maˈtʼuww

Writing Scripts Descended from Egyptian Hieroglyphs

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Avestan

𐬛𐬉𐬥 𐬛𐬉𐬠𐬍𐬭𐬉

Abjad^??
5/6 c. CE - Present^?*

Right-to-left^??

Avestan

Languages^??

??

Places^??,2

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Abecedary^?3

Avestan letter A × Avestan letter A 𐬀 a IPA: /a/ Resembles Book Pahlavi.	Avestan letter Aa × Avestan letter Aa 𐬁 ā IPA: /aː/ Resembles Psalter Pahlavi.	Avestan letter Ao × Avestan letter Ao 𐬂 å IPA: /ɒ/	Avestan letter Aao × Avestan letter Aao 𐬃 ā̊ IPA: /ɒː/	Avestan letter An × Avestan letter An 𐬄 ą IPA: /ã/
Avestan letter Aan × Avestan letter Aan 𐬅 ą̇ IPA: /ã/	Avestan letter Ae × Avestan letter Ae 𐬆 ə IPA: /ə/ Derived from Greek cursives.	Avestan letter Aee × Avestan letter Aee 𐬇 ə̄ IPA: /əː/	Avestan letter E × Avestan letter E 𐬈 e IPA: /e/	Avestan letter Ee × Avestan letter Ee 𐬉 ē IPA: /eː/
Avestan letter O × Avestan letter O 𐬊 o IPA: /ɔ/	Avestan letter Oo × Avestan letter Oo 𐬋 ō IPA: /oː/	Avestan letter I × Avestan letter I 𐬌 i IPA: /ɪ/ Resembles Book Pahlavi.	Avestan letter Ii × Avestan letter Ii 𐬍 ī IPA: /iː/	Avestan letter U × Avestan letter U 𐬎 u IPA: /ʊ/
Avestan letter Uu × Avestan letter Uu 𐬏 ū IPA: /uː/	Avestan letter Ke × Avestan letter Ke 𐬐 k IPA: /k/ Resembles Book Pahlavi.	Avestan letter Xe × Avestan letter Xe 𐬑 x IPA: /x/	Avestan letter Xye × Avestan letter Xye 𐬒 x́ IPA: /xʲ/, /ç/	Avestan letter Xve × Avestan letter Xve 𐬓 xᵛ IPA: /xʷ/ Resembles Book Pahlavi.
Avestan letter Ge × Avestan letter Ge 𐬔 g IPA: /g/	Avestan letter Gge × Avestan letter Gge 𐬕 ġ IPA: /ɡʲ/, /ɟ/	Avestan letter Ghe × Avestan letter Ghe 𐬖 γ IPA: /ɣ/ Resembles Psalter Pahlavi.	Avestan letter Ce × Avestan letter Ce 𐬗 c IPA: /t͡ʃ/	Avestan letter Je × Avestan letter Je 𐬘 j IPA: /d͡ʒ/
Avestan letter Te × Avestan letter Te 𐬙 t IPA: /t/ Resembles Book Pahlavi.	Avestan letter The × Avestan letter The 𐬚 θ IPA: /θ/	Avestan letter De × Avestan letter De 𐬛 d IPA: /d/ Resembles Book Pahlavi.	Avestan letter Dhe × Avestan letter Dhe 𐬜 δ IPA: /ð/	Avestan letter Tte × Avestan letter Tte 𐬝 t̰ IPA: /t̚/
Avestan letter Pe × Avestan letter Pe 𐬞 p IPA: /p/ Resembles Book Pahlavi.	Avestan letter Fe × Avestan letter Fe 𐬟 f IPA: /f/	Avestan letter Be × Avestan letter Be 𐬠 b IPA: /b/ Resembles Book Pahlavi.	Avestan letter Bhe × Avestan letter Bhe 𐬡 β IPA: /β/	Avestan letter Nge × Avestan letter Nge 𐬢 ŋ IPA: /ŋ/
Avestan letter Ngye × Avestan letter Ngye 𐬣 ŋ́ IPA: /ŋʲ/	Avestan letter Ngve × Avestan letter Ngve 𐬤 ŋᵛ IPA: /ŋʷ/	Avestan letter Ne × Avestan letter Ne 𐬥 n IPA: /n/ Resembles Book Pahlavi.	Avestan letter Nye × Avestan letter Nye 𐬦 ń IPA: /ɲ/	Avestan letter Nne × Avestan letter Nne 𐬧 ṇ IPA: /ŋ/
Avestan letter Me × Avestan letter Me 𐬨 m IPA: /m/ Resembles Book Pahlavi.	Avestan letter Hme × Avestan letter Hme 𐬩 m̨ IPA: /m̥/, /mʰ/	Avestan letter Yye × Avestan letter Yye 𐬪 ẏ IPA: /j/	Avestan letter Ye × Avestan letter Ye 𐬫 y IPA: /j/	Avestan letter doubled I × Avestan letter doubled I 𐬌𐬌 ii IPA: /ii̯/
Avestan letter Ve × Avestan letter Ve 𐬬 v IPA: /w/	Avestan letter double U × Avestan letter double U 𐬎𐬎 uu IPA: /uu̯/	Avestan letter Re × Avestan letter Re 𐬭 r IPA: /r/ Resembles Book Pahlavi.	Avestan letter Le × Avestan letter Le 𐬮 l IPA: /l/	Avestan letter Se × Avestan letter Se 𐬯 s IPA: /s/ Resembles Book Pahlavi.
Avestan letter Ze × Avestan letter Ze 𐬰 z IPA: /z/ Resembles Book Pahlavi.	Avestan letter She × Avestan letter She 𐬱 š IPA: /ʃ/ Resembles Book Pahlavi.	Avestan letter Zhe × Avestan letter Zhe 𐬲 ž IPA: /ʒ/	Avestan letter Shye × Avestan letter Shye 𐬳 š́ IPA: /ɕ/	Avestan letter Sshe × Avestan letter Sshe 𐬴 ṣ̌ IPA: /ʂ/
Avestan letter He × Avestan letter He 𐬵 h IPA: /h/

Ligatures

Pa_IPa_l01

Inscriptional Parthian ligature Gimel-Waw

=

Pa_IPa06

Inscriptional Parthian letter Waw

+

Pa_IPa03

Inscriptional Parthian letter Gimel

Epigraphy^?4

??? (Description - here)

Script comparison^?3,5-7

Writing Script		Head of ox		House plan		Throw stick		Nile tilapia			Man with arms raised				Pear shaped mace				Two diagonal strokes	Plan of rectangular enclosure		Heart and trachea		Arm with downward facing palm		Hand	Crook	Water ripple	Cobra	Reed column		Eye		Mouth	Rush with shoots			Cord on stick	Head	Bow						Crossed sticks
Egyptian Hieroglyphs	Logography 32 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 𓃾 Head of Ox Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ka		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 𓉐 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 𓌙 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 𓆛 Bulti fish Phonogram in for: int “bulti”			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 𓀠 Man with arms raised Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 𓌉 Pear shaped mace Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 𓏭 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6 𓉗 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 𓄤 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 𓂣 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 𓂧 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 𓋿 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 𓈖 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 𓆓 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 𓊽 Reed column Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/ Conventional Anglicisation: djed		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 𓁹 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 𓂋 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 𓇑 Rush with roots Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 𓎗 Cord on stick Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wedj	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 𓁶 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a 𓌓 Bow Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet						Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 𓏴 Crossed sticks Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”
Book Pahlavi (Parent)	Abjad 5 c. CE - Present	Book Pahlavi letter Aleph-Heth × Book Pahlavi letter Aleph-Heth ʾ, h, x		Book Pahlavi letter Beth × Book Pahlavi letter Beth b		Book Pahlavi letter Gimel-Daleth-Yodh × Book Pahlavi letter Gimel-Daleth-Yodh g, d, y		Old Book Pahlavi letter Daleth × Old Book Pahlavi letter Daleth d Used in historical spellings.			Book Pahlavi letter He × Book Pahlavi letter He h				Book Pahlavi letter Waw-Nun-Ayin-Resh × Book Pahlavi letter Waw-Nun-Ayin-Resh w, n, ʿ, r				Book Pahlavi letter Zayin × Book Pahlavi letter Zayin z							Book Pahlavi letter Kaph × Book Pahlavi letter Kaph k Old Book Pahlavi letter Kaph × Old Book Pahlavi letter Kaph k	Book Pahlavi letter Lamedh × Book Pahlavi letter Lamedh r Book Pahlavi letter Stroked Lamadh × Book Pahlavi letter Stroked Lamadh l, r Book Pahlavi letter Hooked Lamadh × Book Pahlavi letter Hooked Lamadh l Used in Aramaic heterograms. Old Book Pahlavi letter Lamedh × Old Book Pahlavi letter Lamedh l Used in Aramaic heterograms.	Book Pahlavi letter Mem-Qoph × Book Pahlavi letter Mem-Qoph m, q		Book Pahlavi letter Samekh × Book Pahlavi letter Samekh s Alternate Book Pahlavi letter Samekh × Alternate Book Pahlavi letter Samekh s				Book Pahlavi letter Pe × Book Pahlavi letter Pe p	Book Pahlavi letter Sadhe × Book Pahlavi letter Sadhe s					Book Pahlavi letter Shin × Book Pahlavi letter Shin sh						Book Pahlavi letter Taw × Book Pahlavi letter Taw t
Avestan	Alphabet 5/6 c. CE - Present	Avestan letter A × Avestan letter A 𐬀 a IPA: /a/		Avestan letter Be × Avestan letter Be 𐬠 b IPA: /b/				Avestan letter De × Avestan letter De 𐬛 d IPA: /d/							Avestan letter Ne × Avestan letter Ne 𐬥 n IPA: /n/ Avestan letter I × Avestan letter I 𐬌 i IPA: /ɪ/ Avestan letter Re × Avestan letter Re 𐬭 r IPA: /r/				Avestan letter Ze × Avestan letter Ze 𐬰 z IPA: /z/							Avestan letter Ke × Avestan letter Ke 𐬐 k IPA: /k/		Avestan letter Me × Avestan letter Me 𐬨 m IPA: /m/		Avestan letter Se × Avestan letter Se 𐬯 s IPA: /s/				Avestan letter Pe × Avestan letter Pe 𐬞 p IPA: /p/						Avestan letter She × Avestan letter She 𐬱 š IPA: /ʃ/						Avestan letter Te × Avestan letter Te 𐬙 t IPA: /t/

Lineage^?2,3,5-8

Egyptian Hieroglyphs
↳Hieratic Egyptian
↳Proto-Sinaitic
↳Phoenician
↳Aramaic
↳Inscriptional Parthian
↳Inscriptional Pahlavi
↳Book Pahlavi
↳Avestan
↳Psalter Pahlavi (selected letter)
↳Archaic Greek
↳Modern Greek (selected letter)

References

* Everson, M., & Pournader, R. (2007). https://escholarship.org/content/qt4g78s0pz/qt4g78s0pz.pdf?t=q4rj6m&v=lg. Retrieved April 21, 2024, from https://escholarship.org/content/qt4g78s0pz/qt4g78s0pz.pdf?t=q4rj6m&v=lg
1. Daniels, P. T., & Bright, W. (Eds.). (1996). The world’s writing systems. Oxford University Press.
2. Hunter, E. C. (2012). Syriac, Sogdian and Old Uyghur Manuscripts from Bulayïq. In A. Turfanica (Ed.), The History behind the Languages. Essays of the Turfan Forum on Old Languages of the Silk Road (pp. 79–93).
3. Everson M, Pournader R (2007). "L2/07-207R: Proposal for encoding the Inscriptional Parthian, Inscriptional Pahlavi, and Psalter Pahlavi scripts in the SMP of the UCS” Retrieved Janurary 18, 2024, from unicode.org website: https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2007/07207r-n3286r-parthian-pahlavi.pdf
4. Anonymous. (c. 6/7 c. CE). Pahlavi Psalter fragment. Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences, Berlin, Germany. Retrieved Janurary 24, 2024, from https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=entry_detail&uid=j9mn462xpq
5. Colless, Brian E (1990). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Sinai". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 28: 1–52. doi:10.2143/anes.28.0.525711
6. Colless, Brian E (1991). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Canaan". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 29: 18–66. doi:10.2143/anes.29.0.525718
7. Pandey, A. (2018). Preliminary proposal to encode Book Pahlavi in Unicode. Unicode.org. https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18276-book-pahlavi.pdf
8.
8. Hoffmann, K. (1989). Avestan language. Encyclopaedia Iranica, 3, 47–52.