Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1

𓃾

Head of Ox

Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/
Conventional Anglicisation: ka

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1

𓉐

House plan

Phonogram pr for: pr “house”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/
Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/
Conventional Anglicisation: per

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14

𓌙

Throw stick

Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/
Conventional Anglicisation: qema

Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/
Conventional Anglicisation: aam

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3

𓌉

Pear shaped mace

Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4

𓏭

Two diagonal strokes

Determinative for duality

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6

𓉗

Plan of rectangular enclosure

Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/
Conventional Anglicisation: hut

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42

𓂣

Arm with downward facing palm

Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/
Conventional Anglicisation: meh

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46

𓂧

Hand

Phonogram d
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/

Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: djeret

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39

𓋿

Crook

Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/
Conventional Anglicisation: aut

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35

𓈖

Water ripple

Phonogram n
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10

𓆓

Cobra

Phonogram ḏ
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11

𓊽

Reed column

Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/
Conventional Anglicisation: djed

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21

𓂋

Mouth

Phonogram r
Ideogram for: r “mouth”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22

𓇑

Rush with roots

Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1

𓁶

Head

Phonogram tp
Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/
Conventional Anglicisation: tepw

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a

𓌓

Bow

Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9

𓏴

Crossed sticks

Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”

Old Uyghur letter Aleph

ʾ

Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Aleph rotated 90° counterclockwise
(𐼰).

Old Uyghur letter Beth

w/v

Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Beth rotated 90° counterclockwise
(𐼱).

Old Uyghur letter Gimel

γ

Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Gimel rotated 90° counterclockwise
(𐼲).

Old Uyghur letter Waw

w

Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Waw rotated 90° counterclockwise
(𐼴).

Old Uyghur letter Zayin

z

Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Zayin rotated 90° counterclockwise
(𐼵‎).

Old Uyghur letter Heth

x, q

Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Heth rotated 90° counterclockwise
(𐼶).

Old Uyghur letter Yodh

y

Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Yodh rotated 90° counterclockwise
(𐼷‎).

Old Uyghur letter Kaph

k ~ g

Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Kāph rotated 90° counterclockwise
(𐼸‎).

Old Uyghur letter Lamedh

d

Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Lāmadh rotated 90° counterclockwise
(𐼹‎).

Old Uyghur letter Mem

m

Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Mem rotated 90° counterclockwise
(𐼺‎‎).

Old Uyghur letter Nun

n

Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Nun rotated 90° counterclockwise
(𐼻‎).

Old Uyghur letter Samekh

s

Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Semkath rotated 90° counterclockwise
(𐼼‎).

Old Uyghur letter Pe

b, p

Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Pē rotated 90° counterclockwise
(𐼾).

Old Uyghur letter Sadhe

č

Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Ṩādhē rotated 90° counterclockwise
(𐼿‎).

Old Uyghur letter Resh

r

Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Rēš rotated 90° counterclockwise
(𐽀).

Old Uyghur letter Shin

s

Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Šīn rotated 90° counterclockwise
(𐽁‎).

Old Uyghur letter Taw

t

Derived from Cursive Sogdian letter Taw rotated 90° counterclockwise
(𐽂‎).

Mongolian letter E

e
э
Khalkha pronunciation:: /ə/
Chakhar pronunciation:: /ə/

Derived from Old Uyghur letter Aleph
(𐽰).

Masculine vowel.

Mongolian letter Q/K

q/k
х
Khalkha pronunciation:: /x/
Chakhar pronunciation:: /x/

Derived from Old Uyghur letter Gimel or Heth
(𐽲).

Mongolian letter ɣ/G

ɣ/g
г
Khalkha pronunciation:: /ɢ/
Chakhar pronunciation:: /ɣ/

Derived from Old Uyghur letter double dotted Heth
(𐽲𐾄).

Mongolian letter J

j
ж
Khalkha pronunciation:: /d͡ʒ/, /d͡z/
Chakhar pronunciation:: /d͡ʒ/

Derived from Old Uyghur letter Yodh
(𐽶).

Mongolian letter K

k

Khalkha pronunciation:: /k/
Chakhar pronunciation:: /k/

Derived from Old Uyghur letter Kaph
(𐽷).

Mongolian letter D

d
д
Khalkha pronunciation:: /t/, /tʰ/
Chakhar pronunciation:: /d/

Derived from Old Uyghur letter Lamedh
(𐽸).

Mongolian letter M

m
м
Khalkha pronunciation:: /m/
Chakhar pronunciation:: /m/

Derived from Old Uyghur letter Mem
(𐽹).

Mongolian letter N

n
н
Khalkha pronunciation:: /n/
Chakhar pronunciation:: /n/

Derived from Old Uyghur letter dotted Nun
(𐽺𐾂).

Mongolian letter S

s
с
Khalkha pronunciation:: /s/ or /ʃ/ before i
Chakhar pronunciation:: /s/ or /ʃ/ before i

Derived from Old Uyghur letter Samekh
(𐽻).

Mongolian letter B

b
б
Khalkha pronunciation:: /p/, /w/
Chakhar pronunciation:: /b/

Derived from Old Uyghur letter Pe
(𐽼).

Mongolian letter Ch

ch
ч
Khalkha pronunciation:: /t͡ʃʰ/, /t͡sʰ/
Chakhar pronunciation:: /t͡ʃ/

Derived from Old Uyghur letter Sadhe
(𐽽).

Mongolian letter R

r
р
Khalkha pronunciation:: /r/
Chakhar pronunciation:: /r/

Derived from Old Uyghur letter Resh
(𐽾).

Mongolian letter Sh

sh
ш
Khalkha pronunciation:: /ʃ/
Chakhar pronunciation:: /ʃ/

Derived from Old Uyghur letter two-dotted Shin
(𐽿𐾅).

Mongolian letter T

t
т
Khalkha pronunciation:: /t/
Chakhar pronunciation:: /t/

Derived from Old Uyghur letter Taw
(𐾀).

Galik letter A

a
अ
ཨ

Derived from Mongolian letter A (ᠠ᠋᠋).

Galik letter E

e
ए
ཨེ

Derived from Old Uyghur letter Beth
(𐽱).

Galik letter Wa

wa
व
ཝ

Derived from Old Uyghur letter Beth
(𐽱)
and Mongolian letter A (ᠠ᠋).

Galik letter Ya

ya
य
ཡ

Derived from Mongolian letters Y (ᠶ᠋᠋) and A (ᠠ᠋).

Galik letter Ca

ca

ཅ

Derived from Mongolian letter J (middle) and A (ᠠ᠋).

Galik letter Ka

ka
क
ཀ

Derived from Mongolian letters K (ᢉ) and A (ᠠ᠋).

Galik letter Kha

kha
ख
ཁ

Derived from Mongolian letters K (ᢉ) and A (ᠠ᠋).

Galik letter Ga

ga
ग
ག

Derived from Mongolian letters K (ᢉ) and A (ᠠ᠋).

Galik letter Ta

ta
त
ཏ

Derived from Mongolian letters D (ᠳ) and A (ᠠ᠋).

Galik letter Da

da
द
ད

Derived from Mongolian letters D (ᠳ) and A (ᠠ᠋).

Galik letter Ma

ma
म
མ

Derived from Mongolian letters M (ᠮ᠋) and A (ᠠ᠋).

Galik letter Na

na
न
ན

Derived from Mongolian letters N (ᠨ᠋) with dot and A (ᠠ᠋).

Galik letter Sa

sa
स
ས

Derived from Mongolian letters S (ᠰ‍᠋) and A (ᠠ᠋).

Galik letter Ba

ba
ब
བ

Derived from Mongolian letters B (ᠪ‍‍᠋) and A (ᠠ᠋).

Galik letter Pha

pha
फ
ཕ

Derived from Mongolian letters B (ᠪ‍‍᠋) and A (ᠠ᠋).

Galik letter Cha

cha

ཆ

Derived from Mongolian letters Ch (ᠴ) and A (ᠠ᠋).

Galik letter Tša

tša
च
ཙ

Derived from Mongolian letters Ch (ᠴ) and A (ᠠ᠋).

Galik letter Tšha

tšha
छ
ཚ

Derived from Mongolian letters Ch (ᠴ) and A (ᠠ᠋).

Galik letter Dža

dža
ज
ཛ

Derived from Mongolian letters Ch (ᠴ) and A (ᠠ᠋).

Galik letter Za

za

ཟ

Derived from Mongolian letters Ch (ᠴ) and A (ᠠ᠋).

Galik letter Ra

ra
र
ར

Derived from Mongolian letters R (ᠷ) and A (ᠠ᠋).

Galik letter Śa

śa
श
ཤ

Derived from Mongolian letters Sh (ᠱ᠋) and A (ᠠ᠋).

Galik letter Tha

tha
थ
ཐ

Derived from Mongolian letters T (ᠲ) and A (ᠠ᠋).

Manchu letter E

e

IPA: [ə]

Derived from Mongolian letter E (ᠡ).

Manchu letter V

v/w

IPA: [w], [v]-

Derived from Galik letter Wa (ᠸᠠ᠋).

Manchu letter K

k

IPA: [qʰ]

Derived from Mongolian letter Q/K (ᠬ).

Manchu letter G

Used before A, O, and Ū.
g

IPA: [q]

Derived from Mongolian letter Q/K (ᠬ).

Manchu letter H

Used before A, O, and Ū.
h

IPA: [χ]

Derived from Mongolian letter Q/K (ᠬ).

Manchu letter J

j

IPA: [t͡ʃ], [t͡ɕ] before [i]

Derived from Mongolian letter J (ᠵ‍).

Manchu letter J'

Used in Chinese Zh.
j'

IPA: [tʂ]

Derived from Mongolian letter J (middle‍).

Manchu letter K'

Used before A and O for Chinese K.
k'

IPA: [kʰ]

Derived from Galik letter Ga (ᠺᠠ).

Manchu letter G

Used before E, I, and U.
g

IPA: [k]

Derived from Mongolian letter K.

Manchu letter H

Used before E, I, and U.
h

IPA: [x]

Derived from Mongolian letter K.

Manchu letter T (medial)

Used before A, O, Ū, and I.
t

IPA: [tʰ]

Derived from Mongolian letter D (ᠳ).

Manchu letter T (medial)

Used before E and U.
t

IPA: [tʰ]

Derived from Mongolian letter D (ᠳ).

Manchu letter M

m

IPA: [m]

Derived from Mongolian letter M (ᠮ‍).

Manchu letter N

n

IPA: [n]

Derived from Mongolian letter N (ᠨ‍).

Manchu letter S

s

IPA: [s], [ɕ] before [i]

Derived from Mongolian letter S (ᠰ‍).

Manchu letter B

b

IPA: [p]

Derived from Mongolian letter B (ᠪ‍).

Manchu letter C

c

IPA: [t͡ʃʰ], [t͡ɕʰ] before [i]

Derived from Mongolian letter Ch (ᠴ‍).

Manchu letter C'

Used in Chinese Ch.
c'

IPA: [tʂʰ]

Derived from Manchu letter C (ᠴ‍).

Manchu letter R

r

IPA: [r]

Derived from Mongolian letter R (ᠷ).

Manchu letter Sh

sh

IPA: [ʃ], [ɕ] before [i]

Derived from Mongolian letter Sh (ᠱ‍).

Manchu letter T

Used before A, O, Ū, and I.
t

IPA: [tʰ]

Derived from Mongolian letter T (ᠲ).

Manchu letter T

Used before E and U.
t

IPA: [tʰ]

Derived from Mongolian letter T (ᠲ).

Oirat Clear letter V

v/w

Derived from Galik letter Wa (ᠸᠠ᠋).

Oirat Clear letter X/K

x/k
х/к

IPA: /x/, /k/

Derived from Mongolian letter ɣ (medial) (‍ᠭ‍).

Oirat Clear letter J

j
й

IPA: /y/

Derived from Mongolian letter J (‍ᡕ‍‍).

Oirat Clear letter C

c
ц

IPA: /t͡s/

Derived from Mongolian letter J (middle‍).

Oirat Clear letter G

g
г

IPA: /g/

Derived from Mongolian letter K.

Oirat Clear letter K

Used in foreign words.
g

Derived from Mongolian letter K.

Oirat Clear letter K

Used in foreign words.
g

Derived from Mongolian letter K.

Oirat Clear letter G

d
д

IPA: /d/

Derived from Mongolian letter D (ᠳ).

Oirat Clear letter M

m
м

IPA: /m/

Derived from Mongolian letter M (ᠮ).

Oirat Clear letter N

n
н

IPA: /n/

Derived from Mongolian letter N (ᠨ‍).

Oirat Clear letter S

s
с

IPA: /s/

Derived from Mongolian letter S (ᠰ).

Oirat Clear letter B

b
б

IPA: /b/

Derived from Mongolian letter B (ᠪ‍).

Oirat Clear letter Z

z
з

IPA: /z/

Derived from Mongolian letter Ch (ᠴ‍).

Oirat Clear letter Dz

dz

Derived from Galik letter Dža (ᢖᠠ᠋).

Oirat Clear letter R

r
р

IPA: /r/

Derived from Mongolian letter R (ᠷ).

Oirat Clear letter Sh

sh
ш

IPA: /ʃ/

Derived from Mongolian letter Sh (ᠱ‍).

Oirat Clear letter T

t
т

IPA: /t/

Derived from Mongolian letter T (ᠲ).

Vagindra letter E

e

IPA: [e]

Derived from Mongolian letter E (ᠡ).

Vagindra letter W

w

IPA: [w]

Derived from Galik letter Wa (ᠸᠠ᠋).

Vagindra letter Y

y

IPA: [j]

Derived from Mongolian letter J (ᠵ‍).

Vagindra letter Z

z

IPA: [z]

Derived from Mongolian letter J (middle‍).

Vagindra letter G

g

IPA: [g]

Derived from Mongolian letter K.

Vagindra letter K/X

k/x

IPA: [x]

Derived from Galik letter Ga (ᠺᠠ).

Vagindra letter D

d

IPA: [d]

Derived from Mongolian letter D (ᠳ).

Vagindra letter M

m

IPA: [m]

Derived from Mongolian letter M (ᠮ‍).

Vagindra letter N

n

IPA: [n]

Derived from Mongolian letter N (ᠨ‍).

Vagindra letter S

s

IPA: [s]

Derived from Mongolian letter S (ᠰ‍).

Vagindra letter B

b

IPA: [b]

Derived from Mongolian letter B (ᠪ‍).

Vagindra letter C

c

IPA: [ts]

Derived from Mongolian letter Ch (ᠴ‍).

Vagindra letter Ch

ch

IPA: [tʃ]

Derived from Galik letter Tšha (ᠼᠠ᠋).

Vagindra letter R

r

IPA: [r]

Derived from Mongolian letter R (ᠷ).

Vagindra letter Sh

sh

IPA: [ʃ]

Derived from Mongolian letter Sh (ᠱ‍).

Vagindra letter T

t

IPA: [t]

Derived from Mongolian letter T (ᠲ).