Sogdian

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1

𓃾

Head of Ox

Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/
Conventional Anglicisation: ka

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1

𓉐

House plan

Phonogram pr for: pr “house”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/
Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/
Conventional Anglicisation: per

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14

𓌙

Throw stick

Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/
Conventional Anglicisation: qema

Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/
Conventional Anglicisation: aam

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1

𓆛

Bulti fish

Phonogram in for: int “bulti”

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28

𓀠

Man with arms raised

Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3

𓌉

Pear shaped mace

Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4

𓏭

Two diagonal strokes

Determinative for duality

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6

𓉗

Plan of rectangular enclosure

Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/
Conventional Anglicisation: hut

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35

𓄤

Heart and windpipe

Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/
Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/
Conventional Anglicisation: nefer

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42

𓂣

Arm with downward facing palm

Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/
Conventional Anglicisation: meh

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46

𓂧

Hand

Phonogram d
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/

Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: djeret

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39

𓋿

Crook

Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/
Conventional Anglicisation: aut

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35

𓈖

Water ripple

Phonogram n
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10

𓆓

Cobra

Phonogram ḏ
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11

𓊽

Reed column

Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/
Conventional Anglicisation: djed

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4

𓁹

Eye

Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/
Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/
Conventional Anglicisation: iri

Ideogram for: jrt “eye”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: iret

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21

𓂋

Mouth

Phonogram r
Ideogram for: r “mouth”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22

𓇑

Rush with roots

Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24

𓎗

Cord on stick

Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/
Conventional Anglicisation: wedj

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1

𓁶

Head

Phonogram tp
Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/
Conventional Anglicisation: tepw

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a

𓌓

Bow

Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9

𓏴

Crossed sticks

Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”

Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph

𐡀

𐡀𐡐𐡓

ʾ
IPA: /ʔ/; /aː/, /eː/

Derived from Phoenician letter ʾālep (𐤀).

Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth

𐡁

𐡁𐡕

b
IPA: /b/, /v/

Derived from Phoenician letter Bēt (𐤁).

Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal

𐡂

𐡂𐡌𐡋

g
IPA: /ɡ/, /ɣ/

Derived from Phoenician letter Gīml (𐤂).

Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath

𐡃

𐡃𐡋𐡕

d
IPA: /d/, /ð/

Derived from Phoenician letter Dālet (𐤃).

Imperial Aramaic letter Hē

𐡄

𐡄

h
IPA: /h/

Derived from Phoenician letter He (𐤄).

Imperial Aramaic letter Waw

𐡅

𐡅𐡅

w
IPA: /w/; /oː/, /uː/

Derived from Phoenician letter Wāw (𐤅).

Imperial Aramaic letter Zain

𐡆

𐡆𐡉𐡍

z
IPA: /z/

Derived from Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆).

Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth

𐡇

𐡇𐡕

ḥ
IPA: /ħ/

Derived from Phoenician letter Hēt (𐤇).

Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth

𐡈

𐡈𐡕

ṭ
IPA: /tˤ/

Derived from Phoenician letter Ṭēt (𐤈).

Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh

𐡉

𐡉𐡃

j
IPA: /j/; /iː/, /eː/

Derived from Phoenician letter Yod (𐤉).

Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph

𐡊

𐡊𐡐

k
IPA: /k/, /x/

Derived from Phoenician letter Kāp (𐤊).

Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh

𐡋

𐡋𐡌𐡃

l
IPA: /l/

Derived from Phoenician letter Lāmed (𐤋).

Imperial Aramaic letter Mem

𐡌

𐡌𐡌

m
IPA: /m/

Derived from Phoenician letter Mēm (𐤌).

Imperial Aramaic letter Nun

𐡍

𐡍𐡍

n
IPA: /n/

Derived from Phoenician letter Nūn (𐤍).

Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath

𐡎

𐡎𐡌𐡊

s
IPA: /s/

Derived from Phoenician letter Śāmek (𐤎).

Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin

𐡏

𐡏𐡉𐡍

ʿ
IPA: /ʕ/

Derived from Phoenician letter ʿayin (𐤏).

Imperial Aramaic letter Pē

𐡐

𐡐

p
IPA: /p/, /f/

Derived from Phoenician letter Pē (𐤐).

Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē

𐡑

𐡑𐡃

ṣ
IPA: /sˤ/

Derived from Phoenician letter Ṩādē (𐤑).

Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph

𐡒

𐡒𐡐

q
IPA: /q/

Derived from Phoenician letter Qōp (𐤒).

Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš

𐡓

𐡓𐡔

r
IPA: /r/

Derived from Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh (𐤓).

Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn

𐡔

𐡔𐡍

š
IPA: /ʃ/

Derived from Phoenician letter Šīn (𐤔).

Imperial Aramaic letter Taw

𐡕

𐡕𐡅

t
IPA: /t/, /θ/

Derived from Phoenician letter Tāw (𐤕).

Kharoṣṭhī letter A

𐨀

a
IPA: /ə/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ba

𐨦

ba
IPA: /bə/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ga

𐨒

ga
IPA: /gə/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).

Kharoṣṭhī letter Dha

𐨢

dha
IPA: /dʰə/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ha

𐨱

ha
IPA: /hə/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).

Kharoṣṭhī letter Va

𐨬

va
IPA: /ʋə/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ja

𐨗

ja
IPA: /ɟə/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).

Kharoṣṭhī letter Gha

𐨓

gha
IPA: /gʰə/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).

Kharoṣṭhī letter Tha

𐨠

tha
IPA: /tʰə/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ya

𐨩

ya
IPA: /jə/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ka

𐨐

ka
IPA: /kə/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).

Kharoṣṭhī letter La

𐨫

la
IPA: /lə/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ma

𐨨

ma
IPA: /mə/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).

Kharoṣṭhī letter Na

𐨣

na
IPA: /nə/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).

Kharoṣṭhī letter Śa

𐨭

śa
IPA: /ɕə/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).

Kharoṣṭhī letter Pa

𐨤

pa
IPA: /pə/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).

Kharoṣṭhī letter Sa

𐨯

sa
IPA: /sə/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).

Kharoṣṭhī letter Kha

𐨑

kha
IPA: /kʰə/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ra

𐨪

ra
IPA: /rə/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ṣa

𐨮

ṣa
IPA: /ʂə/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ta

𐨟

ta
IPA: /tə/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).

Early Brahmi letter A

𑀅

a
IPA: /ɐ/

Likely derived from a variant of Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).

Early Brahmi letter Ba

𑀩

ba
IPA: /bɐ/

Likely derived from Classical Nabataean letter Bēth (final) (𐢂), with a closing back stroke.

Early Brahmi letter Bha

𑀪

bha
IPA: /bʱɐ/

Likely derived from Classical Nabataean letter Bēth (final) (𐢂), rotated and with a hook to represent the aspirate.

Early Brahmi letter Ga

𑀕

ga
IPA: /gɐ/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).

Early Brahmi letter Ḍa

𑀟

ḍa
IPA: /ɖɐ/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃), reversed.

Early Brahmi letter Dha

𑀥

dha
IPA: /d̪ʱɐ/

Likely derived from a rounded variant of Modern Greek letter Delta (Δ).

Early Brahmi letter Ha

𑀳

ha
IPA: /ɦɐ/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄), reversed and upside down.

Early Brahmi letter U

𑀉

u
IPA: /u/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅), reversed and upside down.

Early Brahmi letter Va

𑀯

va
IPA: /wɐ/, /ʋɐ/

Likely derived from a variant of Classical Nabataean letter Waw (𐢈).

Early Brahmi letter Ja

𑀚

ja
IPA: /ɟɐ/

Likely derived from a variant of Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆).

Early Brahmi letter Jha

𑀛

jha
IPA: /ɟʱɐ/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆), with an upper hook to the right to represent the aspirate.

Early Brahmi letter Ṭha

𑀞

ṭha
IPA: /ʈʰɐ/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).

Early Brahmi letter Tha

𑀣

tha
IPA: /t̪ʰɐ/

Likely derived from a variant of Modern Greek letter Theta (Θ).

Early Brahmi letter Ya

𑀬

ya
IPA: /jɐ/

Likely derived from Phoenician letter Yod (𐤉), upside down with an extension of the middle projection.

Early Brahmi letter Ka

𑀓

ka
IPA: /kɐ/

Likely derived from a variant of Modern Greek letter Chi (Χ).

Early Brahmi letter La

𑀮

la
IPA: /lɐ/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋), reversed.

Early Brahmi letter Ma

𑀫

ma
IPA: /mɐ/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌), with the top closed in a loop and turned upside down.

Early Brahmi letter Ña

𑀜

ña
IPA: /ɲɐ/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).

Early Brahmi letter Ṅa

𑀗

ṅa
IPA: /ŋɐ/

Likely derived from Hebrew letter Nun (נ), reversed.

Early Brahmi letter Na

𑀦

na
IPA: /nɐ/

Likely derived from a variant of Classical Nabataean letter Nun (𐢕).

Early Brahmi letter E

𑀏

e
IPA: /eː/

Likely derived from a triangular variant of Phoenician letter ʿayin (𐤏).

Early Brahmi letter Gha

𑀖

gha
IPA: /ɡʱɐ/

Likely derived from a variant of Late Nabataean letter Ayin.

Early Brahmi letter Ṣa

𑀱

ṣa
IPA: /ʂɐ/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐), rotated and upside down.

Early Brahmi letter Sa

𑀧

sa
IPA: /sɐ/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑), upside down, reversed, with a horizontal midline extension to the right.

Early Brahmi letter Ca

𑀲

ca
IPA: /cɐ/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑), upside down, eversed, with the elongation of a hook to the left.

Early Brahmi letter Pa

𑀘

pa
IPA: /pɐ/

Likely derived from Classical Nabataean letter Ṩādhē (𐢙), upside down.

Early Brahmi letter Kha

𑀔

kha
IPA: /kʰɐ/

Likely derived from Classical Nabataean letter Qoph (𐢚), reversed and upside down.

Early Brahmi letter Ra

𑀭

ra
IPA: /rɐ/

Likely derived from Classical Nabataean letter Rēš.

Early Brahmi letter Śa

𑀰

śa
IPA: /ɕɐ/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔), upside down with slight adjustment of the middle extension.

Early Brahmi letter Ta

𑀢

ta
IPA: /t̪ɐ/

Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).

Hebrew letter Alef

א

אָלֶף

a
IPA: [a]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).

Hebrew letter Bet

ב

בֵית

v
IPA: [v]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).

Hebrew letter Gimel

ג

גִימֵל

g
IPA: [ɣ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).

Hebrew letter Dalet

ד

דָלֶת

d
IPA: [ð]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).

Hebrew letter He

ה

הֵא

h
IPA: [h]~[e]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).

Hebrew letter Vav

ו

וָו

v
IPA: [v]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).

Hebrew letter Zayin

ז

זַיִן

z
IPA: [z]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).

Hebrew letter Chet

ח

חֵית

ch
IPA: [χ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).

Hebrew letter Tet

ט

טֵית

t
IPA: [t]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).

Hebrew letter Yod

י

יוֹד

y
IPA: [j]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).

Hebrew letter Kaf

כ

כַף

k
IPA: [χ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).

Hebrew letter Kaf (final)

ך

כַף סוֹפִית

k
IPA: [x]~[χ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).

Hebrew letter Lamed

ל

לָמֶד

l
IPA: [l]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).

Hebrew letter Mem

מ

מֵם

m
IPA: [m]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).

Hebrew letter Mem (final)

ם

מֵם סוֹפִית

m
IPA: [m]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).

Hebrew letter Nun

נ

נוּן

n
IPA: [n]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).

Hebrew letter Nun (final)

ן

נוּן סוֹפִית

n
IPA: [n]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).

Hebrew letter Samekh

ס

סָמֶךְ

s
IPA: [s]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).

Hebrew letter Ayin

ע

עַיִן

ʿ
IPA: [o]~[ō], ∅

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).

Hebrew letter Pe

פ

פֵא

f
IPA: [f]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).

Hebrew letter Pe (final)

ף

פֵא סוֹפִית

f
IPA: [f]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).

Hebrew letter Tsadi

צ

צָדִי

ts
IPA: [ts]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).

Hebrew letter Tsadi (final)

ץ

צָדִי סוֹפִית

ts
IPA: [ts]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).

Hebrew letter Qof

ק

קוֹף

k
IPA: [k]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).

Hebrew letter Resh

ר

רֵישׁ

r
IPA: [ʁ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).

Hebrew letter Shin

ש

שִׁׂי

sh
IPA: [ʃ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).

Hebrew letter Tav

ת

תָו

t
IPA: [t]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).

Inscriptional Parthian letter Aleph

𐭀

𐭀𐭋𐭐

ʾ
IPA: /a/, /aː/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).

Inscriptional Parthian letter Beth

𐭁

𐭁𐭕

b
IPA: /b/, /v/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).

Inscriptional Parthian letter Gimel

𐭂

𐭂𐭐𐭋

g
IPA: /g/, /j/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).

Inscriptional Parthian letter Daleth

𐭃

𐭃𐭋𐭕

d
IPA: /d/, /j/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).

Inscriptional Parthian letter He

𐭄

𐭄

h
IPA: /h/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).

Inscriptional Parthian letter Waw

𐭅

𐭅𐭅

w
IPA: /v/, /r/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).

Inscriptional Parthian letter Zayin

𐭆

𐭆𐭉𐭍

z
IPA: /z/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).

Inscriptional Parthian letter Heth

𐭇

𐭇𐭕

h
IPA: /h/, /x/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).

Inscriptional Parthian letter Teth

𐭈

𐭈𐭕

t
IPA: /t/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).

Inscriptional Parthian letter Yodh

𐭉

𐭉𐭃

j
IPA: /j/, /ĕː/, /ĭː/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).

Inscriptional Parthian letter Kaph

𐭊

𐭊𐭐

k
IPA: /k/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).

Inscriptional Parthian letter Lamadh

𐭋

𐭋𐭌𐭃

l
IPA: /l/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).

Inscriptional Parthian letter Mem

𐭌

𐭌𐭌

m
IPA: /m/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).

Inscriptional Parthian letter Nun

𐭍

𐭍𐭍

n
IPA: /n/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).

Inscriptional Parthian letter Samekh

𐭎

𐭎𐭌𐭊

s
IPA: /s/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).

Inscriptional Parthian letter Ayin

𐭏

𐭏𐭉𐭃

ʿ
IPA: /ʔ/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).

Inscriptional Parthian letter Pe

𐭐

𐭐

p
IPA: /p/, /b/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).

Inscriptional Parthian letter Sadhe

𐭑

𐭑𐭃

s
IPA: /s/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).

Inscriptional Parthian letter Qoph

𐭒

𐭒𐭐

q
IPA: /q/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).

Inscriptional Parthian letter Resh

𐭓

𐭓𐭔

r
IPA: /r/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).

Inscriptional Parthian letter Shin

𐭔

𐭔𐭍

sh
IPA: /ʃ/, /ʒ/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).

Inscriptional Parthian letter Taw

𐭕

𐭕𐭅

t
IPA: /t/, /d/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).

Elymaic letter Aleph

𐿠

𐿠𐿫𐿰

ʾ

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).

Elymaic letter Beth

𐿡

𐿡𐿵

b

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).

Elymaic letter Gimel

𐿢‎

𐿢𐿬𐿫

g

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).

Elymaic letter Daleth

𐿣

𐿣𐿫𐿵

d

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).

Elymaic letter He

𐿤

𐿤

h

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).

Elymaic letter Waw

𐿥

𐿥𐿥

w

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).

Elymaic letter Zayin

𐿦

𐿦𐿩𐿭

z

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).

Elymaic letter Heth

𐿧

𐿧𐿵

ḥ

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).

Elymaic letter Teth

𐿨

𐿨𐿵

ṭ

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).

Elymaic letter Yodh

𐿩

𐿩𐿣

j

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).

Elymaic letter Kaph

𐿪

𐿪𐿰

k

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).

Elymaic letter Lamedh

𐿫

𐿫𐿬𐿣

l

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).

Elymaic letter Mem

𐿬

𐿬𐿬

m

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).

Elymaic letter Nun

𐿭

𐿭𐿭

n

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).

Elymaic letter Samekh

𐿮

𐿮𐿬𐿪

s

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).

Elymaic letter Ayin

𐿯

𐿯𐿩𐿭

ʿ

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).

Elymaic letter Pe

𐿰

𐿰

p

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).

Elymaic letter Sadhe

𐿱

𐿱𐿣

ṣ

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).

Elymaic letter Qoph

𐿲

𐿲𐿰

q

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).

Elymaic letter Res

𐿳

𐿳𐿴

r

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).

Elymaic letter Shin

𐿴

𐿴𐿭

š

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).

Elymaic letter Taw

𐿵

𐿵𐿥

t

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).

Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph

𐢁

𐢁𐢑𐢘

ʾ
IPA: [ʔ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).

Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph (final)

𐢀

𐢁𐢑𐢘

ʾ
IPA: [ʔ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).

Classical Nabataean letter Bēth

𐢃

𐢃𐢞

b
IPA: [b]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).

Classical Nabataean letter Bēth (final)

𐢂

𐢃𐢞

b
IPA: [b]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).

Classical Nabataean letter Gāmal

𐢄

𐢄𐢓𐢐

g
IPA: [ɡ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).

Classical Nabataean letter Dālath

𐢅

𐢅𐢑𐢞

d
IPA: [d]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).

Classical Nabataean letter Hē

𐢇

𐢇

h
IPA: [h]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).

Classical Nabataean letter Hē (final)

𐢆

𐢇

h
IPA: [h]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).

Classical Nabataean letter Waw

𐢈

w
IPA: [w]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).

Classical Nabataean letter Zain

𐢉

𐢉𐢍𐢔

z
IPA: [z]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).

Classical Nabataean letter Khēth

𐢊

𐢊𐢞

ḥ
IPA: [ħ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).

Classical Nabataean letter Ṭēth

𐢋

𐢋𐢞

ṭ
IPA: [tˤ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).

Classical Nabataean letter Iodh

𐢍

𐢍𐢅

y
IPA: [j]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).

Classical Nabataean letter Iodh (final)

𐢌

𐢍𐢅

y
IPA: [j]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).

Classical Nabataean letter Kāph

𐢏

𐢏𐢘

k
IPA: [k]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).

Classical Nabataean letter Kāph (final)

𐢎

𐢏𐢘

k
IPA: [k]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).

Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh

𐢑

𐢑𐢓𐢅

l
IPA: [l]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).

Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh (final)

𐢐

𐢑𐢓𐢅

l
IPA: [l]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).

Classical Nabataean letter Mem

𐢓

𐢓𐢒

m
IPA: [m]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).

Classical Nabataean letter Mem (final)

𐢒

𐢓𐢒

m
IPA: [m]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).

Classical Nabataean letter Nun

𐢕

𐢕𐢔

n
IPA: [n]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).

Classical Nabataean letter Nun (final)

𐢔

𐢕𐢔

n
IPA: [n]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).

Classical Nabataean letter Semkath

𐢖

𐢖𐢓𐢎

ś
IPA: [s]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).

Classical Nabataean letter Ayin

𐢗

𐢗𐢍𐢔

ʿ
IPA: [ʕ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).

Classical Nabataean letter Pē

𐢘

𐢘

p
IPA: [p]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).

Classical Nabataean letter Ṩādhē

𐢙

𐢙𐢅

ṣ
IPA: [sˤ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).

Classical Nabataean letter Qoph

𐢚

𐢚𐢘

q
IPA: [q]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).

Classical Nabataean letter Rēš

𐢛

𐢛𐢜

r
IPA: [r]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).

Classical Nabataean letter Šīn

𐢝

𐢝𐢔

š
IPA: [ʃ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).

Classical Nabataean letter Šīn (final)

𐢜

𐢝𐢔

š
IPA: [ʃ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).

Classical Nabataean letter Taw

𐢞

𐢞𐢈

t
IPA: [t]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).

Palmyrene letter Aleph

𐡠

𐡠𐡫𐡱

ʾ

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).

Palmyrene letter Beth

𐡡

𐡡𐡶

b

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).

Palmyrene letter Gimel

𐡢‎

𐡢𐡬𐡫

g

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).

Palmyrene letter Daleth

𐡣

𐡣𐡫𐡶

d

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).

Palmyrene letter He

𐡤

𐡤

h

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).

Palmyrene letter Waw

𐡥‎

𐡥𐡥

w

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).

Palmyrene letter Zayin

𐡦

𐡦𐡩𐡣

z

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).

Palmyrene letter Heth

𐡧

𐡧𐡶

ḥ

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).

Palmyrene letter Teth

𐡨

𐡨𐡶

ṭ

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).

Palmyrene letter Yodh

𐡩

𐡩𐡣

j

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).

Palmyrene letter Kaph

𐡪

𐡪𐡱

k

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).

Palmyrene letter Lamedh

𐡫

𐡫𐡬𐡣

l

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).

Palmyrene letter Mem

𐡬

𐡬𐡬

m

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).

Palmyrene letter Nun

𐡮

𐡮𐡭

n

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).

Palmyrene letter Nun (final)

𐡭

𐡮𐡭

n

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).

Palmyrene letter Samekh

𐡯

𐡯𐡬𐡪

s

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).

Palmyrene letter Ayin

𐡰

𐡰𐡦𐡭

ʿ

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).

Palmyrene letter Pe

𐡱

𐡱

p

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).

Palmyrene letter Sadhe

𐡲

𐡲𐡣

ṣ

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).

Palmyrene letter Qoph

𐡳

𐡳𐡱

q

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).

Palmyrene letter Res

𐡴

𐡴𐡵

r

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).

Palmyrene letter Shin

𐡵

𐡵𐡭

š

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).

Palmyrene letter Taw

𐡶

𐡶𐡥

t

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).

Hatran letter Aleph

𐣠

𐣠𐣫𐣰

ʾ
IPA: [ʔ], ∅

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).

Hatran letter Beth

𐣡

𐣡𐣵

hard: b, soft: ḇ
IPA: hard: [b], soft: [v] or [w]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).

Hatran letter Gimel

𐣢‎

𐣢𐣬𐣫

hard: g, soft: ḡ
IPA: hard: [ɡ], soft: [ɣ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).

Hatran letter Daleth

𐣣

𐣣𐣫𐣵

hard: d, soft: ḏ
IPA: hard: [d], soft: [ð]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).

Hatran letter He

𐣤

𐣤

h
IPA: [h]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).

Hatran letter Waw

𐣥

𐣥𐣥

consonant: w, mater lectionis: ū or ō
IPA: consonant: [w], mater lectionis: [u] or [o]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).

Hatran letter Zayin

𐣦

𐣦𐣩𐣭

z
IPA: [z]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).

Hatran letter Heth

𐣧

𐣧𐣵

ḥ
IPA: [ħ], [x], or [χ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).

Hatran letter Teth

𐣨

𐣨𐣵

ṭ
IPA: [tˤ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).

Hatran letter Yodh

𐣩

𐣩𐣣

consonant: y, mater lectionis: ī
IPA: consonant: [j], mater lectionis: [i] or [e]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).

Hatran letter Kaph

𐣪‎

𐣪𐣰

hard: k, soft: ḵ
IPA: hard: [k], soft: [x]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).

Hatran letter Lamedh

𐣫

𐣫𐣬𐣣

l
IPA: [l]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).

Hatran letter Mem

𐣬

𐣬𐣬

m
IPA: [m]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).

Hatran letter Nun

𐣭

𐣭𐣭

n
IPA: [n]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).

Hatran letter Samekh

𐣮

𐣮𐣬𐣪

s
IPA: [s]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).

Hatran letter Ayin

𐣯

𐣯𐣩𐣭

ʿ
IPA: [ʕ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).

Hatran letter Pe

𐣰

𐣰

hard: p, soft: p̄
IPA: hard: [p], soft: [f]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).

Hatran letter Sadhe

𐣱

𐣱𐣣

ṣ
IPA: [sˤ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).

Hatran letter Qoph

𐣲

𐣲𐣰

q
IPA: [q]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).

Hatran letter Res

𐣣

𐣣𐣴

r
IPA: [r]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).

Hatran letter Shin

𐣴

𐣴𐣭

š
IPA: [ʃ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).

Hatran letter Taw

𐣵

𐣵𐣥

hard: t, soft: ṯ
IPA: hard: [t], soft: [θ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʾĀlep̄

ܐ

ܐܠܦ

ʾ, ∅, mater lectionis: ā
IPA: [ʔ], ∅, mater lectionis: [ɑ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʾĀlep̄

ܐ

ܐܠܦ

ʾ, ∅, mater lectionis: ā
IPA: [ʔ], ∅, mater lectionis: [ɑ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter ʾĀlap̄/Olaf

ʾ, ∅, mater lectionis: ā
IPA: [ʔ], ∅, mater lectionis: [ɑ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Bēṯ

ܒ

ܒܝܬ

hard: b, soft: ḇ (also bh, v or β)
IPA: hard: [b], soft: [v] or [w]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Bēṯ

ܒ

ܒܝܬ

hard: b, soft: ḇ (also bh, v or β)
IPA: hard: [b], soft: [v] or [w]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Bēṯ

hard: b, soft: ḇ (also bh, v or β)
IPA: hard: [b], soft: [v] or [w]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Gāmal

ܓ

ܓܡܠ

hard: g, soft: ḡ (also g̱, gh, ġ or γ)
IPA: hard: [ɡ], soft: [ɣ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Gāmal

ܓ

ܓܡܠ

hard: g, soft: ḡ (also g̱, gh, ġ or γ)
IPA: hard: [ɡ], soft: [ɣ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Gāmal

hard: g, soft: ḡ (also g̱, gh, ġ or γ)
IPA: hard: [ɡ], soft: [ɣ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Dālaṯ

ܕ

ܕܠܬ

hard: d, soft: ḏ (also dh, ð or δ)
IPA: hard: [d], soft: [ð]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Dālaṯ

ܕ

ܕܠܬ

hard: d, soft: ḏ (also dh, ð or δ)
IPA: hard: [d], soft: [ð]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Dālaṯ

hard: d, soft: ḏ (also dh, ð or δ)
IPA: hard: [d], soft: [ð]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Hē

ܗ

ܗܐ

h
IPA: [h]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Hē

ܗ

ܗܐ

h
IPA: [h]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Hē

h
IPA: [h]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Waw

ܘ

ܘܘ

consonant: w, mater lectionis: ū or ō (also u or o)
IPA: consonant: [w], mater lectionis: [u] or [o]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Waw

ܘ

ܘܘ

consonant: w, mater lectionis: ū or ō (also u or o)
IPA: consonant: [w], mater lectionis: [u] or [o]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Waw

consonant: w, mater lectionis: ū or ō (also u or o)
IPA: consonant: [w], mater lectionis: [u] or [o]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Zayn

ܙ

ܙܝܢ

z
IPA: [z]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Zayn

ܙ

ܙܝܢ

z
IPA: [z]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Zayn

z
IPA: [z]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ḥēṯ

ܚ

ܛܝܬ

ḥ (also H, kh, x or ħ)
IPA: [ħ], [x] or [χ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ḥēṯ

ܚ

ܛܝܬ

ḥ (also H, kh, x or ħ)
IPA: [ħ], [x] or [χ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ḥēṯ

ḥ (also H, kh, x or ħ)
IPA: [ħ], [x] or [χ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṭēṯ

ܛ

ܛܝܬ

ṭ (also T or ţ)
IPA: [tˤ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ṭēṯ

ܛ

ܛܝܬ

ṭ (also T or ţ)
IPA: [tˤ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ṭēṯ/h3>

ṭ (also T or ţ)
IPA: [tˤ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Yōḏ

ܝ

ܝܘܕ

consonant: y, mater lectionis: ī (also i)
IPA: consonant: [j], mater lectionis: [i] or [e]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Yōḏ

ܝ

ܝܘܕ

consonant: y, mater lectionis: ī (also i)
IPA: consonant: [j], mater lectionis: [i] or [e]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Yōḏ

consonant: y, mater lectionis: ī (also i)
IPA: consonant: [j], mater lectionis: [i] or [e]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Kāp̄

ܟ

ܟܦ

hard: k, soft: ḵ (also kh or x)
IPA: hard: [k], soft: [x]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Kāp̄

ܟ

ܟܦ

hard: k, soft: ḵ (also kh or x)
IPA: hard: [k], soft: [x]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Kāp̄

hard: k, soft: ḵ (also kh or x)
IPA: hard: [k], soft: [x]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Lāmaḏ

ܠ

ܠܡܕ

l
IPA: [l]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Lāmaḏ

ܠ

ܠܡܕ

l
IPA: [l]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Lāmaḏ

l
IPA: [l]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Mīm

ܡ

ܡܝܡ

m
IPA: [m]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Mīm

ܡ

ܡܝܡ

m
IPA: [m]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Mīm

m
IPA: [m]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Nūn

ܢ

ܢܘܢ

n
IPA: [n]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Nūn

ܢ

ܢܘܢ

n
IPA: [n]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Nūn

n
IPA: [n]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Semkaṯ

ܣ

ܣܡܟܬ

ś
IPA: [s]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Semkaṯ

ܣ

ܣܡܟܬ

ś
IPA: [s]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Semkaṯ

ś
IPA: [s]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʿĒ

ܥ

ܥܐ

ʿ
IPA: [ʕ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʿĒ

ܥ

ܥܐ

ʿ
IPA: [ʕ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter ʿĒ

ʿ
IPA: [ʕ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Pē

ܦ

ܦܐ

hard: p, soft: p̄ (also p̱, ᵽ, ph or f)
IPA: hard: [p], soft: [f]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Pē

ܦ

ܦܐ

hard: p, soft: p̄ (also p̱, ᵽ, ph or f)
IPA: hard: [p], soft: [f]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Pē

hard: p, soft: p̄ (also p̱, ᵽ, ph or f)
IPA: hard: [p], soft: [f]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṣāḏē

ܨ

ܨܕܐ

ṣ (also S or ş)
IPA: [sˤ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ṣāḏē

ܨ

ܨܕܐ

ṣ (also S or ş)
IPA: [sˤ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ṣāḏē

ṣ (also S or ş)
IPA: [sˤ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Qōp̄

ܩ

ܩܘܦ

q (also ḳ)
IPA: [q]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Qōp̄

ܩ

ܩܘܦ

q (also ḳ)
IPA: [q]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Qōp̄

q (also ḳ)
IPA: [q]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Rēš

ܪ

ܪܝܫ

r
IPA: [r]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Rēš

ܪ

ܪܝܫ

r
IPA: [r]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Rēš

r
IPA: [r]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Šīn

ܫ

ܫܝܢ

š (also sh)
IPA: [ʃ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Šīn

ܫ

ܫܝܢ

š (also sh)
IPA: [ʃ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Šīn

š (also sh)
IPA: [ʃ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Taw

ܬ

ܬܘ

hard: t, soft: ṯ (also th or θ)
IPA: hard: [t], soft: [θ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Taw

ܬ

ܬܘ

hard: t, soft: ṯ (also th or θ)
IPA: hard: [t], soft: [θ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Taw

hard: t, soft: ṯ (also th or θ)
IPA: hard: [t], soft: [θ]

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).

Armazian letter Aleph

ʾ
IPA: /ʔ/, /aː/, /eː/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).

Armazian letter Beth

b
IPA: /b/, /v/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).

Armazian letter Gimel

g
IPA: /ɡ/, /ɣ/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).

Armazian letter Daleth

d
IPA: /d/, /ð/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).

Armazian letter He

h
IPA: /h/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).

Armazian letter Waw

w
IPA: /w/; /oː/, /uː/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).

Armazian letter Zayin

z
IPA: /z/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).

Armazian letter Heth

ḥ
IPA: /ħ/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).

Armazian letter Teth

ṭ
IPA: /tˤ/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).

Armazian letter Yodh

y
IPA: /j/; /iː/, /eː/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).

Armazian letter Kaph

k
IPA: /k/, /x/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).

Armazian letter Lamedh

l
IPA: /l/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).

Armazian letter Mem

m
IPA: /m/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).

Armazian letter Nun

n
IPA: /n/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).

Armazian letter Samekh

s
IPA: /s/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).

Armazian letter Ayin

ʿ
IPA: /ʕ/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).

Armazian letter Pe

p
IPA: /p/, /f/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).

Armazian letter Sadhe

ṣ
IPA: /sˤ/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).

Armazian letter Qoph

q
IPA: /q/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).

Armazian letter Res

r
IPA: /r/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).

Armazian letter Shin

š
IPA: /ʃ/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).

Armazian letter Taw

t
IPA: /t/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).

Khwarezmian letter Aleph

𐾰

𐾰𐾼𐿁

ʾ
IPA: /[ʔ]/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).

Khwarezmian letter Beth

𐾲

𐾲𐿄

b
IPA: /[b]/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).

Khwarezmian letter Gimel

𐾳‎

𐾳𐾽𐾼

g
IPA: /[ɡ]/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).

Khwarezmian letter Daleth

𐾴

𐾴𐾼𐿄

d
IPA: /[d]/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).

Khwarezmian letter He

𐾵

𐾵

h
IPA: /[h]/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).

Khwarezmian letter Waw

𐾶

𐾶𐾶

w
IPA: /[w]/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).

Khwarezmian letter Zayin

𐾸

𐾸𐾺𐾾

z
IPA: /[z]/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).

Khwarezmian letter Heth

𐾹

𐾹𐿄

ḥ
IPA: /[ħ]/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).

Khwarezmian letter Yodh

𐾺

𐾺𐾴

y
IPA: /[j]/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).

Khwarezmian letter Kaph

𐾻‎

𐾻𐿁

k
IPA: /[k]/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).

Khwarezmian letter Lamedh

𐾼

𐾼𐾽𐾴

l
IPA: /[l]/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).

Khwarezmian letter Mem

𐾽

𐾽𐾽

m
IPA: /[m]/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).

Khwarezmian letter Nun

𐾾

𐾾𐾾

n
IPA: /[n]/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).

Khwarezmian letter Samekh

𐾿

𐾿𐾽𐾻

s
IPA: /[s]/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).

Khwarezmian letter Ayin

𐿀

𐿀𐾺𐾾

ʿ
IPA: /[ʕ]/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).

Khwarezmian letter Pe

𐿁

𐿁

p
IPA: /[p]/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).

Khwarezmian letter Res

𐿂

𐿂𐿃

r
IPA: /[r]/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).

Khwarezmian letter Shin

𐿃

𐿃𐾾

š
IPA: /[ʃ]/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).

Khwarezmian letter Taw

𐿄

𐿄𐾶

t
IPA: /[t]/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).

Mandaic letter A

ࡀ

a
IPA: /a/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).

Mandaic letter Ba

ࡁ

b
IPA: /b/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).

Mandaic letter Ga

ࡂ‎

g
IPA: /ɡ/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).

Mandaic letter Da

ࡃ

d
IPA: /d/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).

Mandaic letter Ha

ࡄ

h
IPA: /h/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).

Mandaic letter Wa

ࡅ

u
IPA: /u, w/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).

Mandaic letter Za

ࡆ

z
IPA: /z/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).

Mandaic letter Eh

ࡇ

ẖ
IPA: /χ/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).

Mandaic letter Ṭa

ࡈ

ṭ
IPA: /tˠ/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).

Mandaic letter Ya

ࡉ

i
IPA: /i, j/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).

Mandaic letter Ka

ࡊ

k
IPA: /k/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).

Mandaic letter La

ࡋ

l
IPA: /l/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).

Mandaic letter Ma

ࡌ

m
IPA: /m/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).

Mandaic letter Na

ࡍ

n
IPA: /n/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).

Mandaic letter Sa

ࡎ

s
IPA: /s/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).

Mandaic letter E

ࡏ

ʿ
IPA: /e/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).

Mandaic letter Pa

ࡐ

p
IPA: /p/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).

Mandaic letter Ṣa

ࡑ

ṣ
IPA: /sˠ/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).

Mandaic letter Qa

ࡒ

q
IPA: /q/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).

Mandaic letter Ra

ࡓ

r
IPA: /r/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).

Mandaic letter Ša

ࡔ

š
IPA: /ʃ/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).

Mandaic letter Ta

ࡕ

t
IPA: /t/

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).

Manichaean letter Aleph

𐫀

ʾ

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).

Manichaean letter Beth

𐫁

b

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).

Manichaean letter Gimel

𐫃

g

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).

Manichaean letter Daleth

𐫅

d

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).

Manichaean letter He

𐫆

h

Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).