Syriac

Abecedary^{4, citation needed}

This is the oldest form of the Syriac script.

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʾĀlep̄ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʾĀlep̄ ܐ ܐܠܦ ʾ, ∅, mater lectionis: ā IPA: [ʔ], ∅, mater lectionis: [ɑ]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Bēṯ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Bēṯ ܒ ܒܝܬ hard: b, soft: ḇ (also bh, v or β) IPA: hard: [b], soft: [v] or [w]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Gāmal × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Gāmal ܓ ܓܡܠ hard: g, soft: ḡ (also g̱, gh, ġ or γ) IPA: hard: [ɡ], soft: [ɣ]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Dālaṯ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Dālaṯ ܕ ܕܠܬ hard: d, soft: ḏ (also dh, ð or δ) IPA: hard: [d], soft: [ð]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Hē × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Hē ܗ ܗܐ h IPA: [h]
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Waw × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Waw ܘ ܘܘ consonant: w, mater lectionis: ū or ō (also u or o) IPA: consonant: [w], mater lectionis: [u] or [o]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Zayn × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Zayn ܙ ܙܝܢ z IPA: [z]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ḥēṯ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ḥēṯ ܚ ܛܝܬ ḥ (also H, kh, x or ħ) IPA: [ħ], [x] or [χ]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṭēṯ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṭēṯ ܛ ܛܝܬ ṭ (also T or ţ) IPA: [tˤ]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Yōḏ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Yōḏ ܝ ܝܘܕ consonant: y, mater lectionis: ī (also i) IPA: consonant: [j], mater lectionis: [i] or [e]
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Kāp̄ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Kāp̄ ܟ ܟܦ hard: k, soft: ḵ (also kh or x) IPA: hard: [k], soft: [x]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Lāmaḏ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Lāmaḏ ܠ ܠܡܕ l IPA: [l]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Mīm × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Mīm ܡ ܡܝܡ m IPA: [m]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Nūn × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Nūn ܢ ܢܘܢ n IPA: [n]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Semkaṯ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Semkaṯ ܣ ܣܡܟܬ ś IPA: [s]
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʿĒ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʿĒ ܥ ܥܐ ʿ IPA: [ʕ]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Pē × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Pē ܦ ܦܐ hard: p, soft: p̄ (also p̱, ᵽ, ph or f) IPA: hard: [p], soft: [f]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṣāḏē × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṣāḏē ܨ ܨܕܐ ṣ (also S or ş) IPA: [sˤ]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Qōp̄ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Qōp̄ ܩ ܩܘܦ q (also ḳ) IPA: [q]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Rēš × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Rēš ܪ ܪܝܫ r IPA: [r]
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Šīn × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Šīn ܫ ܫܝܢ š (also sh) IPA: [ʃ]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Taw × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Taw ܬ ܬܘ hard: t, soft: ṯ (also th or θ) IPA: hard: [t], soft: [θ]

Contextual forms

Initial or
unconnected medial

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʾĀlep̄ (initial/unconnected medial)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Bēṯ (initial/unconnected medial)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Gāmal (initial/unconnected medial)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Dālaṯ (initial/unconnected medial)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Hē (initial/unconnected medial)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Waw (initial/unconnected medial)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Zayn (initial/unconnected medial)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ḥēṯ (initial/unconnected medial)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṭēṯ (initial/unconnected medial)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Yōḏ (initial/unconnected medial)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Kāp̄ (initial/unconnected medial)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Lāmaḏ (initial/unconnected medial)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Mīm (initial/unconnected medial)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Nūn (initial/unconnected medial)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Semkaṯ (initial/unconnected medial)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʿĒ (initial/unconnected medial)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Pē (initial/unconnected medial)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṣāḏē (initial/unconnected medial)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Qōp̄ (initial/unconnected medial)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Rēš (initial/unconnected medial)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Šīn (initial/unconnected medial)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Taw (initial/unconnected medial)

Connected
final

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Bēṯ (connected final)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Gāmal (connected final)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ḥēṯ (connected final)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṭēṯ (connected final)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Yōḏ (connected final)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Kāp̄ (connected final)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Lāmaḏ (connected final)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Mīm (connected final)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Nūn (connected final)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Semkaṯ (connected final)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʿĒ (connected final)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Pē (connected final)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Qōp̄ (connected final)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Šīn (connected final)

Unconnected
final

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Kāp̄ (unconnected final)

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Nūn (unconnected final)

Ligatures

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ligature Lāmaḏ-ʾĀlep̄

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ligature Taw-ʾĀlep̄

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʾĀlap̄ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʾĀlep̄ ܐ ܐܠܦ ʾ, ∅, mater lectionis: ā IPA: [ʔ], ∅, mater lectionis: [ɑ]	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Bēṯ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Bēṯ ܒ ܒܝܬ hard: b, soft: ḇ (also bh, v or β) IPA: hard: [b], soft: [v] or [w]	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Gāmal × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Gāmal ܓ ܓܡܠ hard: g, soft: ḡ (also g̱, gh, ġ or γ) IPA: hard: [ɡ], soft: [ɣ]	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Dālaṯ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Dālaṯ ܕ ܕܠܬ hard: d, soft: ḏ (also dh, ð or δ) IPA: hard: [d], soft: [ð]	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Hē × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Hē ܗ ܗܐ h IPA: [h]
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Waw × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Waw ܘ ܘܘ consonant: w, mater lectionis: ū or ō (also u or o) IPA: consonant: [w], mater lectionis: [u] or [o]	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Zayn × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Zayn ܙ ܙܝܢ z IPA: [z]	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ḥēṯ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ḥēṯ ܚ ܛܝܬ ḥ (also H, kh, x or ħ) IPA: [ħ], [x] or [χ]	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ṭēṯ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ṭēṯ ܛ ܛܝܬ ṭ (also T or ţ) IPA: [tˤ]	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Yōḏ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Yōḏ ܝ ܝܘܕ consonant: y, mater lectionis: ī (also i) IPA: consonant: [j], mater lectionis: [i] or [e]
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Kāp̄ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Kāp̄ ܟ ܟܦ hard: k, soft: ḵ (also kh or x) IPA: hard: [k], soft: [x]	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Lāmaḏ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Lāmaḏ ܠ ܠܡܕ l IPA: [l]	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Mīm × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Mīm ܡ ܡܝܡ m IPA: [m]	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Nūn × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Nūn ܢ ܢܘܢ n IPA: [n]	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Semkaṯ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Semkaṯ ܣ ܣܡܟܬ ś IPA: [s]
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʿĒ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʿĒ ܥ ܥܐ ʿ IPA: [ʕ]	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Pē × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Pē ܦ ܦܐ hard: p, soft: p̄ (also p̱, ᵽ, ph or f) IPA: hard: [p], soft: [f]	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ṣāḏē × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ṣāḏē ܨ ܨܕܐ ṣ (also S or ş) IPA: [sˤ]	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Qōp̄ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Qōp̄ ܩ ܩܘܦ q (also ḳ) IPA: [q]	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Rēš × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Rēš ܪ ܪܝܫ r IPA: [r]
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Šīn × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Šīn ܫ ܫܝܢ š (also sh) IPA: [ʃ]	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Taw × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Taw ܬ ܬܘ hard: t, soft: ṯ (also th or θ) IPA: hard: [t], soft: [θ]

Specific diacritics

Vowels

This may have influenced the development of niqqud in Hebrew.

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac vowel Pṯāḥā × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac vowel Pṯāḥā ܦܬ݂ܵܚܵܐ a, ă IPA: [a]	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac vowel Zqāp̄ā × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac vowel Zqāp̄ā ܙܩܵܦ݂ܵܐ‎ ā, â, å IPA: [ɑ]	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac vowel Rḇāṣā ʾărīḵā/Zlāmā pšīqā × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac vowel Rḇāṣā ʾărīḵā/Zlāmā pšīqā ܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ/ܪܒ݂ܵܨܵܐ ܐܲܪܝܼܟ݂ܵܐ e, ĕ IPA: [ɛ] East Syriac dialect: i IPA: [ɪ]	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac vowel Rḇāṣā karyā/Zlāmā qašyā × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac vowel Rḇāṣā karyā/Zlāmā qašyā ܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܩܲܫܝܵܐ/ܪܒ݂ܵܨܵܐ ܟܲܪܝܵܐ ē IPA: [a]
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac vowel ʿṣāṣā ʾălīṣā/Rḇāṣā × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac vowel ʿṣāṣā ʾălīṣā/Rḇāṣā ܘܼ ܪܒ݂ܵܨܵܐ‎/ܥܨܵܨܵܐ ܐܲܠܝܼܨܵܐ ū, u IPA: [u]	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac vowel ʿṣāṣā rwīḥā/Rwāḥā × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac vowel ʿṣāṣā rwīḥā/Rwāḥā ܘܿ ܪܘܵܚܵܐ‎/ܥܨܵܨܵܐ ܪܘܝܼܚܵܐ ō, o IPA: [o]	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac vowel Ḥḇāṣā × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac vowel Ḥḇāṣā ܝܼ ܚܒ݂ܵܨܵܐ ī, i IPA: [i]	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac vowel ʾăsāqā × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac vowel ʾăsāqā ܐܲܣܵܩܵܐ ē, ê IPA: [e]

Contextual forms

Initial or
unconnected medial

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʾĀlap̄ (initial/unconnected medial)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Bēṯ (initial/unconnected medial)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Gāmal (initial/unconnected medial)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Dālaṯ (initial/unconnected medial)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Hē (initial/unconnected medial)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Waw (initial/unconnected medial)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Zayn (initial/unconnected medial)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ḥēṯ (initial/unconnected medial)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ṭēṯ (initial/unconnected medial)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Yōḏ (initial/unconnected medial)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Kāp̄ (initial/unconnected medial)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Lāmaḏ (initial/unconnected medial)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Mīm (initial/unconnected medial)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Nūn (initial/unconnected medial)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Semkaṯ (initial/unconnected medial)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʿĒ (initial/unconnected medial)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Pē (initial/unconnected medial)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ṣāḏē (initial/unconnected medial)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Qōp̄ (initial/unconnected medial)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Rēš (initial/unconnected medial)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Šīn (initial/unconnected medial)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Taw (initial/unconnected medial)

Connected
final

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʾĀlap̄ (connected final)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Bēṯ (connected final)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Gāmal (connected final)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ḥēṯ (connected final)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ṭēṯ (connected final)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Yōḏ (connected final)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Kāp̄ (connected final)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Lāmaḏ (connected final)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Mīm (connected final)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Nūn (connected final)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Semkaṯ (connected final variant 1)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Semkaṯ (connected final variant 2)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʿĒ (connected final)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Pē (connected final)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Qōp̄ (connected final)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Šīn (connected final)

Unconnected
final

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Kāp̄ (unconnected final)

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Nūn (unconnected final)

Ligatures

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac ligature Lāmaḏ-ʾĀlap̄ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Lāmaḏ-ʾĀlep̄ ܠܐ lʾ	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac ligature Hē-Yōḏ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Hē-Yōḏ ܗܝ hy	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac ligature Taw-Yōḏ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Taw-Yōḏ ܬܝ ty or ṯy
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ligature Taw-ʾĀlep̄ (initial/unconnected medial) × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac ligature Taw-ʾĀlep̄ (initial/unconnected medial) ܬܐ tʾ or ṯʾ	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ligature Taw-ʾĀlep̄ (connected final) × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac ligature Taw-ʾĀlep̄ (connected final) tʾ or ṯʾ	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ligature Taw-ʾĀlep̄ (unconnected final variant 1) × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac ligature Taw-ʾĀlep̄ (unconnected final variant 1) tʾ or ṯʾ	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ligature Taw-ʾĀlep̄ (unconnected final variant 2) × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac ligature Taw-ʾĀlep̄ (unconnected final variant 2) tʾ or ṯʾ

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter ʾĀlap̄/Olaf × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter ʾĀlap̄/Olaf ʾ, ∅, mater lectionis: ā IPA: [ʔ], ∅, mater lectionis: [ɑ]	Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Bēṯ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Bēṯ hard: b, soft: ḇ (also bh, v or β) IPA: hard: [b], soft: [v] or [w]	Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Gāmal × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Gāmal hard: g, soft: ḡ (also g̱, gh, ġ or γ) IPA: hard: [ɡ], soft: [ɣ]	Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Dālaṯ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Dālaṯ hard: d, soft: ḏ (also dh, ð or δ) IPA: hard: [d], soft: [ð]	Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Hē × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Hē h IPA: [h]
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Waw × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Waw consonant: w, mater lectionis: ū or ō (also u or o) IPA: consonant: [w], mater lectionis: [u] or [o]	Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Zayn × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Zayn z IPA: [z]	Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ḥēṯ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ḥēṯ ḥ (also H, kh, x or ħ) IPA: [ħ], [x] or [χ]	Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ṭēṯ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ṭēṯ/h3> ṭ (also T or ţ) IPA: [tˤ]	Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Yōḏ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Yōḏ consonant: y, mater lectionis: ī (also i) IPA: consonant: [j], mater lectionis: [i] or [e]
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Kāp̄ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Kāp̄ hard: k, soft: ḵ (also kh or x) IPA: hard: [k], soft: [x]	Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Lāmaḏ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Lāmaḏ l IPA: [l]	Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Mīm × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Mīm m IPA: [m]	Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Nūn × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Nūn n IPA: [n]	Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Semkaṯ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Semkaṯ ś IPA: [s]
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter ʿĒ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter ʿĒ ʿ IPA: [ʕ]	Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Pē × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Pē hard: p, soft: p̄ (also p̱, ᵽ, ph or f) IPA: hard: [p], soft: [f]	Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ṣāḏē × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ṣāḏē ṣ (also S or ş) IPA: [sˤ]	Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Qōp̄ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Qōp̄ q (also ḳ) IPA: [q]	Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Rēš × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Rēš r IPA: [r]
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Šīn × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Šīn š (also sh) IPA: [ʃ]	Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Taw × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Taw hard: t, soft: ṯ (also th or θ) IPA: hard: [t], soft: [θ]

Specific diacritics

Vowels

Greek vowels used to indicate pronunciation.

Serṭā/Western Syriac vowel Pṯāḥā × Serṭā/Western Syriac vowel Pṯāḥā ܦܬ݂ܳܚܳܐ Capital alpha (Α) a, ă IPA: [a]	Serṭā/Western Syriac vowel Zqāp̄ā × Serṭā/Western Syriac vowel Zqāp̄ā Lowercase alpha (α) ā, â, å IPA: [ɑ] East Syriac dialect: o IPA: [o]	Serṭā/Western Syriac vowel Rḇāṣā × Serṭā/Western Syriac vowel Rḇāṣā ܪܒ݂ܳܨܳܐ Lowercase epsilon (ε) e, ĕ IPA: [ɛ], [e]
Serṭā/Western Syriac vowel Ḥḇāṣā × Serṭā/Western Syriac vowel Ḥḇāṣā ܚܒ݂ܳܨܳܐ Capital eta (H) ī IPA: [i]	Serṭā/Western Syriac vowel ʿṣāṣā × Serṭā/Western Syriac vowel ʿṣāṣā ܥܨܳܨܳܐ Combined symbol of capital upsilon (Υ) and lowercase omicron (ο) ū, u IPA: [u]	Serṭā/Western Syriac vocative interjection ʾō × Serṭā/Western Syriac vocative interjection ʾō ܐܘّ Lowercase omega (ω) ʾ, ∅, mater lectionis: ā IPA: [ʔ], ∅, mater lectionis: [ɑ]

Diacritics

Majlīyānā ܡܲܓ̰ܠܝܼܵܢܵܐ

A tilde-like mark placed above or below a letter to change its phoenetic value.

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Gāmal × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Gāmal ܓ ܓܡܠ hard: g, soft: ḡ (also g̱, gh, ġ or γ) IPA: hard: [ɡ], soft: [ɣ]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Kāp̄ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Kāp̄ ܟ ܟܦ hard: k, soft: ḵ (also kh or x) IPA: hard: [k], soft: [x]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Zayn × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Zayn ܙ ܙܝܢ z IPA: [z]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Šīn × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Šīn ܫ ܫܝܢ š (also sh) IPA: [ʃ]
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Gāmal with majlīyānā × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Gāmal with majlīyānā ܓ IPA: [d͡ʒ]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Kāp̄ with majlīyānā × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Kāp̄ with majlīyānā ܟ IPA: hard: [t͡ʃ]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Zayn with majlīyānā (variant 1) × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Zayn with majlīyānā (variant 1) ܙ IPA: [ʒ]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Šīn with majlīyānā × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Šīn with majlīyānā ܫ IPA: [ʒ]
		ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Zayn with majlīyānā (variant 2) × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Zayn with majlīyānā (variant 2) ܙ IPA: [ʒ]

Rūkkāḵā ܪܘܟܟܐ and qūššāyā ܩܘܫܝܐ

A dot to beneath a letter to indicate its 'soft' variant or above a letter to indicate its 'hard variant respectively.'

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Bēṯ (qšīṯā) × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Bēṯ (qšīṯā) ܒ b IPA: [b]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Gāmal (qšīṯā) × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Gāmal (qšīṯā) ܓ݁ g IPA: [ɡ]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Dālaṯ (qšīṯā) × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Dālaṯ (qšīṯā) ܕ݁ d IPA: [d]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Kāp̄ (qšīṯā) × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Kāp̄ (qšīṯā) ܟ݁݁ k IPA: [k]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Pē (qšīṯā) × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Pē (qšīṯā) ܦ݁ p IPA: [p]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Taw (qšīṯā) × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Taw (qšīṯā) ܬ݁ t IPA: [t]
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Bēṯ rakkīḵtā × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Bēṯ rakkīḵtā ܒ݂ ḇ IPA: [v] or [w]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Gāmal rakkīḵtā × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Gāmal rakkīḵtā ܓ݂ ḏ IPA: [ð]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Dālaṯ rakkīḵtā × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Dālaṯ rakkīḵtā ܕ݂ ḵ IPA: [x]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Kāp̄ rakkīḵtā × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Kāp̄ rakkīḵtā ܟ݂ ḵ IPA: [x]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Pē rakkīḵtā × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Pē rakkīḵtā ܦ݂‎ or ܦ̮ p̄ IPA: [f] or [w]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Taw rakkīḵtā × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Taw rakkīḵtā ܬ݂ ṯ IPA: [θ]

Syāmē ܣܝ̈ܡܐ

Two (usually) horizontal dots above a letter with no sound value to indicate that a word is plural.

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Bēṯ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Bēṯ with syāmē

Mṭalqānā ܡܛܠܩܢܐ

A line to indicate a silent letter.
This can only occur above: ʾālep̄, hē, waw, yōḏ, lāmaḏ, mīm, nūn, ʿē or rēš.

Maḏnḥāyā/ Eastern	Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʾĀlap̄ with mṭalqānā × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʾĀlep̄ with mṭalqānā
Serṭā/ Western	Serṭā/Western Syriac letter ʾĀlap̄/Olaf with mṭalqānā × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter ʾĀlap̄/Olaf with mṭalqānā

Epigraphy⁵

The Lord's Prayer
in Syriac

Your browser does not support the audio element.

ʾEsṭrangēlā
(Classical)
Syriac

ܐܒܘܢ ܕܒܫܡܝܐ
ܢܬܩܕܫ ܫܡܟ
ܬܐܬܐ ܡܠܟܘܬܟ
ܢܗܘܐ ܣܒܝܢܟ
ܐܝܟܢܐ ܕܒܫܡܝܐ ܐܦ ܒܪܥܐ
ܗܒ ܠܢ ܠܚܡܐ ܕܣܘܢܩܢܢ ܝܘܡܢܐ
ܘܫܒܘܩ ܠܢ ܚܘܒܝܢ ܘܚܬܗܝܢ
ܐܝܟܢܐ ܕܐܦ ܚܢܢ ܫܒܩܢ ܠܚܝܒܝܢ
ܠܐ ܬܥܠܢ ܠܢܣܝܘܢܐ
ܐܠܐ ܦܨܐ ܠܢ ܡܢ ܒܝܫܐ
ܡܛܠ ܕܕܠܟ ܗܝ ܡܠܟܘܬܐ
ܘܚܝܠܐ ܘܬܫܒܘܚܬܐ
ܠܥܠܡ ܥܠܡܝܢ
ܐܡܝܢ

Maḏnḥāyā
(Eastern)
Syriac

Transliteration

Abun d-bašmayo
Nethqadaš šmokh
Tithe malkuthokh
Nehwe sebyonokh
Aykano d-bašmayo oph bar`o
Hab lan laḥmo d-sunqonan yowmono
Wašbuq lan ḥawbayn waḥtohayn
Aykano doph ḥnan šbaqan l-ḥayobayn
Lo ta`lan l-nesyuno
Elo paṣo lan men bišo
Meṭul d-dilokh hi malkutho
W-ḥaylo w-tešbuḥto
L`olam `olmin
Amin

Translation

Our Father in heaven
Hallowed be your name
Your kingdom come
Your will be done
As it is in heaven, so on earth
Give us our daily bread today
And forgive us our sins and debts
As we forgive those who sin against us
Do not lead us into temptation
But deliver us from evil
Because yours is the kingdom
And the power and the glory
For ever and ever
Amen.

Writing Script

Head of ox

House plan

Throw stick

Nile tilapia

Man with arms raised

Pear shaped mace

Two diagonal strokes

Plan of rectangular enclosure

Heart and trachea

Arm with downward facing palm

Hand

Crook

Water ripple

Cobra

Reed column

Eye

Mouth

Rush with shoots

Cord on stick

Head

Bow

Crossed sticks

Egyptian Hieroglyphs

Logography
            
32 c. BCE - 4 c. CE

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9

Aramaic (Parent)

Abjad
            
8 c. BCE - 6 c. CE

Aramaic letter Ālaph

Aramaic letter Bēth

Aramaic letter Gāmal

Aramaic letter Dālath

Aramaic letter Hē

Aramaic letter Waw

Aramaic letter Zain

Aramaic letter Khēth

Aramaic letter Ṭēth

Aramaic letter Iodh

Aramaic letter Kāph

Aramaic letter Lāmadh

Aramaic letter Mem

Aramaic letter Nun

Aramaic letter Semkath

Aramaic letter Ayin

Aramaic letter Pē

Aramaic letter Ṩādhē

Aramaic letter Qoph

Aramaic letter Rēš

Aramaic letter Šīn

Aramaic letter Taw

Kharoṣṭhī (Sibling)

Abugida
            
4 c. BCE - 3 c. CE

Kharoṣṭhī letter A

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ba

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ga

Kharoṣṭhī letter Dha

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ha

Kharoṣṭhī letter Va

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ja

Kharoṣṭhī letter Gha

Kharoṣṭhī letter Tha

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ya

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ka

Kharoṣṭhī letter La

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ma

Kharoṣṭhī letter Na

Kharoṣṭhī letter Śa

Kharoṣṭhī letter P

Kharoṣṭhī letter Sa

Kharoṣṭhī letter Kha

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ra

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ṣa

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ta

Early/Ashokan Brahmi (Sibling)

Abugida
            
3 c. BCE -  1 c. CE

Early Brahmi letter A

Early Brahmi letter Ba

Early Brahmi letter Ga

Early Brahmi letter Dha

Early Brahmi letter Ha

Early Brahmi letter Va

Early Brahmi letter Ja

Early Brahmi letter Gha

Early Brahmi letter Tha

Early Brahmi letter Ya

Early Brahmi letter Ka

Early Brahmi letter La

Early Brahmi letter Ma

Early Brahmi letter Na

Early Brahmi letter Ṣa

Early Brahmi letter E

Early Brahmi letter Pa

Early Brahmi letter Ca

Early Brahmi letter Kha

Early Brahmi letter Ra

Early Brahmi letter Śa

Early Brahmi letter Ta

Hebrew (Sibling)

Abjad
            
c. 2/1 BCE - Present

Hebrew letter Alef

Hebrew letter Bet

Hebrew letter Gimel

Hebrew letter Dalet

Hebrew letter He

Hebrew letter Vav

Hebrew letter Zayin

Hebrew letter Chet

Hebrew letter Tet

Hebrew letter Yod

Hebrew letter Kaf

Hebrew letter Kaf (final)

Hebrew letter Lamed

Hebrew letter Mem

Hebrew letter Mem (final)

Hebrew letter Nun

Hebrew letter Nun (final)

Hebrew letter Samekh

Hebrew letter Ayin

Hebrew letter Pe

Hebrew letter Pe (final)

Hebrew letter Tsadi

Hebrew letter Tsadi (final)

Hebrew letter Qof

Hebrew letter Resh

Hebrew letter Shin

Hebrew letter Tav

Inscriptional Parthian (Sibling)

Abjad
            
c. 250 BCE - ???

Inscriptional Parthian letter Aleph

Inscriptional Parthian letter Beth

Inscriptional Parthian letter Gimel

Inscriptional Parthian letter Daleth

Inscriptional Parthian letter He

Inscriptional Parthian letter Waw

Inscriptional Parthian letter Zayin

Inscriptional Parthian letter Heth

Inscriptional Parthian letter Teth

Inscriptional Parthian letter Yodh

Inscriptional Parthian letter Kaph

Inscriptional Parthian letter Lamadh

Inscriptional Parthian letter Mem

Inscriptional Parthian letter Nun

Inscriptional Parthian letter Samekh

Inscriptional Parthian letter Ayin

Inscriptional Parthian letter Pe

Inscriptional Parthian letter Sadhe

Inscriptional Parthian letter Qoph

Inscriptional Parthian letter Resh

Inscriptional Parthian letter Shin

Inscriptional Parthian letter Taw

Elymaic (Sibling)

Abjad
            
2 c. BCE - 3 c. CE

Elymaic letter Aleph

Elymaic letter Beth

Elymaic letter Gimel

Elymaic letter Daleth

Elymaic letter He

Elymaic letter Waw

Elymaic letter Zayin

Elymaic letter Heth

Elymaic letter Teth

Elymaic letter Yodh

Elymaic letter Kaph

Elymaic letter Lamedh

Elymaic letter Mem

Elymaic letter Nun

Elymaic letter Samekh

Elymaic letter Ayin

Elymaic letter Pe

Elymaic letter Sadhe

Elymaic letter Qoph

Elymaic letter Res

Elymaic letter Shin

Elymaic letter Taw

Classical Nabataean (Sibling)

Abjad
            
2 c. BCE - 4 c. CE

Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph

Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph (final)

Classical Nabataean letter Bēth

Classical Nabataean letter Bēth (final)

Classical Nabataean letter Gāmal

Classical Nabataean letter Dālath

Classical Nabataean letter Hē

Classical Nabataean letter Hē (final)

Classical Nabataean letter Waw

Classical Nabataean letter Zain

Classical Nabataean letter Khēth

Classical Nabataean letter Ṭēth

Classical Nabataean letter Iodh

Classical Nabataean letter Iodh (final)

Classical Nabataean letter Kāph

Classical Nabataean letter Kāph (final)

Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh

Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh (final)

Classical Nabataean letter Mem

Classical Nabataean letter Mem (final)

Classical Nabataean letter Nun

Classical Nabataean letter Nun (final)

Classical Nabataean letter Semkath

Classical Nabataean letter Ayin

Classical Nabataean letter Pē

Classical Nabataean letter Ṩādhē

Classical Nabataean letter Qoph

Classical Nabataean letter Rēš

Classical Nabataean letter Šīn

Classical Nabataean letter Šīn (final)

Classical Nabataean letter Taw

Palmyrene (Sibling)

Abjad
            
1 c. BCE - 3 c. CE

Palmyrene letter Aleph

Palmyrene letter Beth

Palmyrene letter Gimel

Palmyrene letter Daleth

Palmyrene letter He

Palmyrene letter Waw

Palmyrene letter Zayin

Palmyrene letter Heth

Palmyrene letter Teth

Palmyrene letter Yodh

Palmyrene letter Kaph

Palmyrene letter Lamedh

Palmyrene letter Mem

Palmyrene letter Nun

Palmyrene letter Nun (final)

Palmyrene letter Samekh

Palmyrene letter Ayin

Palmyrene letter Pe

Palmyrene letter Sadhe

Palmyrene letter Qoph

Palmyrene letter Res

Palmyrene letter Shin

Palmyrene letter Taw

Hatran (Sibling)

Abjad
            
c. 98 BCE - 240 CE

Hatran letter Aleph

Hatran letter Beth

Hatran letter Gimel

Hatran letter Daleth

Hatran letter He

Hatran letter Waw

Hatran letter Zayin

Hatran letter Heth

Hatran letter Teth

Hatran letter Yodh

Hatran letter Kaph

Hatran letter Lamedh

Hatran letter Mem

Hatran letter Nun

Hatran letter Samekh

Hatran letter Ayin

Hatran letter Pe

Hatran letter Sadhe

Hatran letter Qoph

Hatran letter Res

Hatran letter Shin

Hatran letter Taw

Mandaic (Sibling)

Alphabet
            
2 c. CE - Present

Mandaic letter A

Mandaic letter Ba

Mandaic letter Ga

Mandaic letter Da

Mandaic letter Ha

Mandaic letter Wa

Mandaic letter Za

Mandaic letter Eh

Mandaic letter Ṭa

Mandaic letter Ya

Mandaic letter Ka

Mandaic letter La

Mandaic letter Ma

Mandaic letter Na

Mandaic letter Sa

Mandaic letter E

Mandaic letter Pa

Mandaic letter Ṣa

Mandaic letter Qa

Mandaic letter Ra

Mandaic letter Ša

Mandaic letter Ta

Syriac

Abjad
            
1 c. CE - Present

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʾĀlep̄

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʾĀlap̄

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter ʾĀlap̄/Olaf

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Bēṯ

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Bēṯ

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Bēṯ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Gāmal

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Gāmal

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Gāmal

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Dālaṯ

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Dālaṯ

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Dālaṯ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Hē

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Hē

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Hē

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Waw

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Waw

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Waw

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Zayn

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Zayn

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Zayn

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ḥēṯ

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ḥēṯ

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ḥēṯ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṭēṯ

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ṭēṯ

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ṭēṯ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Yōḏ

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Yōḏ

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Yōḏ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Kāp̄

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Kāp̄

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Kāp̄

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Lāmaḏ

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Lāmaḏ

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Lāmaḏ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Mīm

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Mīm

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Mīm

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Nūn

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Nūn

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Nūn

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Semkaṯ

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Semkaṯ

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Semkaṯ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʿĒ

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʿĒ

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter ʿĒ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Pē

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Pē

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Pē

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṣāḏē

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ṣāḏē

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ṣāḏē

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Qōp̄

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Qōp̄

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Qōp̄

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Rēš

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Rēš

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Rēš

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Šīn

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Šīn

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Šīn

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Taw

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Taw

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Taw

Sogdian (Child)

Abjad
            
2 c. CE - 11 c. CE

Sogdian letter Aleph (old)

Sogdian letter Aleph (cursive)

Sogdian letter Beth (old)

Sogdian letter Beth (cursive)

Sogdian letter Gimel (old)

Sogdian letter Gimel (cursive)

Sogdian letter He (old)

Sogdian letter He (cursive)

Sogdian letter Waw (old)

Sogdian letter Waw (cursive)

Sogdian letter Zayin (old)

Sogdian letter Zayin (cursive)

Sogdian letter Heth (old)

Sogdian letter Heth (cursive)

Sogdian letter Yodh (old)

Sogdian letter Yodh (cursive)

Sogdian letter Kaph (old)

Sogdian letter Kaph (cursive)

Sogdian letter Lamedh (old)

Sogdian letter Lamedh (cursive)

Sogdian letter Mem (old)

Sogdian letter Mem (cursive)

Sogdian letter Nun (old)

Sogdian letter Nun (cursive)

Sogdian letter Samekh (old)

Sogdian letter Samekh (cursive)

Sogdian letter Pe (old)

Sogdian letter Pe (cursive)

Sogdian letter Sadhe (old)

Sogdian letter Sadhe (cursive)

Sogdian letter Resh-Ayin-Daleth (old)

Sogdian letter Resh (cursive)

Sogdian letter Shin (old)

Sogdian letter Shin (cursive)

Sogdian letter Taw (old)

Sogdian letter Taw (cursive)

Writing Script		Head of ox	House plan	Throw stick	Nile tilapia	Man with arms raised	Pear shaped mace	Two diagonal strokes	Plan of rectangular enclosure	Heart and trachea	Arm with downward facing palm	Hand	Crook	Water ripple	Cobra	Reed column	Eye	Mouth	Rush with shoots	Cord on stick	Head	Bow	Crossed sticks
Egyptian Hieroglyphs	Logography 32 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 𓃾 Head of Ox Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ka	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 𓉐 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 𓌙 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 𓆛 Bulti fish Phonogram in for: int “bulti”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 𓀠 Man with arms raised Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 𓌉 Pear shaped mace Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 𓏭 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6 𓉗 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 𓄤 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 𓂣 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 𓂧 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 𓋿 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 𓈖 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 𓆓 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 𓊽 Reed column Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/ Conventional Anglicisation: djed	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 𓁹 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 𓂋 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 𓇑 Rush with roots Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 𓎗 Cord on stick Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wedj	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 𓁶 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a 𓌓 Bow Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 𓏴 Crossed sticks Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”
Aramaic (Parent)	Abjad 8 c. BCE - 6 c. CE	Aramaic letter Ālaph × Aramaic letter Ālaph 𐡀 𐡀𐡐𐡓 ʾ IPA: /ʔ/; /aː/, /eː/	Aramaic letter Bēth × Aramaic letter Bēth 𐡁 𐡁𐡕 b IPA: /b/, /v/	Aramaic letter Gāmal × Aramaic letter Gāmal 𐡂 𐡂𐡌𐡋 g IPA: /ɡ/, /ɣ/	Aramaic letter Dālath × Aramaic letter Dālath 𐡃 𐡃𐡋𐡕 d IPA: /d/, /ð/	Aramaic letter Hē × Aramaic letter Hē 𐡄 𐡄 h IPA: /h/	Aramaic letter Waw × Aramaic letter Waw 𐡅 𐡅𐡅 w IPA: /w/; /oː/, /uː/	Aramaic letter Zain × Aramaic letter Zain 𐡆 𐡆𐡉𐡍 z IPA: /z/	Aramaic letter Khēth × Aramaic letter Khēth 𐡇 𐡇𐡕 ḥ IPA: /ħ/	Aramaic letter Ṭēth × Aramaic letter Ṭēth 𐡈 𐡈𐡕 ṭ IPA: /tˤ/	Aramaic letter Iodh × Aramaic letter Iodh 𐡉 𐡉𐡃 j IPA: /j/; /iː/, /eː/	Aramaic letter Kāph × Aramaic letter Kāph 𐡊 𐡊𐡐 k IPA: /k/, /x/	Aramaic letter Lāmadh × Aramaic letter Lāmadh 𐡋 𐡋𐡌𐡃 l IPA: /l/	Aramaic letter Mem × Aramaic letter Mem 𐡌 𐡌𐡌 m IPA: /m/	Aramaic letter Nun × Aramaic letter Nun 𐡍 𐡍𐡍 n IPA: /n/	Aramaic letter Semkath × Aramaic letter Semkath 𐡎 𐡎𐡌𐡊 s IPA: /s/	Aramaic letter Ayin × Aramaic letter Ayin 𐡏 𐡏𐡉𐡍 ʿ IPA: /ʕ/	Aramaic letter Pē × Aramaic letter Pē 𐡐 𐡐 p IPA: /p/, /f/	Aramaic letter Ṩādhē × Aramaic letter Ṩādhē 𐡑 𐡑𐡃 ṣ IPA: /sˤ/	Aramaic letter Qoph × Aramaic letter Qoph 𐡒 𐡒𐡐 q IPA: /q/	Aramaic letter Rēš × Aramaic letter Rēš 𐡓 𐡓𐡔 r IPA: /r/	Aramaic letter Šīn × Aramaic letter Šīn 𐡔 𐡔𐡍 š IPA: /ʃ/	Aramaic letter Taw × Aramaic letter Taw 𐡕 𐡕𐡅 t IPA: /t/, /θ/
Kharoṣṭhī (Sibling)	Abugida 4 c. BCE - 3 c. CE	Kharoṣṭhī letter A × Kharoṣṭhī letter A 𐨀 a IPA: /ə/	Kharoṣṭhī letter Ba × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ba 𐨦 ba IPA: /bə/	Kharoṣṭhī letter Ga × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ga 𐨒 ga IPA: /gə/	Kharoṣṭhī letter Dha × Kharoṣṭhī letter Dha 𐨢 dha IPA: /dʰə/	Kharoṣṭhī letter Ha × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ha 𐨱 ha IPA: /hə/	Kharoṣṭhī letter Va × Kharoṣṭhī letter Va 𐨬 va IPA: /ʋə/	Kharoṣṭhī letter Ja × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ja 𐨗 ja IPA: /ɟə/	Kharoṣṭhī letter Gha × Kharoṣṭhī letter Gha 𐨓 gha IPA: /gʰə/	Kharoṣṭhī letter Tha × Kharoṣṭhī letter Tha 𐨠 tha IPA: /tʰə/	Kharoṣṭhī letter Ya × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ya 𐨩 ya IPA: /jə/	Kharoṣṭhī letter Ka × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ka 𐨐 ka IPA: /kə/	Kharoṣṭhī letter La × Kharoṣṭhī letter La 𐨫 la IPA: /lə/	Kharoṣṭhī letter Ma × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ma 𐨨 ma IPA: /mə/	Kharoṣṭhī letter Na × Kharoṣṭhī letter Na 𐨣 na IPA: /nə/	Kharoṣṭhī letter Śa × Kharoṣṭhī letter Śa 𐨭 śa IPA: /ɕə/		Kharoṣṭhī letter P × Kharoṣṭhī letter Pa 𐨤 pa IPA: /pə/	Kharoṣṭhī letter Sa × Kharoṣṭhī letter Sa 𐨯 sa IPA: /sə/	Kharoṣṭhī letter Kha × Kharoṣṭhī letter Kha 𐨑 kha IPA: /kʰə/	Kharoṣṭhī letter Ra × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ra 𐨪 ra IPA: /rə/	Kharoṣṭhī letter Ṣa × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ṣa 𐨮 ṣa IPA: /ʂə/	Kharoṣṭhī letter Ta × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ta 𐨟 ta IPA: /tə/
Early/Ashokan Brahmi (Sibling)	Abugida 3 c. BCE - 1 c. CE	Early Brahmi letter A	Early Brahmi letter Ba	Early Brahmi letter Ga	Early Brahmi letter Dha	Early Brahmi letter Ha	Early Brahmi letter Va	Early Brahmi letter Ja	Early Brahmi letter Gha	Early Brahmi letter Tha	Early Brahmi letter Ya	Early Brahmi letter Ka	Early Brahmi letter La	Early Brahmi letter Ma	Early Brahmi letter Na	Early Brahmi letter Ṣa	Early Brahmi letter E	Early Brahmi letter Pa	Early Brahmi letter Ca	Early Brahmi letter Kha	Early Brahmi letter Ra	Early Brahmi letter Śa	Early Brahmi letter Ta
Hebrew (Sibling)	Abjad c. 2/1 BCE - Present	Hebrew letter Alef × Hebrew letter Alef א אָלֶף a IPA: [a]	Hebrew letter Bet × Hebrew letter Bet ב בֵית v IPA: [v]	Hebrew letter Gimel × Hebrew letter Gimel ג גִימֵל g IPA: [ɣ]	Hebrew letter Dalet × Hebrew letter Dalet ד דָלֶת d IPA: [ð]	Hebrew letter He × Hebrew letter He ה הֵא h IPA: [h]~[e]	Hebrew letter Vav × Hebrew letter Vav ו וָו v IPA: [v]	Hebrew letter Zayin × Hebrew letter Zayin ז זַיִן z IPA: [z]	Hebrew letter Chet × Hebrew letter Chet ח חֵית ch IPA: [χ]	Hebrew letter Tet × Hebrew letter Tet ט טֵית t IPA: [t]	Hebrew letter Yod × Hebrew letter Yod י יוֹד y IPA: [j]	Hebrew letter Kaf × Hebrew letter Kaf כ כַף k IPA: [χ] Hebrew letter Kaf (final) × Hebrew letter Kaf (final) ך כַף סוֹפִית k IPA: [x]~[χ]	Hebrew letter Lamed × Hebrew letter Lamed ל לָמֶד l IPA: [l]	Hebrew letter Mem × Hebrew letter Mem מ מֵם m IPA: [m] Hebrew letter Mem (final) × Hebrew letter Mem (final) ם מֵם סוֹפִית m IPA: [m]	Hebrew letter Nun × Hebrew letter Nun נ נוּן n IPA: [n] Hebrew letter Nun (final) × Hebrew letter Nun (final) ן נוּן סוֹפִית n IPA: [n]	Hebrew letter Samekh × Hebrew letter Samekh ס סָמֶךְ s IPA: [s]	Hebrew letter Ayin × Hebrew letter Ayin ע עַיִן ʿ IPA: [o]~[ō], ∅	Hebrew letter Pe × Hebrew letter Pe פ פֵא f IPA: [f] Hebrew letter Pe (final) × Hebrew letter Pe (final) ף פֵא סוֹפִית f IPA: [f]	Hebrew letter Tsadi × Hebrew letter Tsadi צ צָדִי ts IPA: [ts] Hebrew letter Tsadi (final) × Hebrew letter Tsadi (final) ץ צָדִי סוֹפִית ts IPA: [ts]	Hebrew letter Qof × Hebrew letter Qof ק קוֹף k IPA: [k]	Hebrew letter Resh × Hebrew letter Resh ר רֵישׁ r IPA: [ʁ]	Hebrew letter Shin × Hebrew letter Shin ש שִׁׂי sh IPA: [ʃ]	Hebrew letter Tav × Hebrew letter Tav ת תָו t IPA: [t]
Inscriptional Parthian (Sibling)	Abjad c. 250 BCE - ???	Inscriptional Parthian letter Aleph × Inscriptional Parthian letter Aleph 𐭀 𐭀𐭋𐭐 ʾ IPA: /a/, /aː/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Beth × Inscriptional Parthian letter Beth 𐭁 𐭁𐭕 b IPA: /b/, /v/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Gimel × Inscriptional Parthian letter Gimel 𐭂 𐭂𐭐𐭋 g IPA: /g/, /j/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Daleth × Inscriptional Parthian letter Daleth 𐭃 𐭃𐭋𐭕 d IPA: /d/, /j/	Inscriptional Parthian letter He × Inscriptional Parthian letter He 𐭄 𐭄 h IPA: /h/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Waw × Inscriptional Parthian letter Waw 𐭅 𐭅𐭅 w IPA: /v/, /r/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Zayin × Inscriptional Parthian letter Zayin 𐭆 𐭆𐭉𐭍 z IPA: /z/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Heth × Inscriptional Parthian letter Heth 𐭇 𐭇𐭕 h IPA: /h/, /x/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Teth × Inscriptional Parthian letter Teth 𐭈 𐭈𐭕 t IPA: /t/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Yodh × Inscriptional Parthian letter Yodh 𐭉 𐭉𐭃 j IPA: /j/, /ĕː/, /ĭː/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Kaph × Inscriptional Parthian letter Kaph 𐭊 𐭊𐭐 k IPA: /k/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Lamadh × Inscriptional Parthian letter Lamadh 𐭋 𐭋𐭌𐭃 l IPA: /l/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Mem × Inscriptional Parthian letter Mem 𐭌 𐭌𐭌 m IPA: /m/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Nun × Inscriptional Parthian letter Nun 𐭍 𐭍𐭍 n IPA: /n/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Samekh × Inscriptional Parthian letter Samekh 𐭎 𐭎𐭌𐭊 s IPA: /s/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Ayin × Inscriptional Parthian letter Ayin 𐭏 𐭏𐭉𐭃 ʿ IPA: /ʔ/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Pe × Inscriptional Parthian letter Pe 𐭐 𐭐 p IPA: /p/, /b/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Sadhe × Inscriptional Parthian letter Sadhe 𐭑 𐭑𐭃 s IPA: /s/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Qoph × Inscriptional Parthian letter Qoph 𐭒 𐭒𐭐 q IPA: /q/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Resh × Inscriptional Parthian letter Resh 𐭓 𐭓𐭔 r IPA: /r/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Shin × Inscriptional Parthian letter Shin 𐭔 𐭔𐭍 sh IPA: /ʃ/, /ʒ/	Inscriptional Parthian letter Taw × Inscriptional Parthian letter Taw 𐭕 𐭕𐭅 t IPA: /t/, /d/
Elymaic (Sibling)	Abjad 2 c. BCE - 3 c. CE	Elymaic letter Aleph × Elymaic letter Aleph 𐿠 𐿠𐿫𐿰 ʾ	Elymaic letter Beth × Elymaic letter Beth 𐿡 𐿡𐿵 b	Elymaic letter Gimel × Elymaic letter Gimel 𐿢‎ 𐿢𐿬𐿫 g	Elymaic letter Daleth × Elymaic letter Daleth 𐿣 𐿣𐿫𐿵 d	Elymaic letter He × Elymaic letter He 𐿤 𐿤 h	Elymaic letter Waw × Elymaic letter Waw 𐿥 𐿥𐿥 w	Elymaic letter Zayin × Elymaic letter Zayin 𐿦 𐿦𐿩𐿭 z	Elymaic letter Heth × Elymaic letter Heth 𐿧 𐿧𐿵 ḥ	Elymaic letter Teth × Elymaic letter Teth 𐿨 𐿨𐿵 ṭ	Elymaic letter Yodh × Elymaic letter Yodh 𐿩 𐿩𐿣 j	Elymaic letter Kaph × Elymaic letter Kaph 𐿪 𐿪𐿰 k	Elymaic letter Lamedh × Elymaic letter Lamedh 𐿫 𐿫𐿬𐿣 l	Elymaic letter Mem × Elymaic letter Mem 𐿬 𐿬𐿬 m	Elymaic letter Nun × Elymaic letter Nun 𐿭 𐿭𐿭 n	Elymaic letter Samekh × Elymaic letter Samekh 𐿮 𐿮𐿬𐿪 s	Elymaic letter Ayin × Elymaic letter Ayin 𐿯 𐿯𐿩𐿭 ʿ	Elymaic letter Pe × Elymaic letter Pe 𐿰 𐿰 p	Elymaic letter Sadhe × Elymaic letter Sadhe 𐿱 𐿱𐿣 ṣ	Elymaic letter Qoph × Elymaic letter Qoph 𐿲 𐿲𐿰 q	Elymaic letter Res × Elymaic letter Res 𐿳 𐿳𐿴 r	Elymaic letter Shin × Elymaic letter Shin 𐿴 𐿴𐿭 š	Elymaic letter Taw × Elymaic letter Taw 𐿵 𐿵𐿥 t
Classical Nabataean (Sibling)	Abjad 2 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph × Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph 𐢁 𐢁𐢑𐢘 ʾ IPA: [ʔ] Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph (final) 𐢀 𐢁𐢑𐢘 ʾ IPA: [ʔ]	Classical Nabataean letter Bēth × Classical Nabataean letter Bēth 𐢃 𐢃𐢞 b IPA: [b] Classical Nabataean letter Bēth (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Bēth (final) 𐢂 𐢃𐢞 b IPA: [b]	Classical Nabataean letter Gāmal × Classical Nabataean letter Gāmal 𐢄 𐢄𐢓𐢐 g IPA: [ɡ]	Classical Nabataean letter Dālath × Classical Nabataean letter Dālath 𐢅 𐢅𐢑𐢞 d IPA: [d]	Classical Nabataean letter Hē × Classical Nabataean letter Hē 𐢇 𐢇 h IPA: [h] Classical Nabataean letter Hē (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Hē (final) 𐢆 𐢇 h IPA: [h]	Classical Nabataean letter Waw × Classical Nabataean letter Waw 𐢈 w IPA: [w]	Classical Nabataean letter Zain × Classical Nabataean letter Zain 𐢉 𐢉𐢍𐢔 z IPA: [z]	Classical Nabataean letter Khēth × Classical Nabataean letter Khēth 𐢊 𐢊𐢞 ḥ IPA: [ħ]	Classical Nabataean letter Ṭēth × Classical Nabataean letter Ṭēth 𐢋 𐢋𐢞 ṭ IPA: [tˤ]	Classical Nabataean letter Iodh × Classical Nabataean letter Iodh 𐢍 𐢍𐢅 y IPA: [j] Classical Nabataean letter Iodh (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Iodh (final) 𐢌 𐢍𐢅 y IPA: [j]	Classical Nabataean letter Kāph × Classical Nabataean letter Kāph 𐢏 𐢏𐢘 k IPA: [k] Classical Nabataean letter Kāph (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Kāph (final) 𐢎 𐢏𐢘 k IPA: [k]	Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh × Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh 𐢑 𐢑𐢓𐢅 l IPA: [l] Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh (final) 𐢐 𐢑𐢓𐢅 l IPA: [l]	Classical Nabataean letter Mem × Classical Nabataean letter Mem 𐢓 𐢓𐢒 m IPA: [m] Classical Nabataean letter Mem (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Mem (final) 𐢒 𐢓𐢒 m IPA: [m]	Classical Nabataean letter Nun × Classical Nabataean letter Nun 𐢕 𐢕𐢔 n IPA: [n] Classical Nabataean letter Nun (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Nun (final) 𐢔 𐢕𐢔 n IPA: [n]	Classical Nabataean letter Semkath × Classical Nabataean letter Semkath 𐢖 𐢖𐢓𐢎 ś IPA: [s]	Classical Nabataean letter Ayin × Classical Nabataean letter Ayin 𐢗 𐢗𐢍𐢔 ʿ IPA: [ʕ]	Classical Nabataean letter Pē × Classical Nabataean letter Pē 𐢘 𐢘 p IPA: [p]	Classical Nabataean letter Ṩādhē × Classical Nabataean letter Ṩādhē 𐢙 𐢙𐢅 ṣ IPA: [sˤ]	Classical Nabataean letter Qoph × Classical Nabataean letter Qoph 𐢚 𐢚𐢘 q IPA: [q]	Classical Nabataean letter Rēš × Classical Nabataean letter Rēš 𐢛 𐢛𐢜 r IPA: [r]	Classical Nabataean letter Šīn × Classical Nabataean letter Šīn 𐢝 𐢝𐢔 š IPA: [ʃ] Classical Nabataean letter Šīn (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Šīn (final) 𐢜 𐢝𐢔 š IPA: [ʃ]	Classical Nabataean letter Taw × Classical Nabataean letter Taw 𐢞 𐢞𐢈 t IPA: [t]
Palmyrene (Sibling)	Abjad 1 c. BCE - 3 c. CE	Palmyrene letter Aleph × Palmyrene letter Aleph 𐡠 𐡠𐡫𐡱 ʾ	Palmyrene letter Beth × Palmyrene letter Beth 𐡡 𐡡𐡶 b	Palmyrene letter Gimel × Palmyrene letter Gimel 𐡢‎ 𐡢𐡬𐡫 g	Palmyrene letter Daleth × Palmyrene letter Daleth 𐡣 𐡣𐡫𐡶 d	Palmyrene letter He × Palmyrene letter He 𐡤 𐡤 h	Palmyrene letter Waw × Palmyrene letter Waw 𐡥‎ 𐡥𐡥 w	Palmyrene letter Zayin × Palmyrene letter Zayin 𐡦 𐡦𐡩𐡣 z	Palmyrene letter Heth × Palmyrene letter Heth 𐡧 𐡧𐡶 ḥ	Palmyrene letter Teth × Palmyrene letter Teth 𐡨 𐡨𐡶 ṭ	Palmyrene letter Yodh × Palmyrene letter Yodh 𐡩 𐡩𐡣 j	Palmyrene letter Kaph × Palmyrene letter Kaph 𐡪 𐡪𐡱 k	Palmyrene letter Lamedh × Palmyrene letter Lamedh 𐡫 𐡫𐡬𐡣 l	Palmyrene letter Mem × Palmyrene letter Mem 𐡬 𐡬𐡬 m	Palmyrene letter Nun × Palmyrene letter Nun 𐡮 𐡮𐡭 n Palmyrene letter Nun (final) × Palmyrene letter Nun (final) 𐡭 𐡮𐡭 n	Palmyrene letter Samekh × Palmyrene letter Samekh 𐡯 𐡯𐡬𐡪 s	Palmyrene letter Ayin × Palmyrene letter Ayin 𐡰 𐡰𐡦𐡭 ʿ	Palmyrene letter Pe × Palmyrene letter Pe 𐡱 𐡱 p	Palmyrene letter Sadhe × Palmyrene letter Sadhe 𐡲 𐡲𐡣 ṣ	Palmyrene letter Qoph × Palmyrene letter Qoph 𐡳 𐡳𐡱 q	Palmyrene letter Res × Palmyrene letter Res 𐡴 𐡴𐡵 r	Palmyrene letter Shin × Palmyrene letter Shin 𐡵 𐡵𐡭 š	Palmyrene letter Taw × Palmyrene letter Taw 𐡶 𐡶𐡥 t
Hatran (Sibling)	Abjad c. 98 BCE - 240 CE	Hatran letter Aleph × Hatran letter Aleph 𐣠 𐣠𐣫𐣰 ʾ IPA: [ʔ], ∅	Hatran letter Beth × Hatran letter Beth 𐣡 𐣡𐣵 hard: b, soft: ḇ IPA: hard: [b], soft: [v] or [w]	Hatran letter Gimel × Hatran letter Gimel 𐣢‎ 𐣢𐣬𐣫 hard: g, soft: ḡ IPA: hard: [ɡ], soft: [ɣ]	Hatran letter Daleth × Hatran letter Daleth 𐣣 𐣣𐣫𐣵 hard: d, soft: ḏ IPA: hard: [d], soft: [ð]	Hatran letter He × Hatran letter He 𐣤 𐣤 h IPA: [h]	Hatran letter Waw × Hatran letter Waw 𐣥 𐣥𐣥 consonant: w, mater lectionis: ū or ō IPA: consonant: [w], mater lectionis: [u] or [o]	Hatran letter Zayin × Hatran letter Zayin 𐣦 𐣦𐣩𐣭 z IPA: [z]	Hatran letter Heth × Hatran letter Heth 𐣧 𐣧𐣵 ḥ IPA: [ħ], [x], or [χ]	Hatran letter Teth × Hatran letter Teth 𐣨 𐣨𐣵 ṭ IPA: [tˤ]	Hatran letter Yodh × Hatran letter Yodh 𐣩 𐣩𐣣 consonant: y, mater lectionis: ī IPA: consonant: [j], mater lectionis: [i] or [e]	Hatran letter Kaph × Hatran letter Kaph 𐣪‎ 𐣪𐣰 hard: k, soft: ḵ IPA: hard: [k], soft: [x]	Hatran letter Lamedh × Hatran letter Lamedh 𐣫 𐣫𐣬𐣣 l IPA: [l]	Hatran letter Mem × Hatran letter Mem 𐣬 𐣬𐣬 m IPA: [m]	Hatran letter Nun × Hatran letter Nun 𐣭 𐣭𐣭 n IPA: [n]	Hatran letter Samekh × Hatran letter Samekh 𐣮 𐣮𐣬𐣪 s IPA: [s]	Hatran letter Ayin × Hatran letter Ayin 𐣯 𐣯𐣩𐣭 ʿ IPA: [ʕ]	Hatran letter Pe × Hatran letter Pe 𐣰 𐣰 hard: p, soft: p̄ IPA: hard: [p], soft: [f]	Hatran letter Sadhe × Hatran letter Sadhe 𐣱 𐣱𐣣 ṣ IPA: [sˤ]	Hatran letter Qoph × Hatran letter Qoph 𐣲 𐣲𐣰 q IPA: [q]	Hatran letter Res × Hatran letter Res 𐣣 𐣣𐣴 r IPA: [r]	Hatran letter Shin × Hatran letter Shin 𐣴 𐣴𐣭 š IPA: [ʃ]	Hatran letter Taw × Hatran letter Taw 𐣵 𐣵𐣥 hard: t, soft: ṯ IPA: hard: [t], soft: [θ]
Mandaic (Sibling)	Alphabet 2 c. CE - Present	Mandaic letter A × Mandaic letter A ࡀ a IPA: /a/	Mandaic letter Ba × Mandaic letter Ba ࡁ b IPA: /b/	Mandaic letter Ga × Mandaic letter Ga ࡂ‎ g IPA: /ɡ/	Mandaic letter Da × Mandaic letter Da ࡃ d IPA: /d/	Mandaic letter Ha × Mandaic letter Ha ࡄ h IPA: /h/	Mandaic letter Wa × Mandaic letter Wa ࡅ u IPA: /u, w/	Mandaic letter Za × Mandaic letter Za ࡆ z IPA: /z/	Mandaic letter Eh × Mandaic letter Eh ࡇ ẖ IPA: /χ/	Mandaic letter Ṭa × Mandaic letter Ṭa ࡈ ṭ IPA: /tˠ/	Mandaic letter Ya × Mandaic letter Ya ࡉ i IPA: /i, j/	Mandaic letter Ka × Mandaic letter Ka ࡊ k IPA: /k/	Mandaic letter La × Mandaic letter La ࡋ l IPA: /l/	Mandaic letter Ma × Mandaic letter Ma ࡌ m IPA: /m/	Mandaic letter Na × Mandaic letter Na ࡍ n IPA: /n/	Mandaic letter Sa × Mandaic letter Sa ࡎ s IPA: /s/	Mandaic letter E × Mandaic letter E ࡏ ʿ IPA: /e/	Mandaic letter Pa × Mandaic letter Pa ࡐ p IPA: /p/	Mandaic letter Ṣa × Mandaic letter Ṣa ࡑ ṣ IPA: /sˠ/	Mandaic letter Qa × Mandaic letter Qa ࡒ q IPA: /q/	Mandaic letter Ra × Mandaic letter Ra ࡓ r IPA: /r/	Mandaic letter Ša × Mandaic letter Ša ࡔ š IPA: /ʃ/	Mandaic letter Ta × Mandaic letter Ta ࡕ t IPA: /t/
Syriac	Abjad 1 c. CE - Present	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʾĀlep̄ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʾĀlep̄ ܐ ܐܠܦ ʾ, ∅, mater lectionis: ā IPA: [ʔ], ∅, mater lectionis: [ɑ] Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʾĀlap̄ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʾĀlep̄ ܐ ܐܠܦ ʾ, ∅, mater lectionis: ā IPA: [ʔ], ∅, mater lectionis: [ɑ] Serṭā/Western Syriac letter ʾĀlap̄/Olaf × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter ʾĀlap̄/Olaf ʾ, ∅, mater lectionis: ā IPA: [ʔ], ∅, mater lectionis: [ɑ]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Bēṯ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Bēṯ ܒ ܒܝܬ hard: b, soft: ḇ (also bh, v or β) IPA: hard: [b], soft: [v] or [w] Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Bēṯ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Bēṯ ܒ ܒܝܬ hard: b, soft: ḇ (also bh, v or β) IPA: hard: [b], soft: [v] or [w] Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Bēṯ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Bēṯ hard: b, soft: ḇ (also bh, v or β) IPA: hard: [b], soft: [v] or [w]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Gāmal × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Gāmal ܓ ܓܡܠ hard: g, soft: ḡ (also g̱, gh, ġ or γ) IPA: hard: [ɡ], soft: [ɣ] Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Gāmal × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Gāmal ܓ ܓܡܠ hard: g, soft: ḡ (also g̱, gh, ġ or γ) IPA: hard: [ɡ], soft: [ɣ] Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Gāmal × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Gāmal hard: g, soft: ḡ (also g̱, gh, ġ or γ) IPA: hard: [ɡ], soft: [ɣ]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Dālaṯ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Dālaṯ ܕ ܕܠܬ hard: d, soft: ḏ (also dh, ð or δ) IPA: hard: [d], soft: [ð] Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Dālaṯ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Dālaṯ ܕ ܕܠܬ hard: d, soft: ḏ (also dh, ð or δ) IPA: hard: [d], soft: [ð] Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Dālaṯ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Dālaṯ hard: d, soft: ḏ (also dh, ð or δ) IPA: hard: [d], soft: [ð]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Hē × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Hē ܗ ܗܐ h IPA: [h] Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Hē × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Hē ܗ ܗܐ h IPA: [h] Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Hē × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Hē h IPA: [h]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Waw × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Waw ܘ ܘܘ consonant: w, mater lectionis: ū or ō (also u or o) IPA: consonant: [w], mater lectionis: [u] or [o] Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Waw × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Waw ܘ ܘܘ consonant: w, mater lectionis: ū or ō (also u or o) IPA: consonant: [w], mater lectionis: [u] or [o] Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Waw × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Waw consonant: w, mater lectionis: ū or ō (also u or o) IPA: consonant: [w], mater lectionis: [u] or [o]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Zayn × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Zayn ܙ ܙܝܢ z IPA: [z] Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Zayn × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Zayn ܙ ܙܝܢ z IPA: [z] Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Zayn × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Zayn z IPA: [z]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ḥēṯ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ḥēṯ ܚ ܛܝܬ ḥ (also H, kh, x or ħ) IPA: [ħ], [x] or [χ] Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ḥēṯ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ḥēṯ ܚ ܛܝܬ ḥ (also H, kh, x or ħ) IPA: [ħ], [x] or [χ] Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ḥēṯ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ḥēṯ ḥ (also H, kh, x or ħ) IPA: [ħ], [x] or [χ]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṭēṯ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṭēṯ ܛ ܛܝܬ ṭ (also T or ţ) IPA: [tˤ] Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ṭēṯ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ṭēṯ ܛ ܛܝܬ ṭ (also T or ţ) IPA: [tˤ] Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ṭēṯ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ṭēṯ/h3> ṭ (also T or ţ) IPA: [tˤ]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Yōḏ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Yōḏ ܝ ܝܘܕ consonant: y, mater lectionis: ī (also i) IPA: consonant: [j], mater lectionis: [i] or [e] Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Yōḏ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Yōḏ ܝ ܝܘܕ consonant: y, mater lectionis: ī (also i) IPA: consonant: [j], mater lectionis: [i] or [e] Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Yōḏ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Yōḏ consonant: y, mater lectionis: ī (also i) IPA: consonant: [j], mater lectionis: [i] or [e]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Kāp̄ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Kāp̄ ܟ ܟܦ hard: k, soft: ḵ (also kh or x) IPA: hard: [k], soft: [x] Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Kāp̄ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Kāp̄ ܟ ܟܦ hard: k, soft: ḵ (also kh or x) IPA: hard: [k], soft: [x] Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Kāp̄ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Kāp̄ hard: k, soft: ḵ (also kh or x) IPA: hard: [k], soft: [x]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Lāmaḏ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Lāmaḏ ܠ ܠܡܕ l IPA: [l] Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Lāmaḏ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Lāmaḏ ܠ ܠܡܕ l IPA: [l] Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Lāmaḏ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Lāmaḏ l IPA: [l]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Mīm × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Mīm ܡ ܡܝܡ m IPA: [m] Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Mīm × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Mīm ܡ ܡܝܡ m IPA: [m] Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Mīm × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Mīm m IPA: [m]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Nūn × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Nūn ܢ ܢܘܢ n IPA: [n] Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Nūn × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Nūn ܢ ܢܘܢ n IPA: [n] Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Nūn × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Nūn n IPA: [n]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Semkaṯ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Semkaṯ ܣ ܣܡܟܬ ś IPA: [s] Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Semkaṯ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Semkaṯ ܣ ܣܡܟܬ ś IPA: [s] Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Semkaṯ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Semkaṯ ś IPA: [s]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʿĒ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʿĒ ܥ ܥܐ ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʿĒ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʿĒ ܥ ܥܐ ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Serṭā/Western Syriac letter ʿĒ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter ʿĒ ʿ IPA: [ʕ]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Pē × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Pē ܦ ܦܐ hard: p, soft: p̄ (also p̱, ᵽ, ph or f) IPA: hard: [p], soft: [f] Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Pē × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Pē ܦ ܦܐ hard: p, soft: p̄ (also p̱, ᵽ, ph or f) IPA: hard: [p], soft: [f] Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Pē × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Pē hard: p, soft: p̄ (also p̱, ᵽ, ph or f) IPA: hard: [p], soft: [f]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṣāḏē × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṣāḏē ܨ ܨܕܐ ṣ (also S or ş) IPA: [sˤ] Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ṣāḏē × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ṣāḏē ܨ ܨܕܐ ṣ (also S or ş) IPA: [sˤ] Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ṣāḏē × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ṣāḏē ṣ (also S or ş) IPA: [sˤ]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Qōp̄ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Qōp̄ ܩ ܩܘܦ q (also ḳ) IPA: [q] Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Qōp̄ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Qōp̄ ܩ ܩܘܦ q (also ḳ) IPA: [q] Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Qōp̄ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Qōp̄ q (also ḳ) IPA: [q]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Rēš × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Rēš ܪ ܪܝܫ r IPA: [r] Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Rēš × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Rēš ܪ ܪܝܫ r IPA: [r] Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Rēš × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Rēš r IPA: [r]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Šīn × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Šīn ܫ ܫܝܢ š (also sh) IPA: [ʃ] Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Šīn × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Šīn ܫ ܫܝܢ š (also sh) IPA: [ʃ] Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Šīn × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Šīn š (also sh) IPA: [ʃ]	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Taw × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Taw ܬ ܬܘ hard: t, soft: ṯ (also th or θ) IPA: hard: [t], soft: [θ] Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Taw × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Taw ܬ ܬܘ hard: t, soft: ṯ (also th or θ) IPA: hard: [t], soft: [θ] Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Taw × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Taw hard: t, soft: ṯ (also th or θ) IPA: hard: [t], soft: [θ]
Sogdian (Child)	Abjad 2 c. CE - 11 c. CE	Sogdian letter Aleph (old) Sogdian letter Aleph (cursive)	Sogdian letter Beth (old) Sogdian letter Beth (cursive)	Sogdian letter Gimel (old) Sogdian letter Gimel (cursive)		Sogdian letter He (old) Sogdian letter He (cursive)	Sogdian letter Waw (old) Sogdian letter Waw (cursive)	Sogdian letter Zayin (old) Sogdian letter Zayin (cursive)	Sogdian letter Heth (old) Sogdian letter Heth (cursive)		Sogdian letter Yodh (old) Sogdian letter Yodh (cursive)	Sogdian letter Kaph (old) Sogdian letter Kaph (cursive)	Sogdian letter Lamedh (old) Sogdian letter Lamedh (cursive)	Sogdian letter Mem (old) Sogdian letter Mem (cursive)	Sogdian letter Nun (old) Sogdian letter Nun (cursive)	Sogdian letter Samekh (old) Sogdian letter Samekh (cursive)		Sogdian letter Pe (old) Sogdian letter Pe (cursive)	Sogdian letter Sadhe (old) Sogdian letter Sadhe (cursive)		Sogdian letter Resh-Ayin-Daleth (old) Sogdian letter Resh (cursive)	Sogdian letter Shin (old) Sogdian letter Shin (cursive)	Sogdian letter Taw (old) Sogdian letter Taw (cursive)

maˈtʼuww

Writing Scripts Descended from Egyptian Hieroglyphs

Syriac

ܐܠܦ ܒܝܬ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ

ܐܠܦ ܒܝܬ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ

Languages^1-3

Places^1-3

Abecedary^{4, citation needed}

Contextual forms

Initial or
unconnected medial

Connected
final

Unconnected
final

Ligatures

Specific diacritics

Vowels

Contextual forms

Initial or
unconnected medial

Connected
final

Unconnected
final

Ligatures

Specific diacritics

Vowels

Diacritics

Majlīyānā ܡܲܓ̰ܠܝܼܵܢܵܐ

Rūkkāḵā ܪܘܟܟܐ and qūššāyā ܩܘܫܝܐ

Syāmē ܣܝ̈ܡܐ

Mṭalqānā ܡܛܠܩܢܐ

Maḏnḥāyā/
Eastern

Serṭā/
Western

Epigraphy⁵

The Lord's Prayer
in Syriac

ʾEsṭrangēlā
(Classical)
Syriac

Maḏnḥāyā
(Eastern)
Syriac

Transliteration

Translation

Script comparison^4,6-20

Lineage^{4,14,15,21-30}

References

Syriac

ܐܠܦ ܒܝܬ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ

ܐܠܦ ܒܝܬ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ

Languages1-3

Places1-3

Abecedary4, citation needed

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʾĀlep̄

ܐ

ܐܠܦ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Bēṯ

ܒ

ܒܝܬ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Gāmal

ܓ

ܓܡܠ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Dālaṯ

ܕ

ܕܠܬ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Hē

ܗ

ܗܐ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Waw

ܘ

ܘܘ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Zayn

ܙ

ܙܝܢ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ḥēṯ

ܚ

ܛܝܬ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṭēṯ

ܛ

ܛܝܬ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Yōḏ

ܝ

ܝܘܕ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Kāp̄

ܟ

ܟܦ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Lāmaḏ

ܠ

ܠܡܕ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Mīm

ܡ

ܡܝܡ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Nūn

ܢ

ܢܘܢ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Semkaṯ

ܣ

ܣܡܟܬ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʿĒ

ܥ

ܥܐ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Pē

ܦ

ܦܐ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṣāḏē

ܨ

ܨܕܐ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Qōp̄

ܩ

ܩܘܦ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Rēš

ܪ

ܪܝܫ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Šīn

ܫ

ܫܝܢ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Taw

ܬ

ܬܘ

Contextual forms

Initial or unconnected medial

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʾĀlep̄ (initial/unconnected medial)

ܐ

ܐܠܦ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Bēṯ (initial/unconnected medial)

ܒܝܬ

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Gāmal (initial/unconnected medial)

Languages^1-3

Places^1-3

Abecedary^{4, citation needed}

Initial or
unconnected medial

Connected
final