Old Turkic

Abecedary^1,3

Eponymous of the Orkhon Valley, Mongolia, where inscriptions of this variant were discovered.

Vowels

Old Turkic letter A (Orkhon variant)

Old Turkic letter I (Orkhon variant)

Old Turkic letter E (Orkhon variant)

Old Turkic letter O (Orkhon variant)

Old Turkic letter Oe (Yenisei variant)

Consonants

Back vowels

Old Turkic letter Ab (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Ab (Orkhon variant) 𐰉 b¹ IPA: /b/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Arched B.	Old Turkic letter Ad (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Ad (Orkhon variant) 𐰑 d¹ IPA: /d/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Teth.	Old Turkic letter Ag (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Ag (Orkhon variant) 𐰍 γ/g¹ IPA: /ɢ/	Old Turkic letter Al (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Al (Orkhon variant) 𐰞 l¹ IPA: /l/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋), or from ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Lāmaḏ (ܠ), or from Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Lāmaḏ.	Old Turkic letter An (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter An (Orkhon variant) 𐰣 n¹ IPA: /n/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter N.
Old Turkic letter Ar (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Ar (Orkhon variant) 𐰺 r¹ IPA: /r/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Resh.	Old Turkic letter As (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter As (Orkhon variant) 𐰽 s¹ IPA: /s/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).	Old Turkic letter At (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter At (Orkhon variant) 𐱃 t¹ IPA: /t/	Old Turkic letter Ay (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Ay (Orkhon variant) 𐰖 y¹/j¹ IPA: /j/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Closed J.	Old Turkic letter Aq (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Aq (Orkhon variant) 𐰴 q IPA: /q/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇) or from Old Turkic letter Oek (Orkhon variant) (𐰜).
Old Turkic letter Oq (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Oq (Orkhon variant) 𐰸 oq IPA: /oq/

Front vowels

Old Turkic letter Aeb (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Aeb (Orkhon variant) 𐰋 b² IPA: /b/	Old Turkic letter Aed (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Aed (Orkhon variant) 𐰓 d² IPA: /d/	Old Turkic letter Aeg (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Aeg (Orkhon variant) 𐰏 g/g² IPA: /g/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Gimel.	Old Turkic letter Ael (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Ael (Orkhon variant) 𐰠 l² IPA: /l/	Old Turkic letter Aen (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Aen (Orkhon variant) 𐰤 n² IPA: /n/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled N.
Old Turkic letter Aer (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Aer (Orkhon variant) 𐰼 r² IPA: /r/	Old Turkic letter Aes (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Aes (Orkhon variant) 𐰾 s² IPA: /s/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Sz.	Old Turkic letter Aet (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Aet (Orkhon variant) 𐱅‎ t² IPA: /t/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕), or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Forked T.	Old Turkic letter Aey (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Aey (Orkhon variant) 𐰘 y²/j² IPA: /j/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Yodh.	Old Turkic letter Aek (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Aek (Orkhon variant) 𐰚 k IPA: /k/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Forked K.
Old Turkic letter Oek (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Oek (Orkhon variant) 𐰜 ök IPA: /øk/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Arched K.

Others

Old Turkic letter Ec (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Ec (Orkhon variant) 𐰲 č IPA: /tʃ/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).	Old Turkic letter Em (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Em (Orkhon variant) 𐰢 m IPA: /m/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Mem.	Old Turkic letter Ep (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Ep (Orkhon variant) 𐰯 p IPA: /p/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Simple P.	Old Turkic letter Esh (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Esh (Orkhon variant) 𐱁 š IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Kharoṣṭhī letter Cha (𐨖).	Old Turkic letter Ez (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Ez (Orkhon variant) 𐰔 z IPA: /z/
Old Turkic letter Eng (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Eng (Orkhon variant) 𐰭 ñ, ň, ŋ IPA: /ŋ/	Old Turkic letter Ic (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Ic (Orkhon variant) 𐰱 ič, či, č IPA: /itʃ/, /tʃi/, /tʃ/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Zs.	Old Turkic letter Iq (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Iq (Orkhon variant) 𐰶 ıq, qı, q IPA: /ɯq/, /qɯ/, /q/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).	Old Turkic letter Enc (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Enc (Orkhon variant) 𐰨‎ -nč IPA: /ntʃ/ Derived from Kharoṣṭhī letter Sa (𐨯).	Old Turkic letter Eny (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Eny (Orkhon variant) 𐰪‎‎ -nj, ny, ñ IPA: /ɲ/
Old Turkic letter Elt (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Elt (Orkhon variant) 𐰡‎‎ -lt IPA: /lt/, /ld/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Lt.	Old Turkic letter Ent (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Ent (Orkhon variant) 𐰦 -nt IPA: /nt/, /nd/	Old Turkic letter Ash (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Ash (Orkhon variant) 𐰿 -aš IPA: /aʃ/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed R.	Old Turkic letter Ot (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Ot (Orkhon variant) 𐱇 -ot, ut IPA: /ot/, /ut/	Old Turkic letter Bash (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Bash (Orkhon variant) 𐱈 -baš IPA: /baʃ/

Eponymous of the Yenisey Valley, Siberia, where inscriptions of this variant were discovered.

Vowels

Old Turkic letter A (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter A (Yenisei variant) 𐰁 a, ä IPA: /ɑ/, /æ/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).	Old Turkic letter I (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter I (Yenisei variant) 𐰄 ï/ı, i IPA: /ɯ/, /i/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).	Old Turkic letter E (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter E (Yenisei variant) 𐰅 e IPA: /e/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter E.	Old Turkic letter O (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter O (Yenisei variant) 𐰆 o, u IPA: /o/, /u/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Waw.	Old Turkic letter Oe (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Oe (Yenisei variant) 𐰈 ö, ü IPA: /ø/, /y/
Old Turkic letter Ae (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ae (Yenisei variant) 𐰂 a, ä IPA: /ɑ/, /æ/

Consonants

Back vowels

Old Turkic letter Ab (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ab (Yenisei variant) 𐰊 b¹ IPA: /b/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Arched B.	Old Turkic letter Ad (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ad (Yenisei variant) 𐰒 d¹ IPA: /d/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).	Old Turkic letter Ag (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ag (Yenisei variant) 𐰎 γ/g¹ IPA: /ɢ/	Old Turkic letter Al (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Al (Yenisei variant) 𐰟 l¹ IPA: /l/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).	Old Turkic letter An (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter An (Yenisei variant) 𐰣 n¹ IPA: /n/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter N.
Old Turkic letter Ar (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ar (Yenisei variant) 𐰻 r¹ IPA: /r/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).	Old Turkic letter As (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter As (Yenisei variant) 𐰽 s¹ IPA: /s/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).	Old Turkic letter At (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter At (Yenisei variant) 𐱄 t¹ IPA: /t/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Teth.	Old Turkic letter Ay (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ay (Yenisei variant) 𐰗 y¹/j¹ IPA: /j/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Closed J.	Old Turkic letter Aq (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Aq (Yenisei variant) 𐰵 q IPA: /q/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).
Old Turkic letter Oq (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Oq (Yenisei variant) 𐰹 oq IPA: /oq/

Front vowels

Old Turkic letter Aeb (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Aeb (Yenisei variant) 𐰌 b² IPA: /b/	Old Turkic letter Aed (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Aed (Yenisei variant) 𐰓 d² IPA: /d/ Derived from Kharoṣṭhī letter Tha (𐨠).	Old Turkic letter Aeg (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Aeg (Yenisei variant) 𐰐 g/g² IPA: /g/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).	Old Turkic letter Ael (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ael (Yenisei variant) 𐰠 l² IPA: /l/	Old Turkic letter Aen (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Aen (Yenisei variant) 𐰥 n² IPA: /n/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled N.
Old Turkic letter Aer (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Aer (Yenisei variant) 𐰼 r² IPA: /r/	Old Turkic letter Aes (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Aes (Yenisei variant) 𐰾 s² IPA: /s/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Sz.	Old Turkic letter Aet (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Aet (Yenisei variant) 𐱆 t² IPA: /t/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).	Old Turkic letter Aey (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Aey (Yenisei variant) 𐰙 y²/j² IPA: /j/	Old Turkic letter Aek (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Aek (Yenisei variant) 𐰛 k IPA: /k/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄) or from Old Turkic letter Aek (Orkhon variant) (𐰚).
Old Turkic letter Oek (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Oek (Yenisei variant) 𐰝 ök IPA: /øk/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Arched K.

Others

Old Turkic letter Ec (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ec (Yenisei variant) 𐰳 č IPA: /tʃ/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).	Old Turkic letter Em (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Em (Yenisei variant) 𐰢 m IPA: /m/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).	Old Turkic letter Ep (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ep (Yenisei variant) 𐰯 p IPA: /p/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Simple P.	Old Turkic letter Esh (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Esh (Yenisei variant) 𐱂 š IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Old Turkic letter Esh (Orkhon variant) (𐱁).	Old Turkic letter Ez (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ez (Yenisei variant) 𐰕 z IPA: /z/
			Old Turkic letter Ash (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ash (Yenisei variant) 𐱀 š IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Arched Sh.
Old Turkic letter Ang (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ang (Yenisei variant) 𐰬 ñ, ň, ŋ IPA: /ŋ/	Old Turkic letter Ic (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ic (Yenisei variant) 𐰱 ič, či, č IPA: /itʃ/, /tʃi/, /tʃ/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Zs.	Old Turkic letter Iq (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Iq (Yenisei variant) 𐰷 ıq, qı, q IPA: /ɯq/, /qɯ/, /q/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).	Old Turkic letter Enc (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Enc (Yenisei variant) 𐰩 -nč IPA: /ntʃ/ Derived from Kharoṣṭhī letter Sa (𐨯).	Old Turkic letter Eny (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Eny (Yenisei variant) 𐰪‎‎ -nj, ny, ñ IPA: /ɲ/
Old Turkic letter Aeng (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Aeng (Yenisei variant) 𐰮 ñ, ň, ŋ IPA: /ŋ/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Ng.
Old Turkic letter Elt (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Elt (Yenisei variant) 𐰡‎‎ -lt IPA: /lt/, /ld/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Lt.	Old Turkic letter Ent (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ent (Yenisei variant) 𐰧 -nt IPA: /nt/, /nd/	Old Turkic letter Ash (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ash (Yenisei variant) 𐰿 -aš IPA: /aʃ/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed R.	Old Turkic letter Ot (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ot (Yenisei variant) 𐱇 -ot, ut IPA: /ot/, /ut/	Old Turkic letter Bash (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Bash (Yenisei variant) 𐱈 -baš IPA: /baʃ/

Writing Script

Head of ox

House plan

Throw stick

Nile tilapia

Man with arms raised

Pear shaped mace

Two diagonal strokes

Plan of rectangular enclosure

Heart and trachea

Arm with downward facing palm

Hand

Crook

Water ripple

Cobra

Reed column

Eye

Mouth

Rush with shoots

Cord on stick

Head

Bow

Crossed sticks

Egyptian Hieroglyphs

Logography
            
32 c. BCE - 4 c. CE

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M39

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9

Imperial Aramaic (Ancestor)

Abjad
            
8 c. BCE - 7 c. CE

Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph

Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth

Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal

Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath

Imperial Aramaic letter Hē

Imperial Aramaic letter Waw

Imperial Aramaic letter Zain

Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth

Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth

Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh

Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph

Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh

Imperial Aramaic letter Mem

Imperial Aramaic letter Nun

Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath

Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin

Imperial Aramaic letter Pē

Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē

Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph

Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš

Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn

Imperial Aramaic letter Taw

Early Steppean Rovash ()

Alphabet
              
3 c. BCE - 10 c. CE

Early Steppean Rovash letter Sharp D

Early Steppean Rovash letter Sz

Early Steppean Rovash letter Forked Sz

Early Steppean Rovash letter Gh

Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled Ue

Early Steppean Rovash letter Sharp T

Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled T

Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled I

Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed J

Early Steppean Rovash letter Circle-ended I

Early Steppean Rovash letter Crossed L

Early Steppean Rovash letter Sharp L

Early Steppean Rovash letter Open M

Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed G

Early Steppean Rovash letter N

Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed R

Early Steppean Rovash letter Simple P

Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled Q

Early Steppean Rovash letter Forked T

Old Turkic

Alphabet
            
8 c. CE - 10 c. CE

Old Turkic letter A (Orkhon variant)

Old Turkic letter A (Yenisei variant)

Old Turkic letter E

Old Turkic letter Ab (Orkhon variant)

Old Turkic letter Ab (Yenisei variant)

Old Turkic letter Aeg (Orkhon variant)

Old Turkic letter Aeg (Yenisei variant)

Old Turkic letter Ad (Orkhon variant)

Old Turkic letter Ad (Yenisei variant)

Old Turkic letter Aek (Orkhon variant)

Old Turkic letter Aek (Yenisei variant)

Old Turkic letter O

Old Turkic letter Aes

Old Turkic letter Aq (Orkhon variant)

Old Turkic letter Aq (Yenisei variant)

Old Turkic letter Oe (Yenisei variant)

Old Turkic letter At (Yenisei variant)

Old Turkic letter Aed

Old Turkic letter I (Orkhon variant)

Old Turkic letter I (Yenisei variant)

Old Turkic letter Aey (Orkhon variant)

Old Turkic letter Aey (Yenisei variant)

Old Turkic letter Ay (Orkhon variant)

Old Turkic letter Ay (Yenisei variant)

Old Turkic letter Al (Orkhon variant)

Old Turkic letter Al (Yenisei variant)

Old Turkic letter Elt

Old Turkic letter Em

Old Turkic letter An

Old Turkic letter Aeng (Yenisei variant)

Old Turkic letter Aen (Orkhon variant)

Old Turkic letter Aen (Yenisei variant)

Old Turkic letter As

Old Turkic letter Ash

Old Turkic letter Ep

Old Turkic letter Ec (Orkhon variant)

Old Turkic letter Ec (Yenisei variant)

Old Turkic letter Esh (Orkhon variant)

Old Turkic letter Esh (Yenisei variant)

Old Turkic letter Enc (Orkhon variant)

Old Turkic letter Enc (Yenisei variant)

Old Turkic letter Iq (Orkhon variant)

Old Turkic letter Iq (Yenisei variant)

Old Turkic letter Oek (Orkhon variant)

Old Turkic letter Oek (Yenisei variant)

Old Turkic letter Ar (Orkhon variant)

Old Turkic letter Ar (Yenisei variant)

Old Turkic letter Ic

Old Turkic letter Ash (Yenisei variant)

Old Turkic letter Aet (Orkhon variant)

Old Turkic letter Aet (Yenisei variant)

Writing Script		Head of ox	House plan	Throw stick	Nile tilapia	Man with arms raised	Pear shaped mace	Two diagonal strokes	Plan of rectangular enclosure	Heart and trachea	Arm with downward facing palm	Hand	Crook	Water ripple	Cobra	Reed column	Eye		Mouth	Rush with shoots	Cord on stick	Head	Bow		Crossed sticks
Egyptian Hieroglyphs	Logography 32 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 𓃾 Head of Ox Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ka	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 𓉐 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 𓌙 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 𓆛 Bulti fish Phonogram in for: int “bulti”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 𓀠 Man with arms raised Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 𓌉 Pear shaped mace Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 𓏭 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6 𓉗 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 𓄤 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 𓂣 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 𓂧 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 𓋿 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 𓈖 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 𓆓 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 𓊽 Reed column Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/ Conventional Anglicisation: djed	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 𓁹 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28 𓎛 Wick Phonogram ḥ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 𓂋 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 𓇑 Rush with roots Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 𓎗 Cord on stick Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wedj	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 𓁶 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a 𓌓 Bow Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M39 𓇨 Basket of fruit or grain Determinative for: rnpt “vegetables”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 𓏴 Crossed sticks Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”
Imperial Aramaic (Ancestor)	Abjad 8 c. BCE - 7 c. CE	Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph × Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph 𐡀 𐡀𐡐𐡓 ʾ IPA: /ʔ/; /aː/, /eː/ Derived from Phoenician letter ʾālep (𐤀).	Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth × Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth 𐡁 𐡁𐡕 b IPA: /b/, /v/ Derived from Phoenician letter Bēt (𐤁).	Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal × Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal 𐡂 𐡂𐡌𐡋 g IPA: /ɡ/, /ɣ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Gīml (𐤂).	Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath × Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath 𐡃 𐡃𐡋𐡕 d IPA: /d/, /ð/ Derived from Phoenician letter Dālet (𐤃).	Imperial Aramaic letter Hē × Imperial Aramaic letter Hē 𐡄 𐡄 h IPA: /h/ Derived from Phoenician letter He (𐤄).	Imperial Aramaic letter Waw × Imperial Aramaic letter Waw 𐡅 𐡅𐡅 w IPA: /w/; /oː/, /uː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Wāw (𐤅).	Imperial Aramaic letter Zain × Imperial Aramaic letter Zain 𐡆 𐡆𐡉𐡍 z IPA: /z/ Derived from Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆).	Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth × Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth 𐡇 𐡇𐡕 ḥ IPA: /ħ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Hēt (𐤇).	Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth × Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth 𐡈 𐡈𐡕 ṭ IPA: /tˤ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṭēt (𐤈).	Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh × Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh 𐡉 𐡉𐡃 j IPA: /j/; /iː/, /eː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Yod (𐤉).	Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph × Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph 𐡊 𐡊𐡐 k IPA: /k/, /x/ Derived from Phoenician letter Kāp (𐤊).	Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh × Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh 𐡋 𐡋𐡌𐡃 l IPA: /l/ Derived from Phoenician letter Lāmed (𐤋).	Imperial Aramaic letter Mem × Imperial Aramaic letter Mem 𐡌 𐡌𐡌 m IPA: /m/ Derived from Phoenician letter Mēm (𐤌).	Imperial Aramaic letter Nun × Imperial Aramaic letter Nun 𐡍 𐡍𐡍 n IPA: /n/ Derived from Phoenician letter Nūn (𐤍).	Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath × Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath 𐡎 𐡎𐡌𐡊 s IPA: /s/ Derived from Phoenician letter Śāmek (𐤎).	Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin × Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin 𐡏 𐡏𐡉𐡍 ʿ IPA: /ʕ/ Derived from Phoenician letter ʿayin (𐤏).		Imperial Aramaic letter Pē × Imperial Aramaic letter Pē 𐡐 𐡐 p IPA: /p/, /f/ Derived from Phoenician letter Pē (𐤐).	Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē × Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē 𐡑 𐡑𐡃 ṣ IPA: /sˤ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṩādē (𐤑).	Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph × Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph 𐡒 𐡒𐡐 q IPA: /q/ Derived from Phoenician letter Qōp (𐤒).	Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš × Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš 𐡓 𐡓𐡔 r IPA: /r/ Derived from Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh (𐤓).	Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn × Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn 𐡔 𐡔𐡍 š IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Šīn (𐤔).		Imperial Aramaic letter Taw × Imperial Aramaic letter Taw 𐡕 𐡕𐡅 t IPA: /t/, /θ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Tāw (𐤕).
Early Steppean Rovash ()	Alphabet 3 c. BCE - 10 c. CE				Early Steppean Rovash letter Sharp D × Early Steppean Rovash letter Sharp D d IPA: /ð/ Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter Daleth (𐭃).			Early Steppean Rovash letter Sz × Early Steppean Rovash letter Sz sz IPA: /s/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zayin (𐡆). Early Steppean Rovash letter Forked Sz × Early Steppean Rovash letter Forked Sz sz IPA: /s/ Derived from Kharoṣṭhī letter Ja (𐨗).	Early Steppean Rovash letter Gh × Early Steppean Rovash letter Gh gh IPA: /ɣ/ Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter Heth (𐭇). Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled Ue × Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled Ue ue IPA: /y/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Gh.	Early Steppean Rovash letter Sharp T × Early Steppean Rovash letter Sharp T t IPA: /t/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Sharp T. Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled T × Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled T t IPA: /t/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).	Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled I × Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled I i IPA: /i/, /e/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉). Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed J × Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed J j IPA: /j/ Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Yodh (𐭩). Early Steppean Rovash letter Circle-ended I × Early Steppean Rovash letter Circle-ended I i IPA: /i/ Derived from Book Pahlavi letter Yodh.		Early Steppean Rovash letter Crossed L × Early Steppean Rovash letter Crossed L l IPA: /l/ Derived from Kharoṣṭhī letter La (𐨫). Early Steppean Rovash letter Sharp L × Early Steppean Rovash letter Sharp L l IPA: /l/ Derived from Kharoṣṭhī letter La (𐨫).	Early Steppean Rovash letter Open M × Early Steppean Rovash letter Open M m IPA: /m/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Open M. Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed G × Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed G g IPA: /g/, /x/ Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Mem-Qoph (𐭬).	Early Steppean Rovash letter N × Early Steppean Rovash letter N n IPA: /n/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).	Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed R × Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed R r IPA: /r/ Derived from variant of Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath.			Early Steppean Rovash letter Simple P × Early Steppean Rovash letter Simple P p IPA: /p/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Simple P.		Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled Q × Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled Q q IPA: /q/ Derived from Phoenician letter Angled Q.				Early Steppean Rovash letter Forked T × Early Steppean Rovash letter Forked T t IPA: /t/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).
Old Turkic	Alphabet 8 c. CE - 10 c. CE	Old Turkic letter A (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter A (Orkhon variant) 𐰀 a, ä IPA: /ɑ/, /æ/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀) or from Old Sogdian letter Aleph (𐼀). Old Turkic letter A (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter A (Yenisei variant) 𐰁 a, ä IPA: /ɑ/, /æ/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀). Old Turkic letter E × Old Turkic letter E 𐰅 e IPA: /e/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter E.	Old Turkic letter Ab (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Ab (Orkhon variant) 𐰉 b¹ IPA: /b/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Arched B. Old Turkic letter Ab (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ab (Yenisei variant) 𐰊 b¹ IPA: /b/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Arched B.	Old Turkic letter Aeg (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Aeg (Orkhon variant) 𐰏 g/g² IPA: /g/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Gimel. Old Turkic letter Aeg (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Aeg (Yenisei variant) 𐰐 g/g² IPA: /g/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).	Old Turkic letter Ad (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Ad (Orkhon variant) 𐰑 d¹ IPA: /d/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Teth. Old Turkic letter Ad (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ad (Yenisei variant) 𐰒 d¹ IPA: /d/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).	Old Turkic letter Aek (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Aek (Orkhon variant) 𐰚 k IPA: /k/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Forked K. Old Turkic letter Aek (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Aek (Yenisei variant) 𐰛 k IPA: /k/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄) or from Old Turkic letter Aek (Orkhon variant) (𐰚).	Old Turkic letter O × Old Turkic letter O 𐰆 o, u IPA: /o/, /u/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Waw.	Old Turkic letter Aes × Old Turkic letter Aes 𐰾 s² IPA: /s/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Sz.	Old Turkic letter Aq (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Aq (Orkhon variant) 𐰴 q IPA: /q/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇) or from Old Turkic letter Oek (Orkhon variant) (𐰜). Old Turkic letter Aq (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Aq (Yenisei variant) 𐰵 q IPA: /q/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇). Old Turkic letter Oe (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Oe (Yenisei variant) 𐰇 ö, ü IPA: /ø/, /y/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled Ue.	Old Turkic letter At (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter At (Yenisei variant) 𐱄 t¹ IPA: /t/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Teth. Old Turkic letter Aed × Old Turkic letter Aed 𐰓 d² IPA: /d/ Derived from Kharoṣṭhī letter Tha (𐨠).	Old Turkic letter I (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter I (Orkhon variant) 𐰃 ï/ı, i IPA: /ɯ/, /i/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉). or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled I. Old Turkic letter I (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter I (Yenisei variant) 𐰄 ï/ı, i IPA: /ɯ/, /i/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉). Old Turkic letter Aey (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Aey (Orkhon variant) 𐰘 y²/j² IPA: /j/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Yodh. Old Turkic letter Aey (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Aey (Yenisei variant) 𐰙 y²/j² IPA: /j/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉). Old Turkic letter Ay (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Ay (Orkhon variant) 𐰖 y¹/j¹ IPA: /j/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Closed J. Old Turkic letter Ay (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ay (Yenisei variant) 𐰗 y¹/j¹ IPA: /j/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Closed J.		Old Turkic letter Al (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Al (Orkhon variant) 𐰞 l¹ IPA: /l/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋), or from ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Lāmaḏ (ܠ), or from Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Lāmaḏ. Old Turkic letter Al (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Al (Yenisei variant) 𐰟 l¹ IPA: /l/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋). Old Turkic letter Elt × Old Turkic letter Elt 𐰡‎‎ -lt IPA: /lt/, /ld/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Lt.	Old Turkic letter Em × Old Turkic letter Em 𐰢 m IPA: /m/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Mem.	Old Turkic letter An × Old Turkic letter An 𐰣 n¹ IPA: /n/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter N. Old Turkic letter Aeng (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Aeng (Yenisei variant) 𐰮 ñ, ň, ŋ IPA: /ŋ/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Ng. Old Turkic letter Aen (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Aen (Orkhon variant) 𐰤 n² IPA: /n/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled N. Old Turkic letter Aen (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Aen (Yenisei variant) 𐰥 n² IPA: /n/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled N.	Old Turkic letter As × Old Turkic letter As 𐰽 s¹ IPA: /s/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎). Old Turkic letter Ash × Old Turkic letter Ash 𐰿 -aš IPA: /aʃ/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed R.			Old Turkic letter Ep × Old Turkic letter Ep 𐰯 p IPA: /p/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Simple P.	Old Turkic letter Ec (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Ec (Orkhon variant) 𐰲 č IPA: /tʃ/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒). Old Turkic letter Ec (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ec (Yenisei variant) 𐰳 č IPA: /tʃ/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒). Old Turkic letter Esh (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Esh (Orkhon variant) 𐱁 š IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Kharoṣṭhī letter Cha (𐨖). Old Turkic letter Esh (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Esh (Yenisei variant) 𐱂 š IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Old Turkic letter Esh (Orkhon variant) (𐱁). Old Turkic letter Enc (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Enc (Orkhon variant) 𐰨‎ -nč IPA: /ntʃ/ Derived from Kharoṣṭhī letter Sa (𐨯). Old Turkic letter Enc (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Enc (Yenisei variant) 𐰩 -nč IPA: /ntʃ/ Derived from Kharoṣṭhī letter Sa (𐨯).	Old Turkic letter Iq (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Iq (Orkhon variant) 𐰶 ıq, qı, q IPA: /ɯq/, /qɯ/, /q/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒). Old Turkic letter Iq (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Iq (Yenisei variant) 𐰷 ıq, qı, q IPA: /ɯq/, /qɯ/, /q/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒). Old Turkic letter Oek (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Oek (Orkhon variant) 𐰜 ök IPA: /øk/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Arched K. Old Turkic letter Oek (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Oek (Yenisei variant) 𐰝 ök IPA: /øk/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Arched K.	Old Turkic letter Ar (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Ar (Orkhon variant) 𐰺 r¹ IPA: /r/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓) or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Resh. Old Turkic letter Ar (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ar (Yenisei variant) 𐰻 r¹ IPA: /r/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).	Old Turkic letter Ic × Old Turkic letter Ic 𐰱 ič, či, č IPA: /itʃ/, /tʃi/, /tʃ/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Zs. Old Turkic letter Ash (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Ash (Yenisei variant) 𐱀 š IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Arched Sh.		Old Turkic letter Aet (Orkhon variant) × Old Turkic letter Aet (Orkhon variant) 𐱅‎ t² IPA: /t/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕), or from Early Steppean Rovash letter Forked T. Old Turkic letter Aet (Yenisei variant) × Old Turkic letter Aet (Yenisei variant) 𐱆 t² IPA: /t/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).

maˈtʼuww

Writing Scripts Descended from Egyptian Hieroglyphs

Old Turkic

𐰜𐰇𐰚:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰

𐰝𐰈𐰛:𐱆𐰈𐰼𐰰

Languages¹

Places¹

Abecedary^1,3

Vowels

Consonants

Back vowels

Front vowels

Others

Vowels

Consonants

Back vowels

Front vowels

Others

Epigraphy⁴

Script comparison^1,3,5-9

Lineage^1,8,9,11-17

References

Old Turkic

𐰜𐰇𐰚:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰

𐰝𐰈𐰛:𐱆𐰈𐰼𐰰

Languages1

Places1

Abecedary1,3

Vowels

Old Turkic letter A (Orkhon variant)

𐰀

Old Turkic letter I (Orkhon variant)

𐰃

Old Turkic letter E (Orkhon variant)

𐰅

Old Turkic letter O (Orkhon variant)

𐰆

Old Turkic letter Oe (Yenisei variant)

𐰇

Consonants

Back vowels

Old Turkic letter Ab (Orkhon variant)

𐰉

Old Turkic letter Ad (Orkhon variant)

𐰑

Old Turkic letter Ag (Orkhon variant)

𐰍

Old Turkic letter Al (Orkhon variant)

𐰞

Old Turkic letter An (Orkhon variant)

𐰣

Old Turkic letter Ar (Orkhon variant)

𐰺

Old Turkic letter As (Orkhon variant)

𐰽

Old Turkic letter At (Orkhon variant)

𐱃

Old Turkic letter Ay (Orkhon variant)

𐰖

Old Turkic letter Aq (Orkhon variant)

𐰴

Old Turkic letter Oq (Orkhon variant)

𐰸

Front vowels

Old Turkic letter Aeb (Orkhon variant)

𐰋

Old Turkic letter Aed (Orkhon variant)

𐰓

Old Turkic letter Aeg (Orkhon variant)

𐰏

Old Turkic letter Ael (Orkhon variant)

𐰠

Old Turkic letter Aen (Orkhon variant)

𐰤

Old Turkic letter Aer (Orkhon variant)

𐰼

Old Turkic letter Aes (Orkhon variant)

𐰾

Old Turkic letter Aet (Orkhon variant)

𐱅‎

Old Turkic letter Aey (Orkhon variant)

𐰘

Old Turkic letter Aek (Orkhon variant)

𐰚

Old Turkic letter Oek (Orkhon variant)

𐰜

Others

Old Turkic letter Ec (Orkhon variant)

𐰲

Old Turkic letter Em (Orkhon variant)

𐰢

Old Turkic letter Ep (Orkhon variant)

𐰯

Old Turkic letter Esh (Orkhon variant)

𐱁

Old Turkic letter Ez (Orkhon variant)

𐰔

Old Turkic letter Eng (Orkhon variant)

𐰭

Old Turkic letter Ic (Orkhon variant)

𐰱

Old Turkic letter Iq (Orkhon variant)

Languages¹

Places¹

Abecedary^1,3