maˈtʼuww

Writing Scripts Descended from Egyptian Hieroglyphs

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Old Uyghur

𐽳𐽶𐽲𐽶𐽾

Alphabet¹
8 c. CE - 17 c. CE¹

Vertically left-to-right
and horizontally right-to-left¹

Old_Uyghur

Languages¹

Medieval Turkic languages (Old Uyghur, Karakhanid, and Chagatai), Chinese, Mongolian, Tibetan, and Arabic

Places¹

Tarim Basin, Mongolia, and Central Asia
Also Anatolia, Iran, and Afghanistan

Abecedary¹

Old Uyghur letter Aleph × Old Uyghur letter Aleph 𐽰 ʾ Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Aleph rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼰).	Old Uyghur letter Beth × Old Uyghur letter Beth 𐽱 w/v Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Beth rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼱).	Old Uyghur letter Gimel × Old Uyghur letter Gimel 𐽲 γ Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Gimel rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼲).	Old Uyghur letter Waw × Old Uyghur letter Waw 𐽳 w Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Waw rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼴).	Old Uyghur letter Zayin × Old Uyghur letter Zayin 𐽴 z Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Zayin rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼵‎).
Old Uyghur letter Heth × Old Uyghur letter Heth 𐽵 x, q Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Heth rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼶).	Old Uyghur letter Yodh × Old Uyghur letter Yodh 𐽶 y Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Yodh rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼷‎).	Old Uyghur letter Kaph × Old Uyghur letter Kaph 𐽷 k ~ g Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Kāph rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼸‎).	Old Uyghur letter Lamedh × Old Uyghur letter Lamedh 𐽸 d Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Lāmadh rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼹‎).	Old Uyghur letter Mem × Old Uyghur letter Mem 𐽹 m Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Mem rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼺‎‎).
Old Uyghur letter Nun × Old Uyghur letter Nun 𐽺 n Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Nun rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼻‎).	Old Uyghur letter Samekh × Old Uyghur letter Samekh 𐽻 s Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Semkath rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼼‎).	Old Uyghur letter Pe × Old Uyghur letter Pe 𐽼 b, p Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Pē rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼾).	Old Uyghur letter Sadhe × Old Uyghur letter Sadhe 𐽽 č Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Ṩādhē rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼿‎).	Old Uyghur letter Resh × Old Uyghur letter Resh 𐽾 r Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Rēš rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐽀).
Old Uyghur letter Shin × Old Uyghur letter Shin 𐽿 s Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Šīn rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐽁‎).	Old Uyghur letter Taw × Old Uyghur letter Taw 𐾀 t Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Taw rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐽂‎).	Old Uyghur letter Lesh × Old Uyghur letter Lesh 𐾁 l Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Lesh rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐽄‎).

Contextual forms¹

Isolated

OU01-1

Old Uyghur letter Aleph (isolated)

OU02-1

Old Uyghur letter Beth (isolated)

OU03-1

Old Uyghur letter Gimel (isolated)

OU06-1

Old Uyghur letter Waw (isolated)

OU07-1

Old Uyghur letter Zayin (isolated)

OU08-1

Old Uyghur letter Heth (isolated)

OU10-1

Old Uyghur letter Yodh (isolated)

OU11-1

Old Uyghur letter Kaph (isolated)

OU12-1

Old Uyghur letter Lamedh (isolated)

OU13-1

Old Uyghur letter Mem (isolated)

OU14-1

Old Uyghur letter Nun (isolated)

OU15-1

Old Uyghur letter Samekh (isolated)

OU18-1

Old Uyghur letter Pe (isolated)

OU19-1

Old Uyghur letter Sadhe (isolated)

OU21-1

Old Uyghur letter Resh (isolated)

OU22-1

Old Uyghur letter Shin (isolated)

OU24-1

Old Uyghur letter Taw (isolated)

OU_01-1

Old Uyghur letter Lesh (isolated)

Initial

OU01-2

Old Uyghur letter Aleph (intial)

OU02-2

Old Uyghur letter Beth (intial)

OU03-2

Old Uyghur letter Gimel (intial)

OU06-2

Old Uyghur letter Waw (intial)

OU08-2

Old Uyghur letter Heth (intial)

OU10-2

Old Uyghur letter Yodh (intial)

OU11-2

Old Uyghur letter Kaph (intial)

OU12-2

Old Uyghur letter Lamedh (intial)

OU13-2

Old Uyghur letter Mem (intial)

OU14-2

Old Uyghur letter Nun (intial)

OU15-2

Old Uyghur letter Samekh (intial)

OU18-2

Old Uyghur letter Pe (intial)

OU19-2

Old Uyghur letter Sadhe (intial)

OU21-2

Old Uyghur letter Resh (intial)

OU22-2

Old Uyghur letter Shin (intial)

OU24-2

Old Uyghur letter Taw (intial)

OU_01-2

Old Uyghur letter Lesh (intial)

Medial

OU01-3

Old Uyghur letter Aleph (medial)

OU02-3

Old Uyghur letter Beth (medial)

OU03-3

Old Uyghur letter Gimel (medial)

OU06-3

Old Uyghur letter Waw (medial)

OU08-3

Old Uyghur letter Heth (medial)

OU10-3

Old Uyghur letter Yodh (medial)

OU11-3

Old Uyghur letter Kaph (medial)

OU12-3

Old Uyghur letter Lamedh (medial)

OU13-3

Old Uyghur letter Mem (medial)

OU14-3

Old Uyghur letter Nun (medial)

OU15-3

Old Uyghur letter Samekh (medial)

OU18-3

Old Uyghur letter Pe (medial)

OU19-3

Old Uyghur letter Sadhe (medial)

OU21-3

Old Uyghur letter Resh (medial)

OU22-3

Old Uyghur letter Shin (medial)

OU24-3

Old Uyghur letter Taw (medial)

OU_01-3

Old Uyghur letter Lesh (medial)

Final

OU01-4

Old Uyghur letter Aleph (final)

OU02-4

Old Uyghur letter Beth (final)

OU03-4

Old Uyghur letter Gimel (final)

OU06-4

Old Uyghur letter Waw (final)

OU07-4

Old Uyghur letter Zayin (final)

OU08-4

Old Uyghur letter Heth (final)

OU10-4

Old Uyghur letter Yodh (final)

OU11-4

Old Uyghur letter Kaph (final)

OU12-4

Old Uyghur letter Lamedh (final)

OU13-4

Old Uyghur letter Mem (final)

OU14-4

Old Uyghur letter Nun (final)

OU15-4

Old Uyghur letter Samekh (final)

OU18-4

Old Uyghur letter Pe (final)

OU19-4

Old Uyghur letter Sadhe (final)

OU21-4

Old Uyghur letter Resh (final)

OU22-4

Old Uyghur letter Shin (final)

OU24-4

Old Uyghur letter Taw (final)

OU_01-4

Old Uyghur letter Lesh (final)

Diacritics

Diacritic marks to differentiate similar looking letters apart.

Old Uyghur letter Aleph (intial)	Old Uyghur letter Nun (intial)	Old Uyghur letter dotted Nun (intial)
Old Uyghur letter Gimel (intial)	Old Uyghur letter Heth (intial)	Old Uyghur letter dotted Heth (intial)
Old Uyghur letter Samekh (isolated)	Old Uyghur letter Shin (isolated)	Old Uyghur letter dotted Shin (isolated)

Single and double dotted Zayin indicates /ž/.

OU07d

Old Uyghur letter single dotted Zayin

OU07dd

Old Uyghur letter double dotted Zayin

Epigraphy¹

Square script²

Usually used for religious and literary documents in 9 - 14 c. CE.
It is characteristic of having distinct letterforms due to being carefully written.

OU_Epi01

Old Turkic manuscript fragment. Undated. Toyuk, East Turkestan.
(Description - here)

Semi-square script³

A less formal variant of square script.

OU_Epi02

Manuscript from German Central Asia expeditions. Undated.
Tocharian script also written alongside Old Uyghur script.
(Description - here)

Cursive script⁴

Used in parallel with square script and for rapid writing.
Became common to write civil documents in this style after 12 c. CE.

OU_Epi03

Manuscript in codex form in Old Turkic in Uyghur script. 1350 CE. Dunhuang Mogao, China.
(Description - here)

Block-print⁵

Block-printing adopted the square script as the foundation for its form when Old Uyghur was adapted for this purpose in 14 c. CE.
This style is also subsequently used for inscriptions.

OU_Epi04

Manuscript, ink on paper. 1450 - 1550 CE.
(Description - here)

Post-Mongolic script⁶

Horizontal orientation influenced by Arabic in Afghanistan and Anatolia after 14 c. CE.
It was used for literary and civil documents.

OU_Epi05

Kutadgu Bilig. Written in Karakhanid. 15 c. CE copy.
(Description and translation - here)

Script comparison^1,7-11

Writing Script		Head of ox		House plan		Throw stick		Nile tilapia			Man with arms raised				Pear shaped mace				Two diagonal strokes	Plan of rectangular enclosure		Heart and trachea		Arm with downward facing palm		Hand	Crook	Water ripple	Cobra			Reed column		Eye		Mouth	Rush with shoots			Cord on stick	Head	Bow						Crossed sticks
Egyptian Hieroglyphs	Logography 32 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 𓃾 Head of Ox Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ka		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 𓉐 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 𓌙 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 𓆛 Bulti fish Phonogram in for: int “bulti”			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 𓀠 Man with arms raised Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 𓌉 Pear shaped mace Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 𓏭 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6 𓉗 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 𓄤 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 𓂣 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 𓂧 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 𓋿 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 𓈖 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 𓆓 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 𓊽 Reed column Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/ Conventional Anglicisation: djed		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 𓁹 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 𓂋 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 𓇑 Rush with roots Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 𓎗 Cord on stick Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wedj	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 𓁶 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a 𓌓 Bow Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet						Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 𓏴 Crossed sticks Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”
Sogdian (Parent)	Abjad 1/2 c. CE - 11 c. CE	Old Sogdian letter Aleph × Old Sogdian letter Aleph 𐼀 ʾ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀). Cursive Sogdian letter Aleph × Cursive Sogdian letter Aleph 𐼰 ʾ Derived from Old Sogdian letter Aleph (𐼀).		Old Sogdian letter Beth × Old Sogdian letter Beth 𐼂 β Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁). Cursive Sogdian letter Beth × Cursive Sogdian letter Beth 𐼱 β Derived from Old Sogdian letter Beth (𐼂).		Old Sogdian letter Gimel × Old Sogdian letter Gimel 𐼄 γ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂). Cursive Sogdian letter Gimel × Cursive Sogdian letter Gimel 𐼲 γ Derived from Old Sogdian letter Gimel (𐼄).					Old Sogdian letter He × Old Sogdian letter He 𐼅 h Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄). Cursive Sogdian letter He × Cursive Sogdian letter He 𐼳 h Derived from Old Sogdian letter He (𐼅).				Old Sogdian letter Waw × Old Sogdian letter Waw 𐼇 w Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅). Cursive Sogdian letter Waw × Cursive Sogdian letter Waw 𐼴 w Derived from Old Sogdian letter Waw (𐼇).				Old Sogdian letter Zayn × Old Sogdian letter Zayn 𐼈 z Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆). Cursive Sogdian letter Zayn × Cursive Sogdian letter Zayn 𐼵 z Derived from Old Sogdian letter Zayn (𐼈).	Old Sogdian letter Heth × Old Sogdian letter Heth 𐼉 x Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇). Cursive Sogdian letter Heth × Cursive Sogdian letter Heth 𐼶 x Derived from Old Sogdian letter Heth (𐼉).				Old Sogdian letter Yodh × Old Sogdian letter Yodh 𐼊 y Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉). Cursive Sogdian letter Yodh × Cursive Sogdian letter Yodh 𐼷 y Derived from Old Sogdian letter Yodh (𐼊).		Old Sogdian letter Kaph × Old Sogdian letter Kaph 𐼋 k Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊). Cursive Sogdian letter Kaph × Cursive Sogdian letter Kaph 𐼸 k Derived from Old Sogdian letter Kaph (𐼋).	Old Sogdian letter Lamedh × Old Sogdian letter Lamedh 𐼌 l Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋). Cursive Sogdian letter Lamedh × Cursive Sogdian letter Lamedh 𐼹 l Derived from Old Sogdian letter Lamedh (𐼌).	Old Sogdian letter Mem × Old Sogdian letter Mem 𐼍 m Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌). Cursive Sogdian letter Mem × Cursive Sogdian letter Mem 𐼺 m Derived from Old Sogdian letter Mem (𐼍).	Old Sogdian letter Nun × Old Sogdian letter Nun 𐼎 n Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍). Cursive Sogdian letter Nun × Cursive Sogdian letter Nun 𐼻 n Derived from Old Sogdian letter Nun (𐼎).			Old Sogdian letter Samekh × Old Sogdian letter Samekh 𐼑 s Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎). Cursive Sogdian letter Samekh × Cursive Sogdian letter Samekh 𐼼 s Derived from Old Sogdian letter Samekh (𐼑).				Old Sogdian letter Pe × Old Sogdian letter Pe 𐼔 p Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐). Cursive Sogdian letter Pe × Cursive Sogdian letter Pe 𐼾 p Derived from Old Sogdian letter Pe (𐼔).	Old Sogdian letter Sadhe × Old Sogdian letter Sadhe 𐼕 c Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑). Cursive Sogdian letter Sadhe × Cursive Sogdian letter Sadhe 𐼿 c Derived from Old Sogdian letter Sadhe (𐼕).				Old Sogdian letter Resh-Ayin-Daleth × Old Sogdian letter Resh-Ayin-Daleth 𐼘 r, ˁ, d Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓). Cursive Sogdian letter Resh-Ayin × Cursive Sogdian letter Resh-Ayin 𐽀 r, ˁ Derived from Old Sogdian letter Resh-Ayin-Daleth (𐼘).	Old Sogdian letter Shin × Old Sogdian letter Shin 𐼙 š Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔). Cursive Sogdian letter Shin × Cursive Sogdian letter Shin 𐽁 š Derived from Old Sogdian letter Shin (𐼙).						Old Sogdian letter Taw × Old Sogdian letter Taw 𐼚 t Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕). Cursive Sogdian letter Taw × Cursive Sogdian letter Taw 𐽂 t Derived from Old Sogdian letter Taw (𐼚).
Old Uyghur	Alphabet 8 c. CE - 17 c. CE	Old Uyghur letter Aleph × Old Uyghur letter Aleph 𐽰 ʾ Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Aleph rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼰).		Old Uyghur letter Beth × Old Uyghur letter Beth 𐽱 w/v Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Beth rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼱).		Old Uyghur letter Gimel × Old Uyghur letter Gimel 𐽲 γ Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Gimel rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼲).									Old Uyghur letter Waw × Old Uyghur letter Waw 𐽳 w Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Waw rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼴).				Old Uyghur letter Zayin × Old Uyghur letter Zayin 𐽴 z Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Zayin rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼵‎).	Old Uyghur letter Heth × Old Uyghur letter Heth 𐽵 x, q Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Heth rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼶).				Old Uyghur letter Yodh × Old Uyghur letter Yodh 𐽶 y Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Yodh rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼷‎).		Old Uyghur letter Kaph × Old Uyghur letter Kaph 𐽷 k ~ g Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Kāph rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼸‎).	Old Uyghur letter Lamedh × Old Uyghur letter Lamedh 𐽸 d Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Lāmadh rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼹‎).	Old Uyghur letter Mem × Old Uyghur letter Mem 𐽹 m Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Mem rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼺‎‎).	Old Uyghur letter Nun × Old Uyghur letter Nun 𐽺 n Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Nun rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼻‎).			Old Uyghur letter Samekh × Old Uyghur letter Samekh 𐽻 s Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Semkath rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼼‎).				Old Uyghur letter Pe × Old Uyghur letter Pe 𐽼 b, p Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Pē rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼾).	Old Uyghur letter Sadhe × Old Uyghur letter Sadhe 𐽽 č Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Ṩādhē rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐼿‎).				Old Uyghur letter Resh × Old Uyghur letter Resh 𐽾 r Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Rēš rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐽀).	Old Uyghur letter Shin × Old Uyghur letter Shin 𐽿 s Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Šīn rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐽁‎).						Old Uyghur letter Taw × Old Uyghur letter Taw 𐾀 t Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Taw rotated 90° counterclockwise (𐽂‎).
Mongolian (Child)	Alphabet 1204. CE - Present	Mongolian letter E × Mongolian letter E ᠡ e э Khalkha pronunciation:: /ə/ Chakhar pronunciation:: /ə/ Derived from Old Uyghur letter Aleph (𐽰).				Mongolian letter Qa/Ka × Mongolian letter Qa/Ka ᠬ q/k х Khalkha pronunciation:: /x/ Chakhar pronunciation:: /x/ Derived from Old Uyghur letter Gimel or Heth (𐽲).														Mongolian letter Ga × Mongolian letter Ga ᠭ g г Khalkha pronunciation:: /ɢ/ Chakhar pronunciation:: /ɣ/ Derived from Old Uyghur letter double dotted Heth (𐽲𐾄).				Mongolian letter Ya × Mongolian letter Ya ᠶ‍ y й Khalkha pronunciation:: /j/ Chakhar pronunciation:: /j/ Derived from Old Uyghur letter Yodh (𐽶).				Mongolian letter Ma × Mongolian letter Ma ᠮ‍ m м Khalkha pronunciation:: /m/ Chakhar pronunciation:: /m/ Derived from Old Uyghur letter Mem (𐽹).	Mongolian letter Na × Mongolian letter Na ᠨ‍ n н Khalkha pronunciation:: /n/ Chakhar pronunciation:: /n/ Derived from Old Uyghur letter dotted Nun (𐽺𐾂).			Mongolian letter Sa × Mongolian letter Sa ᠰ‍ s с Khalkha pronunciation:: /s/ or /ʃ/ before i Chakhar pronunciation:: /s/ or /ʃ/ before i Derived from Old Uyghur letter Samekh (𐽻).				Mongolian letter Ba × Mongolian letter Ba ᠪ‍ b б Khalkha pronunciation:: /p/, /w/ Chakhar pronunciation:: /b/ Derived from Old Uyghur letter Pe (𐽼).	Mongolian letter Cha × Mongolian letter Cha ᠴ ch ч Khalkha pronunciation:: /t͡ʃʰ/, /t͡sʰ/ Chakhar pronunciation:: /t͡ʃ/ Derived from Old Uyghur letter Shade (𐽽).				Mongolian letter Ra × Mongolian letter Ra ᠷ‍ r р Khalkha pronunciation:: /r/ Chakhar pronunciation:: /r/ Derived from Old Uyghur letter Resh (𐽾).	Mongolian letter Sha × Mongolian letter Sha ᠱ‍ sh ш Khalkha pronunciation:: /ʃ/ Chakhar pronunciation:: /ʃ/ Derived from Old Uyghur letter two-dotted Shin (𐽿).						Mongolian letter Ta × Mongolian letter Ta ᠲ t т Khalkha pronunciation:: /t/ Chakhar pronunciation:: /t/ Derived from Old Uyghur letter Taw (𐾀).

Lineage^1,9-11,14-17

Egyptian Hieroglyphs
↳Hieratic Egyptian
↳Proto-Sinaitic
↳Phoenician
↳Imperial Aramaic
↳Old Sogdian
↳Cursive Sogdian
↳Old Uyghur
↳Mongolian

References

1. Pandey, A. (2020). Final proposal to encode Old Uyghur in Unicode. https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20191-old-uyghur.pdf
2. Or.8212/152(A). (n.d.). International Dunhuang Programme. Retrieved February 8, 2025, from https://idp.bl.uk/collection/CFA27B5564E24FFC9957FA1128B5652A/?return=%2Fcollection%2F%3Flimit%3D100%26page%3D5%26language_or_script%255B%255D%3DOld%2BTurkic%2B%2528lang.%2529%26language_or_script%255B%255D%3DUyghur%2B%2528script%2529
3. SHT 7178. (n.d.). International Dunhuang Programme. Retrieved February 8, 2025, from https://idp.bl.uk/collection/DC1733378F514D0286EE1FBE04F400F9/?return=%2Fcollection%2F%3Flimit%3D100%26page%3D6%26language_or_script%255B%255D%3DOld%2BTurkic%2B%2528lang.%2529%26language_or_script%255B%255D%3DUyghur%2B%2528script%2529
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7. Colless, Brian E (1990). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Sinai". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 28: 1–52. doi:10.2143/anes.28.0.525711
8. Colless, Brian E (1991). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Canaan". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 29: 18–66. doi:10.2143/anes.29.0.525718
9. Pandey, A. (2016). Proposal to encode the Old Sogdian script in Unicode. Retrieved February 7, 2025, from unicode.org website: https://unicode.org/L2/L2016/16312r-old-sogdian.pdf
10. Pandey, A. (2017). Revised proposal to encode the Sogdian script in Unicode. Retrieved February 7, 2025, from unicode.org website: https://unicode.org/L2/L2016/16371r2-sogdian.pdf
11. Daniels, P. T., & Bright, W. (Eds.). (1996). The world’s writing systems. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
12. Clauson, G. (2005). Studies in Turkic and Mongolic linguistics (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203987551
13. Janhunen, J. (Ed.). (2006). The Mongolic languages. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203987919
14. Allen, J. P. (2014). Middle Egyptian: An introduction to the language and culture of hieroglyphs. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
15. Albright, William F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and their Decipherment.
16. Davidson, L. (2022, March 18). How the Phoenician Alphabet Revolutionised Language. Retrieved February 7, 2025, from historyhit.com website: https://www.historyhit.com/how-the-phoenician-alphabet-revolutionised-language/
17. Shaked, Saul (1987). "Aramaic". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 250–261. p. 251