Manchu and Xibe
Manchuria and Ili region, East Turkestan
In 1632, Dahia's reforms added diacritic marks to reduce the ambiguity faced in the original Mongolian script.
Additional letters are added for the transliteration of Chinese, Sanskrit, and Tibetan loanwords.
Isolated |
![]() Manchu letter A (isolated)
|
![]() Manchu letter E (isolated)
|
![]() Manchu letter I (isolated variant 1)
×
Manchu letter I (isolated variant 1)ᡳi
|
![]() Manchu letter O (isolated)
|
![]() Manchu letter U (isolated)
|
![]() Manchu letter Ū (isolated)
×
Manchu letter Ū (isolated)ᡡDenotes U after K, G, and H.
|
![]() Manchu letter Ioi (isolated)
×
Manchu letter Ioi (isolated)ᡳᠣᡳUsed in Chinese loanwords.
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() Manchu letter I (isolated variant 2)
×
Manchu letter I (isolated variant 2)᠊ᡳThis isolated form serves as a genitive case marker.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Initial |
![]() Manchu letter A (initial)
|
![]() Manchu letter E (initial)
|
![]() Manchu letter I (initial)
|
![]() Manchu letter O (initial)
|
![]() Manchu letter U (initial)
|
![]() Manchu letter Ū (initial)
×
Manchu letter Ū (initial)ᡡ᠊Denotes U after K, G, and H.
|
![]() Manchu letter Ioi (initial)
×
Manchu letter Ioi (initial)ᡳᠣᡳ᠊Used in Chinese loanwords.
|
![]() Manchu letter N (initial)
|
![]() Manchu letter K (initial)
|
![]() Manchu letter K (initial)
×
Manchu letter K (initial)Used before E, I, and U.
|
![]() Manchu letter G (initial)
×
Manchu letter G (initial)ᡤ᠊Used before A, O, and Ū.
|
![]() Manchu letter G (initial)
×
Manchu letter G (initial)Used before E, I, and U.
|
![]() Manchu letter H (initial)
×
Manchu letter H (initial)ᡥ᠊Used before A, O, and Ū.
|
![]() Manchu letter H (initial)
×
Manchu letter H (initial)Used before E, I, and U.
|
![]() Manchu letter B (initial)
|
![]() Manchu letter P (initial)
|
![]() Manchu letter S (initial)
×
Manchu letter S (initial)ᠰ᠊s
|
![]() Manchu letter Sh (initial)
×
Manchu letter Sh (initial)ᡧ᠊sh
|
![]() Manchu letter T (initial)
×
Manchu letter T (initial)ᡨ᠋᠊Used before A, O, Ū, and I.
|
![]() Manchu letter T (initial)
×
Manchu letter T (initial)ᡨ᠌᠊Used before E and U.
|
![]() Manchu letter D (initial)
×
Manchu letter D (initial)ᡩ᠊Used before A, O, Ū, and I.
|
![]() Manchu letter D (initial)
×
Manchu letter D (initial)ᡩ᠋᠊Used before E and U.
|
![]() Manchu letter L (initial)
|
![]() Manchu letter M (initial)
|
![]() Manchu letter Ch (initial)
×
Manchu letter Ch (initial)ᠴ᠊ch
|
![]() Manchu letter J (initial)
×
Manchu letter J (initial)ᠵ᠊j
|
![]() Manchu letter Y (initial)
|
![]() Manchu letter R (initial)
|
![]() Manchu letter F (initial)
×
|
![]() Manchu letter F (initial)
×
Manchu letter F (initial)ᡶ᠊Used before I, O, U, and Ū
|
![]() Manchu letter V (initial)
|
![]() Manchu letter K' (initial)
×
Manchu letter K' (initial)ᠺ᠊Used before A and O for Chinese K.
|
![]() Manchu letter G' (initial)
×
Manchu letter G' (initial)ᡬ᠊Used before A and O for Chinese G.
|
![]() Manchu letter H' (initial)
×
Manchu letter H' (initial)ᡭ᠊Used before A and O for Chinese H.
|
![]() Manchu letter Ts' (initial)
×
Manchu letter Ts' (initial)ᡮ᠊Used in Chinese C.
|
![]() Manchu letter Dz (initial)
×
Manchu letter Dz (initial)ᡯ᠊Used in Chinese Z.
|
![]() Manchu letter Ž (initial)
×
Manchu letter Ž (initial)ᡰ᠊Used in Chinese R.
|
![]() Manchu letter C' (initial)
×
Manchu letter C' (initial)ᡱ᠊Used in Chinese Ch.
|
![]() Manchu letter J' (initial)
×
Manchu letter J' (initial)ᡷ᠊Used in Chinese Zh.
|
||
Medial |
![]() Manchu letter A (medial)
|
![]() Manchu letter E (undotted medial)
×
Manchu letter E (undotted medial)᠊ᡝ᠋᠊Used after K, G, and H. Used before D and T.
|
![]() Manchu letter I (medial variant 1)
×
Mongolian letter I (medial variant 1)᠊ᡳ᠊i
|
![]() Manchu letter O (medial)
|
![]() Manchu letter U (undotted medial)
×
Manchu letter U (undotted medial)᠊ᡠ᠋᠊Used after K, G, H, D, and T.
|
![]() Manchu letter Ū (medial)
×
Manchu letter Ū (medial)᠊ᡡ᠊Denotes U after K, G, and H.
|
![]() Manchu letter Y (medial)
×
Manchu letter Y (medial)᠊ᡟ᠊Used in Chinese loanwords.
|
![]() Manchu letter Ioi (medial)
×
Manchu letter Ioi (medial)᠊ᡳᠣᡳ᠊Used in Chinese loanwords.
|
![]() Manchu letter N (dotted medial)
×
Manchu letter N (dotted medial)᠊ᠨ᠋᠊n
|
![]() Manchu letter Ng (medial)
|
![]() Manchu letter K (undotted medial)
×
Manchu letter K (undotted medial)᠊ᡴ᠊Used before A, O, and Ū.
|
![]() Manchu letter K (medial)
×
Manchu letter K (medial)᠊ᡴ᠌᠊Used before E, I, and U.
|
![]() Manchu letter G (medial)
×
Manchu letter G (medial)᠊ᡤ᠊Used before A, O, and Ū.
|
![]() Manchu letter G (medial)
×
Manchu letter G (medial)Used before E, I, and U.
|
![]() Manchu letter H (medial)
×
Manchu letter H (medial)᠊ᡥ᠊Used before A, O, and Ū.
|
![]() Manchu letter H (medial)
×
Manchu letter H (medial)Used before E, I, and U.
|
![]() Manchu letter B (medial)
|
![]() Mongolian letter P (medial)
|
![]() Manchu letter S (medial)
×
Manchu letter S (medial)᠊ᠰ᠊s
|
![]() Manchu letter Sh (medial)
×
Manchu letter Sh (medial)᠊ᡧ᠊sh
|
![]() Manchu letter T (medial)
×
Manchu letter T (medial)᠊ᡨ᠋᠊Used before A, O, Ū, and I.
|
![]() Manchu letter T (medial)
×
Manchu letter T (medial)᠊ᡨ᠍᠊Used before E and U.
|
![]() Manchu letter D (medial)
×
Manchu letter D (medial)ᡨ᠋᠊Used before A, O, Ū, and I.
|
![]() Manchu letter D (medial)
×
Manchu letter D (medial)ᡨ᠋᠊Used before E and U.
|
![]() Manchu letter L (medial)
|
![]() Manchu letter M (medial)
|
![]() Manchu letter Ch (medial)
×
Manchu letter Ch (medial)᠊ᠴ᠊ch
|
![]() Manchu letter J (medial)
×
Manchu letter J (medial)᠊ᠵ᠊j
|
![]() Manchu letter Y (medial)
|
![]() Manchu letter R (medial)
|
![]() Manchu letter F (medial)
|
![]() Manchu letter F (medial)
×
Manchu letter F (medial)ᡶ᠊Used before I, O, U, and Ū
|
![]() Manchu letter V (medial)
|
![]() Manchu letter K' (medial)
×
Manchu letter K' (medial)᠊ᠺ᠊Used before A and O for Chinese K.
|
![]() Manchu letter G' (medial)
×
Manchu letter G' (medial)᠊ᡬ᠊Used before A and O for Chinese G.
|
![]() Manchu letter H' (medial)
×
Manchu letter H' (medial)᠊ᡭ᠊Used before A and O for Chinese H.
|
![]() Manchu letter Ts' (medial)
×
Manchu letter Ts' (medial)᠊ᡮ᠊Used in Chinese C.
|
![]() Manchu letter Dz (medial)
×
Manchu letter Dz (medial)᠊ᡯ᠊Used in Chinese Z.
|
![]() Manchu letter Ž (medial)
×
Manchu letter Ž (medial)᠊ᡰ᠊Used in Chinese R.
|
![]() Manchu letter C' (medial)
×
Manchu letter C' (medial)᠊ᡱ᠊Used in Chinese Ch.
|
![]() Manchu letter J' (medial)
×
Manchu letter J' (medial)᠊ᡷ᠊Used in Chinese Zh.
|
![]() Manchu letter E (dotted medial)
×
Manchu letter E (dotted medial)᠊ᡝ᠊e
|
![]() Manchu letter I (medial variant 2)
×
Manchu letter I (medial variant 2)᠊ᡳ᠌᠊Used after vowels.
|
![]() Manchu letter U (dotted medial)
×
|
![]() Manchu letter N (undotted medial)
×
Manchu letter N (undotted medial)᠊ᠨ᠊n
|
![]() Manchu letter K (dotted medial)
×
Manchu letter K (dotted medial)᠊ᡴ᠋᠊Used before consonants.
|
![]() Manchu letter T (medial)
×
Manchu letter T (medial)᠊ᡨ᠌᠊Used before consonants.
|
![]() Manchu letter T (medial)
×
Manchu letter T (medial)᠊ᡨ᠌᠊Used before consonants.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Final |
![]() Manchu letter A (right-swinging final)
×
Manchu letter A (right-swinging final)᠊ᠠa
|
![]() Manchu letter E (undotted right-swinging final)
×
Manchu letter E (undotted right-swinging final)᠊ᡝ᠋Used after K, G, and H.
|
![]() Manchu letter I (final)
|
![]() Manchu letter O (final variant 1)
×
Manchu letter O (final variant 1)᠊ᠣo
|
![]() Manchu letter U (final variant 1)
|
![]() Manchu letter Ū (final)
×
Manchu letter Ū (final)᠊ᡡDenotes U after K, G, and H.
|
![]() Manchu letter Y (final)
×
Manchu letter Y (final)᠊ᡟUsed in Chinese loanwords.
|
![]() Manchu letter Ioi (final)
×
Manchu letter Ioi (final)᠊ᡳᠣᡳUsed in Chinese loanwords.
|
![]() Manchu letter N (undotted final)
×
Manchu letter N (undotted final)᠊ᠨn
|
![]() Manchu letter Ng (final)
|
![]() Manchu letter K (final)
|
![]() Manchu letter K (final)
×
Manchu letter K (final)᠊ᡴ᠋k
|
![]() Manchu letter B (final)
|
![]() Manchu letter S (final)
×
Manchu letter S (final)᠊ᠰs
|
![]() Manchu letter T (final)
|
![]() Manchu letter T (final)
|
![]() Manchu letter L (final)
|
![]() Manchu letter M (final)
|
![]() Manchu letter R (final)
|
![]() Manchu letter Dz (final)
×
Manchu letter Dz (final)ᡯ᠊Used in Chinese Z.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
![]() Manchu letter A (left-swinging final)
×
Manchu letter A (left-swinging final)Used after letter B (᠊ᠪᠠ) and P (᠊ᡦᠠ)
|
![]() Manchu letter E (dotted right-swinging final)
×
Manchu letter E (dotted right-swinging final)᠊ᡝUsed after T.
|
![]() Manchu letter O (final variant 2)
×
Mongolian letter O (final variant 2)᠊ᠣ᠋Used in single-syllable words only.
|
![]() Mongolian letter U (final variant 2)
×
Manchu letter U (final variant 2)Used in single-syllable words only.
|
![]() Manchu letter N (dotted final)
×
Manchu letter N (dotted final)Used in some words of Chinese origin.
|
"Dicing guruni kasigar ucuni bithe"
Writing Script | Head of ox | House plan | Throw stick | Pear shaped mace | Two diagonal strokes | Plan of rectangular enclosure | Arm with downward facing palm | Hand | Crook | Water ripple | Cobra | Reed column | Mouth | Rush with shoots | Head | Bow | Crossed sticks | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Logography |
![]() Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1𓃾Head of Ox
|
![]() Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1𓉐House plan
|
![]() Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14𓌙Throw stick
|
![]() Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3𓌉Pear shaped mace
|
![]() Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4𓏭Two diagonal strokes
|
![]() Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6𓉗Plan of rectangular enclosure
|
![]() Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42𓂣Arm with downward facing palm
|
![]() Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46𓂧Hand
|
![]() Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39𓋿Crook
|
![]() Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35𓈖Water ripple
|
![]() Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10𓆓Cobra
|
![]() Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11𓊽Reed column
|
![]() Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21𓂋Mouth
|
![]() Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22𓇑Rush with roots
|
![]() Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1𓁶Head
|
![]() Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a𓌓Bow
|
![]() Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9
×
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9𓏴Crossed sticks
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mongolian (Parent) | Alphabet |
![]() Mongolian letter E
×
Mongolian letter Eᠡe
|
![]() Mongolian letter Q/K
×
Mongolian letter Q/Kᠬq/k
|
![]() Mongolian letter ɣ/G
×
Mongolian letter ɣ/Gᠭɣ/g
|
![]() Mongolian letter J
×
Mongolian letter Jᠵj
|
![]() Mongolian letter K
×
Mongolian letter Kk
|
![]() Mongolian letter D
×
Mongolian letter Dᠳd
|
![]() Mongolian letter M
×
Mongolian letter Mᠮm
|
![]() Mongolian letter N
×
Mongolian letter Nᠨn
|
![]() Mongolian letter S
×
Mongolian letter Sᠰs
|
![]() Mongolian letter B
×
Mongolian letter Bᠪb
|
![]() Mongolian letter Ch
×
Mongolian letter Chᠴch
|
![]() Mongolian letter R
×
Mongolian letter Rᠷr
|
![]() Mongolian letter Sh
×
Mongolian letter Shᠱsh
|
![]() Mongolian letter T
×
Mongolian letter Tᠲt
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Galik (Sibling) | Alphabet |
![]() Galik letter A
|
![]() Galik letter E
![]() Galik letter Wa
|
![]() Galik letter Ya
![]() Galik letter Ca
|
![]() Galik letter Ka
![]() Galik letter Kha
![]() Galik letter Ga
|
![]() Galik letter Ta
![]() Galik letter Da
|
![]() Galik letter Ma
|
![]() Galik letter Na
|
![]() Galik letter Sa
|
![]() Galik letter Ba
![]() Galik letter Pha
|
![]() Galik letter Cha
![]() Galik letter Tša
![]() Galik letter Tšha
![]() Galik letter Dža
![]() Galik letter Za
|
![]() Galik letter Ra
|
![]() Galik letter Śa
|
![]() Galik letter Tha
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Oirat (Sibling) | Alphabet |
![]() Oirat letter V
|
![]() Oirat letter X/K
|
![]() Oirat letter J
![]() Oirat letter C
|
![]() Oirat letter G
![]() Oirat letter K
![]() Oirat letter K
|
![]() Oirat letter D
|
![]() Oirat letter M
|
![]() Oirat letter N
|
![]() Oirat letter S
|
![]() Oirat letter B
|
![]() Oirat letter Z
![]() Oirat letter Dz
|
![]() Oirat letter R
|
![]() Oirat letter Sh
|
![]() Oirat letter T
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vagindra (Sibling) | Alphabet |
![]() Vagindra letter E
|
![]() Vagindra letter W
|
![]() Vagindra letter Y
![]() Vagindra letter Z
|
![]() Vagindra letter G
![]() Vagindra letter X
|
![]() Vagindra letter D
|
![]() Vagindra letter M
|
![]() Vagindra letter N
|
![]() Vagindra letter S
|
![]() Vagindra letter B
|
![]() Vagindra letter C
![]() Vagindra letter Ch
|
![]() Vagindra letter R
|
![]() Vagindra letter Sh
|
![]() Vagindra letter T
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manchu | Alphabet |
![]() Manchu letter E
|
![]() Manchu letter V
![]() Manchu letter F (variant 1)
×
Manchu letter F (variant 1)ᡶ᠋Used before I, O, U, and Ū
![]() Manchu letter F (variant 2)
×
|
![]() Manchu letter K
![]() Manchu letter G
![]() Manchu letter H
|
![]() Manchu letter J
![]() Manchu letter J'
|
![]() Manchu letter K'
×
Manchu letter K'ᠺUsed before A and O for Chinese K.
![]() Manchu letter G
![]() Manchu letter H
|
![]() Manchu letter T (medial)
×
Manchu letter T (medial)᠊ᡨ᠋᠊Used before A, O, Ū, and I.
![]() Manchu letter T (medial)
×
|
![]() Manchu letter M
|
![]() Manchu letter N
|
![]() Manchu letter S
![]() Manchu letter Ts'
![]() Manchu letter Dz
|
![]() Manchu letter B
|
![]() Manchu letter C
![]() Manchu letter C'
|
![]() Manchu letter R
|
![]() Manchu letter Sh
|
![]() Manchu letter T (initial)
![]() Manchu letter T (initial)
|
1. Daniels, P. T., & Bright, W. (Eds.). (1996). The world’s writing systems. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
2. Poppe, N. N. (1991). Grammar of written Mongolian: Text in Roman and Mongolian script (4th ed.). Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag.
3. Kapaj, L. (2002). Writing Mongol in Uighur Script. The Silver Horde. https://www.viahistoria.com/SilverHorde/main.html?research/UighurScript.html
4. Alternative presentations of the Mongolian script. (n.d.). Cjvlang.com. Retrieved April 18, 2025, from https://www.cjvlang.com/Writing/writmongol/mongolalphaalt.html
5. Making sense of the traditional Mongolian script. (n.d.). Cjvlang.com. Retrieved April 18, 2025, from https://www.cjvlang.com/Writing/writmongol/mongolalpha.html
6. Schmidt, I. J. (2022). Grammatik Der Mongolischen Sprache. Legare Street Press.
7. Pang, T. A. (1995). Rare Manchu Manuscripts from the Collection of the St. Petersburg Branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences. Manuscripta Orientalia, 1(3), 33–46. https://manuscripta-orientalia.kunstkamera.ru/files/mo/1995/03/pang.pdf
8. Colless, Brian E (1990). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Sinai". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 28: 1–52. doi:10.2143/anes.28.0.525711
9. Colless, Brian E (1991). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Canaan". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 29: 18–66. doi:10.2143/anes.29.0.525718
10. Buryat alphabet, pronunciation and language. (n.d.). Omniglot.com. Retrieved April 18, 2025, from https://www.omniglot.com/writing/buryat.htm
11. Allen, J. P. (2014). Middle Egyptian: An introduction to the language and culture of hieroglyphs. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
12. Albright, William F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and their Decipherment.
13. Davidson, L. (2022, March 18). How the Phoenician Alphabet Revolutionised Language. Retrieved April 18, 2025, from historyhit.com website: https://www.historyhit.com/how-the-phoenician-alphabet-revolutionised-language/
14. Shaked, Saul (1987). "Aramaic". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 250–261. p. 251
15. Pandey, A. (2016). Proposal to encode the Old Sogdian script in Unicode. Retrieved April 18, 2025, from unicode.org website: https://unicode.org/L2/L2016/16312r-old-sogdian.pdf
16. Pandey, A. (2020). Final proposal to encode Old Uyghur in Unicode. https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20191-old-uyghur.pdf