmi letter Ka |
Early Brahmi letter La |
Early Brahmi letter Ma |
Early Brahmi letter Na |
Early Brahmi letter Ṣa |
Early Brahmi letter E |
Early Brahmi letter Pa |
Early Brahmi letter Ca |
Early Brahmi letter Kha |
Early Brahmi letter Ra |
Early Brahmi letter Śa |
Early Brahmi letter Ta |
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Hebrew (Sibling) | Abjad |
Hebrew letter Alef
×
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Hebrew letter Bet
×
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Hebrew letter Gimel
×
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Hebrew letter Dalet
×
|
Hebrew letter He
×
|
Hebrew letter Vav
×
|
Hebrew letter Zayin
×
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Hebrew letter Chet
×
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Hebrew letter Tet
×
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Hebrew letter Yod
×
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Hebrew letter Kaf
×
Hebrew letter Kaf (final)
×
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Hebrew letter Lamed
×
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Hebrew letter Mem
×
Hebrew letter Mem (final)
×
|
Hebrew letter Nun
×
Hebrew letter Nun (final)
×
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Hebrew letter Samekh
×
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Hebrew letter Ayin
×
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Hebrew letter Pe
×
Hebrew letter Pe (final)
×
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Hebrew letter Tsadi
×
Hebrew letter Tsadi (final)
×
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Hebrew letter Qof
×
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Hebrew letter Resh
×
|
Hebrew letter Shin
×
|
Hebrew letter Tav
×
|
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Elymaic (Sibling) | Abjad |
Elymaic letter Aleph
×
|
Elymaic letter Beth
×
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Elymaic letter Gimel
×
|
Elymaic letter Daleth
×
|
Elymaic letter He
×
|
Elymaic letter Waw
×
|
Elymaic letter Zayin
×
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Elymaic letter Heth
×
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Elymaic letter Teth
×
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Elymaic letter Yodh
×
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Elymaic letter Kaph
×
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Elymaic letter Lamedh
×
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Elymaic letter Mem
×
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Elymaic letter Nun
×
|
Elymaic letter Samekh
×
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Elymaic letter Ayin
×
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Elymaic letter Pe
×
|
Elymaic letter Sadhe
×
|
Elymaic letter Qoph
×
|
Elymaic letter Res
×
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Elymaic letter Shin
×
|
Elymaic letter Taw
×
|
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Classical Nabataean (Sibling) | Abjad |
Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph
×
Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph (final)
×
|
Classical Nabataean letter Bēth
×
Classical Nabataean letter Bēth (final)
×
|
Classical Nabataean letter Gāmal
×
|
Classical Nabataean letter Dālath
×
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Classical Nabataean letter Hē
×
Classical Nabataean letter Hē (final)
×
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Classical Nabataean letter Waw
×
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Classical Nabataean letter Zain
×
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Classical Nabataean letter Khēth
×
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Classical Nabataean letter Ṭēth
×
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Classical Nabataean letter Iodh
×
Classical Nabataean letter Iodh (final)
×
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Classical Nabataean letter Kāph
×
Classical Nabataean letter Kāph (final)
×
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Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh
×
Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh (final)
×
|
Classical Nabataean letter Mem
×
Classical Nabataean letter Mem (final)
×
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Classical Nabataean letter Nun
×
Classical Nabataean letter Nun (final)
×
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Classical Nabataean letter Semkath
×
|
Classical Nabataean letter Ayin
×
|
Classical Nabataean letter Pē
×
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Classical Nabataean letter Ṩādhē
×
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Classical Nabataean letter Qoph
×
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Classical Nabataean letter Rēš
×
|
Classical Nabataean letter Šīn
×
Classical Nabataean letter Šīn (final)
×
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Classical Nabataean letter Taw
×
|
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Palmyrene (Sibling) | Abjad |
Palmyrene letter Aleph
×
|
Palmyrene letter Beth
×
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Palmyrene letter Gimel
×
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Palmyrene letter Daleth
×
|
Palmyrene letter He
×
|
Palmyrene letter Waw
×
|
Palmyrene letter Zayin
×
|
Palmyrene letter Heth
×
|
Palmyrene letter Teth
×
|
Palmyrene letter Yodh
×
|
Palmyrene letter Kaph
×
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Palmyrene letter Lamedh
×
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Palmyrene letter Mem
×
|
Palmyrene letter Nun
×
Palmyrene letter Nun (final)
×
|
Palmyrene letter Samekh
×
|
Palmyrene letter Ayin
×
|
Palmyrene letter Pe
×
|
Palmyrene letter Sadhe
×
|
Palmyrene letter Qoph
×
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Palmyrene letter Res
×
|
Palmyrene letter Shin
×
|
Palmyrene letter Taw
×
|
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Hatran (Sibling) | Abjad |
Hatran letter Aleph
×
|
Hatran letter Beth
×
|
Hatran letter Gimel
×
|
Hatran letter Daleth
×
|
Hatran letter He
×
|
Hatran letter Waw
×
|
Hatran letter Zayin
×
|
Hatran letter Heth
×
|
Hatran letter Teth
×
|
Hatran letter Yodh
×
|
Hatran letter Kaph
×
|
Hatran letter Lamedh
×
|
Hatran letter Mem
×
|
Hatran letter Nun
×
|
Hatran letter Samekh
×
|
Hatran letter Ayin
×
|
Hatran letter Pe
×
|
Hatran letter Sadhe
×
|
Hatran letter Qoph
×
|
Hatran letter Res
×
|
Hatran letter Shin
×
|
Hatran letter Taw
×
|
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Syriac (Sibling) | Abjad |
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʾĀlep̄
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʾĀlap̄
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter ʾĀlap̄/Olaf
×
|
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Bēṯ
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Bēṯ
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Bēṯ
×
|
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Gāmal
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Gāmal
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Gāmal
×
|
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Dālaṯ
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Dālaṯ
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Dālaṯ
×
|
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Hē
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Hē
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Hē
×
|
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Waw
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Waw
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Waw
×
|
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Zayn
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Zayn
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Zayn
×
|
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ḥēṯ
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ḥēṯ
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ḥēṯ
×
|
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṭēṯ
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ṭēṯ
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ṭēṯ
×
|
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Yōḏ
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Yōḏ
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Yōḏ
×
|
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Kāp̄
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Kāp̄
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Kāp̄
×
|
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Lāmaḏ
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Lāmaḏ
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Lāmaḏ
×
|
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Mīm
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Mīm
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Mīm
×
|
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Nūn
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Nūn
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Nūn
×
|
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Semkaṯ
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Semkaṯ
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Semkaṯ
×
|
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʿĒ
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʿĒ
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter ʿĒ
×
|
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Pē
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Pē
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Pē
×
|
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṣāḏē
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ṣāḏē
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ṣāḏē
×
|
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Qōp̄
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Qōp̄
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Qōp̄
×
|
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Rēš
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Rēš
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Rēš
×
|
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Šīn
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Šīn
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Šīn
×
|
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Taw
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Taw
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Taw
×
|
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Mandaic (Sibling) | Alphabet |
Mandaic letter A
×
|
Mandaic letter Ba
×
|
Mandaic letter Ga
×
|
Mandaic letter Da
×
|
Mandaic letter Ha
×
|
Mandaic letter Wa
×
|
Mandaic letter Za
×
|
Mandaic letter Eh
×
|
Mandaic letter Ṭa
×
|
Mandaic letter Ya
×
|
Mandaic letter Ka
×
|
Mandaic letter La
×
|
Mandaic letter Ma
×
|
Mandaic letter Na
×
|
Mandaic letter Sa
×
|
Mandaic letter E
×
|
Mandaic letter Pa
×
|
Mandaic letter Ṣa
×
|
Mandaic letter Qa
×
|
Mandaic letter Ra
×
|
Mandaic letter Ša
×
|
Mandaic letter Ta
×
|
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Inscriptional Parthian | Abjad |
Inscriptional Parthian letter Aleph
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Beth
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Gimel
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Daleth
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter He
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Waw
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Zayin
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Heth
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Teth
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Yodh
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Kaph
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Lamadh
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Mem
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Nun
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Samekh
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Ayin
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Pe
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Sadhe
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Qoph
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Resh
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Shin
×
|
Inscriptional Parthian letter Taw
×
|
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Inscriptional Pahlavi | Abjad |
Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Aleph
×
|
Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Beth
×
|
Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Gimel
×
|
Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Daleth
×
|
Inscriptional Pahlavi letter He
×
|
Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Waw-Ayin-Resh
×
|
Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Zayin
×
|
Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Heth
×
|
Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Teth
×
|
Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Yodh
×
|
Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Kaph
×
|
Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Lamadh
×
|
Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Mem-Qoph
×
|
Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Nun
×
|
Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Samekh
×
|
Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Pe
×
|
Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Sadhe
×
|
Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Shin
×
|
Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Taw
×
|
1. Daniels, P. T., & Bright, W. (Eds.). (1996). The world’s writing systems. Oxford University Press.
2. Everson M, Pournader R (2007). "L2/07-207R: Proposal for encoding the Inscriptional Parthian, Inscriptional Pahlavi, and Psalter Pahlavi scripts in the SMP of the UCS” Retrieved Janurary 16, 2024, from unicode.org website: https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2007/07207r-n3286r-parthian-pahlavi.pdf
3. Anonymous. (1-3 c. CE). 120076. British Museum, London, United Kingdom. Retrieved Janurary 16, 2024, from https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1928-0716-76
4. Colless, Brian E (1990). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Sinai". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 28: 1–52. doi:10.2143/anes.28.0.525711
5. Colless, Brian E (1991). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Canaan". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 29: 18–66. doi:10.2143/anes.29.0.525718
6. Cook, E. (2022). Biblical Aramaic and Related Dialects: An introduction. Cambridge University Press.
7. Singh, U. (2009). A history of ancient and early medieval India: From the stone age to the 12th century. Delhi, India: Prentice Hall India (a Pearson Education Asia Company).
8. Mathers, S. L. M. (1992). The Kabbalah: The Essential Texts From The Zohar. Penguin Books.
9. Pandey, A. (2017). Proposal to encode the Elymaic script in Unicode. Retrieved Janurary 16, 2024, from unicode.org website: https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17226r2-elymaic.pdf
10. Everson, M. (2010a). Proposal for encoding the Nabataean script in the SMP of the UCS. Retrieved Janurary 16, 2024, from unicode.org website: https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10473-n3969-nabataean.pdf
11. Everson, M. (2010b). Proposal for encoding the Palmyrene script in the SMP of the UCS. Retrieved Janurary 16, 2024, from unicode.org website: https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10255r2-n3867.pdf
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