matuww

Writing Scripts Descended from Egyptian Hieroglyphs

× About Glossary Credits

☰

Steppean Rovash

Alphabet¹
8 c. CE - 10 c. CE¹

Right-to-left¹

Steppean Rovash

Languages¹

Turkic languages (including Common Turkic and Oghuric languages) and As-Alan (Preossetian) languages

Places¹

Eurasian Steppe (the former Khazar Khaganate and Volgar Bulgaria)

Abecedary¹

Steppean Rovash letter Forked A × Steppean Rovash letter Forked A a IPA: /a/, /ɛ/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked A.	Steppean Rovash letter Angled B × Steppean Rovash letter Angled B b IPA: /b/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Angled B.	Steppean Rovash letter Arched B × Steppean Rovash letter Arched B b IPA: /b/, /β/ Attestedly derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Beth.	Steppean Rovash letter Raised B × Steppean Rovash letter Raised B b IPA: /b/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Raised B.	Steppean Rovash letter Cs × Steppean Rovash letter Cs cs IPA: IPA: /t͡ʃ/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Cs.
Steppean Rovash letter Arched D × Steppean Rovash letter Arched D d IPA: /d/, /ð/, /dʒ/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Arched D.	Steppean Rovash letter Sharp D × Steppean Rovash letter Sharp D d IPA: /ð/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Sharp D.	Steppean Rovash letter Triple E × Steppean Rovash letter Triple E e IPA: /ɛ/, /e/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Diagonal E.	Steppean Rovash letter Angled E × Steppean Rovash letter Angled E e IPA: /ɛ/ Derived from Steppean Rovash letter Forked A.	Steppean Rovash letter Arched E × Steppean Rovash letter Arched E e IPA: /a/, /aː/, /ɛ/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Arched E.
Steppean Rovash letter Closed E × Steppean Rovash letter Closed E e IPA: /e/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter E.	Steppean Rovash letter Closed G × Steppean Rovash letter Closed G g IPA: /g/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed G.	Steppean Rovash letter Gh × Steppean Rovash letter Gh gh IPA: /ɣ/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Gh.	Steppean Rovash letter Forked Ch × Steppean Rovash letter Forked Ch ch IPA: /x/ Supposedly derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter He.	Steppean Rovash letter Sharp Ch × Steppean Rovash letter Sharp Ch ch IPA: /h/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Sharp Ch.
Steppean Rovash letter Angled I × Steppean Rovash letter Angled I i IPA: /i/, /e/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Angled I.	Steppean Rovash letter Arched I × Steppean Rovash letter Arched I i IPA: /i/, /ï/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Arched I.	Steppean Rovash letter Circle-ended I × Steppean Rovash letter Circle-ended I i IPA: /i/, /ï/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Circle-ended I.	Steppean Rovash letter Closed J × Steppean Rovash letter Closed J j IPA: /j/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Closed J.	Steppean Rovash letter Forked K × Steppean Rovash letter Forked K k IPA: /k/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked K.
Steppean Rovash letter Arched L × Steppean Rovash letter Arched L l IPA: /l/ Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh (𐢑).	Steppean Rovash letter Simple L × Steppean Rovash letter Simple L l IPA: /l/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Simple L.	Steppean Rovash letter Lt × Steppean Rovash letter Lt l IPA: /l/ Attestedly derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Lt.	Steppean Rovash letter Open M × Steppean Rovash letter Open M m IPA: /m/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Open M.	Steppean Rovash letter N × Steppean Rovash letter N n IPA: /n/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter N.
Steppean Rovash letter Angled N × Steppean Rovash letter Angled N n IPA: /n/ Attestedly derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled N.	Steppean Rovash letter Forked N × Steppean Rovash letter Forked N n IPA: /n/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked N.	Steppean Rovash letter Ng × Steppean Rovash letter Ng ng IPA: /ŋ/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Ng.	Steppean Rovash letter Forked O (variant 1) × Steppean Rovash letter Forked O (variant 1) o IPA: /o/, /u/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked O.	Steppean Rovash letter Forked O (variant 2) × Steppean Rovash letter Forked O (variant 2) o IPA: /o/, /u/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked O.
Steppean Rovash letter Forked P × Steppean Rovash letter Forked P p IPA: /p/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked P.	Steppean Rovash letter Simple P × Steppean Rovash letter Simple P p IPA: /p/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Simple P.	Steppean Rovash letter Angled Q × Steppean Rovash letter Angled Q q IPA: /*q/, /uq/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Angled Q.	Steppean Rovash letter Arched Q × Steppean Rovash letter Arched Q q IPA: /q/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Arched Q.	Steppean Rovash letter Closed Q × Steppean Rovash letter Closed Q q IPA: /q/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Closed Q.
Steppean Rovash letter Open Q × Steppean Rovash letter Open Q q IPA: /q/ Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter Qoph (𐭒).	Steppean Rovash letter Sharp R × Steppean Rovash letter Sharp R r IPA: /r/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Sharp R.	Steppean Rovash letter Arched R × Steppean Rovash letter Arched R r IPA: /r/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Arched R.	Steppean Rovash letter Closed R × Steppean Rovash letter Closed R r IPA: /r/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Closed R.	Steppean Rovash letter Arched Sh × Steppean Rovash letter Arched Sh sh IPA: /ʃ/ Attestedly derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Arched Sh.
Steppean Rovash letter Zs × Steppean Rovash letter Zs zs IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Zs.	Steppean Rovash letter Sz × Steppean Rovash letter Sz sz IPA: /s/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Sz.	Steppean Rovash letter Forked Sz × Steppean Rovash letter Forked Sz sz IPA: /s/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Sz.	Steppean Rovash letter Arched T × Steppean Rovash letter Arched T t IPA: /t/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Arched T.	Steppean Rovash letter Forked T × Steppean Rovash letter Forked T t IPA: /*t/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked T.
Steppean Rovash letter Open T (variant 1) × Steppean Rovash letter Open T (variant 1) t IPA: /t/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Open T.	Steppean Rovash letter Open T (variant 2) × Steppean Rovash letter Open T (variant 2) t IPA: /t/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Open T.	Steppean Rovash letter Sharp T × Steppean Rovash letter Sharp T t IPA: /z/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Sharp T.	Steppean Rovash letter Arched Ue × Steppean Rovash letter Arched Ue ue IPA: /ø/, /y/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Arched Ue.	Steppean Rovash letter Sharp Ue × Steppean Rovash letter Sharp Ue ue IPA: /øː/, /*y/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Sharp Ue.
Steppean Rovash letter Open V × Steppean Rovash letter Open V v IPA: /β/, /b/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Open V.

Ligatures

Systematic ligatures

Steppean Rovash letter ligature Da × Steppean Rovash ligature Da da IPA: /da/	=	Steppean Rovash letter Arched D × Steppean Rovash letter Arched D d IPA: /d/, /ð/, /dʒ/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Arched D.	+	Steppean Rovash letter Forked A × Steppean Rovash letter Forked A a IPA: /a/, /ɛ/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked A.
Steppean Rovash letter ligature Di × Steppean Rovash ligature Di di IPA: /de/, /di/	=	Steppean Rovash letter Arched D × Steppean Rovash letter Arched D d IPA: /d/, /ð/, /dʒ/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Arched D.	+	Steppean Rovash letter Angled I × Steppean Rovash letter Angled I i IPA: /i/, /e/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Angled I.

Non-systematic ligatures

Steppean Rovash letter ligature An × Steppean Rovash ligature An an IPA: /an/	=	Steppean Rovash letter Arched E × Steppean Rovash letter Arched E e IPA: /a/, /aː/, /ɛ/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Arched E.	+	Steppean Rovash letter N × Steppean Rovash letter N n IPA: /n/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter N.
Steppean Rovash letter ligature Ban × Steppean Rovash ligature Ban ban IPA: /ban/	=	Steppean Rovash letter Raised B × Steppean Rovash letter Raised B b IPA: /b/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Raised B.	+	Steppean Rovash letter Forked A × Steppean Rovash letter Forked A a IPA: /a/, /ɛ/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked A.	+	Steppean Rovash letter N × Steppean Rovash letter N n IPA: /n/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter N.
Steppean Rovash letter ligature Csi × Steppean Rovash ligature Csi csi IPA: /t͡ʃi/	=	Steppean Rovash letter Cs variant × Steppean Rovash letter Cs variant cs IPA: IPA: /t͡ʃ/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Cs.	+	Steppean Rovash letter Angled I × Steppean Rovash letter Angled I i IPA: /i/, /e/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Angled I.
Steppean Rovash letter ligature Dke × Steppean Rovash ligature Dke dke IPA: /ðkɛ/	=	Steppean Rovash letter Sharp D × Steppean Rovash letter Sharp D d IPA: /ð/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Sharp D.	+	Steppean Rovash letter Forked K × Steppean Rovash letter Forked K k IPA: /k/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked K.	+	Steppean Rovash letter Arched E × Steppean Rovash letter Arched E e IPA: /a/, /aː/, /ɛ/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Arched E.
Steppean Rovash letter ligature Il × Steppean Rovash ligature Il il IPA: /il/	=	Steppean Rovash letter Angled I × Steppean Rovash letter Angled I i IPA: /i/, /e/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Angled I.	+	Steppean Rovash letter Simple L × Steppean Rovash letter Simple L l IPA: /l/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Simple L.
Steppean Rovash letter ligature Chch × Steppean Rovash ligature Chch chch IPA: /ïn/	=	Steppean Rovash letter Arched I × Steppean Rovash letter Arched I i IPA: /i/, /ï/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Arched I.	+	Steppean Rovash letter Forked N × Steppean Rovash letter Forked N n IPA: /n/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked N.
Steppean Rovash letter ligature Iq × Steppean Rovash ligature Iq iq IPA: /ïq/	=	Steppean Rovash letter Angled I × Steppean Rovash letter Angled I i IPA: /i/, /e/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Angled I.	+	Steppean Rovash letter Closed Q × Steppean Rovash letter Closed Q q IPA: /q/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Closed Q.
Steppean Rovash letter ligature Ji × Steppean Rovash ligature Ji ji IPA: /ji/	=	Steppean Rovash letter Closed J × Steppean Rovash letter Closed J j IPA: /j/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Closed J.	+	Steppean Rovash letter Angled I × Steppean Rovash letter Angled I i IPA: /i/, /e/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Angled I.
Steppean Rovash letter ligature Ishad (variant 1) × Steppean Rovash ligature Ishad (variant 1) ishad IPA: /ⁱʃ^að/	=	Steppean Rovash letter Zs × Steppean Rovash letter Zs zs IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Zs.	+	Steppean Rovash letter Sharp D × Steppean Rovash letter Sharp D d IPA: /ð/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Sharp D.
Steppean Rovash letter ligature Ishad (variant 2) × Steppean Rovash ligature Ishad (variant 2) ishad IPA: /ⁱʃ^að/	=	Steppean Rovash letter Zs × Steppean Rovash letter Zs zs IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Zs.	+	Steppean Rovash letter Sharp D × Steppean Rovash letter Sharp D d IPA: /ð/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Sharp D.
Steppean Rovash letter ligature Nu × Steppean Rovash ligature Nu nu IPA: /nu/	=	Steppean Rovash letter Forked N × Steppean Rovash letter Forked N n IPA: /n/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked N.	+	Steppean Rovash letter Forked O (variant 2) × Steppean Rovash letter Forked O (variant 2) o IPA: /o/, /u/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked O.
Steppean Rovash letter ligature On × Steppean Rovash ligature On on IPA: /on/	=	Steppean Rovash letter Forked O (variant 1) × Steppean Rovash letter Forked O (variant 1) o IPA: /o/, /u/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked O.	+	Steppean Rovash letter N × Steppean Rovash letter N n IPA: /n/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter N.
Steppean Rovash letter ligature Rat × Steppean Rovash ligature Rat rat IPA: /rat/	=	Steppean Rovash letter Closed R × Steppean Rovash letter Closed R r IPA: /r/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Closed R.	+	Steppean Rovash letter Arched E × Steppean Rovash letter Arched E e IPA: /a/, /aː/, /ɛ/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Arched E.	+	Steppean Rovash letter Open T (variant 1) × Steppean Rovash letter Open T (variant 1) t IPA: /t/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Open T.
Steppean Rovash letter ligature Si × Steppean Rovash ligature Si si IPA: /sï/	=	Steppean Rovash letter Sz × Steppean Rovash letter Sz sz IPA: /s/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Sz.	+	Steppean Rovash letter Angled I × Steppean Rovash letter Angled I i IPA: /i/, /e/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Angled I.
Steppean Rovash letter ligature Shid × Steppean Rovash ligature Shid chch IPA: /ʃið/	=	Steppean Rovash letter Zs × Steppean Rovash letter Zs zs IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Zs.	+	Steppean Rovash letter Angled I × Steppean Rovash letter Angled I i IPA: /i/, /e/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Angled I.	+	Steppean Rovash letter Sharp D × Steppean Rovash letter Sharp D d IPA: /ð/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Sharp D.
Steppean Rovash letter ligature Tegh × Steppean Rovash ligature Tegh tegh IPA: /t^eɣ/	=	Steppean Rovash letter Open T (variant 1) × Steppean Rovash letter Open T (variant 1) t IPA: /t/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Open T.	+	Steppean Rovash letter Gh variant × Steppean Rovash letter Gh variant gh IPA: /ɣ/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Gh.
Steppean Rovash letter ligature Ued × Steppean Rovash ligature Ued ued IPA: /øð/	=	Steppean Rovash letter Arched Ue × Steppean Rovash letter Arched Ue ue IPA: /ø/, /y/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Arched Ue.	+	Steppean Rovash letter Sharp D × Steppean Rovash letter Sharp D d IPA: /ð/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Sharp D.

Epigraphy¹

StR_Epi01

Drawings of Inscriptions Mayatskoe Gorodishche in As–Alan (9 c. CE).
"Don [River], white Ödüg River, As Country, [oh] my brother-khagan, our land of the Six-Savirs...
"Ud Didü On, here, in [this] country, ornamented several works. This inscription made by Ineg...
"Mansion of Onagh Tegin. Extol it."
(description and transliteration - here on p.179-181)

Script comparison^1-3

Writing Script		Head of ox		House plan		Throw stick		Nile tilapia			Man with arms raised				Pear shaped mace				Two diagonal strokes	Plan of rectangular enclosure		Heart and trachea		Arm with downward facing palm		Hand	Crook	Water ripple	Cobra			Reed column		Eye	Wick	Mouth	Rush with shoots			Cord on stick	Head	Bow				Basket of fruit or grain		Crossed sticks
Egyptian Hieroglyphs	Logography 32 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 𓃾 Head of Ox Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ka		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 𓉐 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 𓌙 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 𓆛 Bulti fish Phonogram in for: int “bulti”			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 𓀠 Man with arms raised Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 𓌉 Pear shaped mace Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 𓏭 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6 𓉗 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 𓄤 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 𓂣 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 𓂧 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 𓋿 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 𓈖 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 𓆓 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 𓊽 Reed column Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/ Conventional Anglicisation: djed		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 𓁹 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28 𓎛 Wick Phonogram ḥ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 𓂋 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 𓇑 Rush with roots Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 𓎗 Cord on stick Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wedj	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 𓁶 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a 𓌓 Bow Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M39 𓇨 Basket of fruit or grain Determinative for: rnpt “vegetables”		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 𓏴 Crossed sticks Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”
Proto-Rovash	Alphabet 7/6 c. BCE - 11/12 c. CE	Proto-Rovash letter Forked A × Proto-Rovash letter Forked A a IPA: /a/, /e/ Derived from Early Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐤀). Proto-Rovash letter Forked E × Proto-Rovash letter Forked E e IPA: /a/, /ɛ/, /e/ Derived from Early Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐤀). Proto-Rovash letter Diagonal E × Proto-Rovash letter Diagonal E e IPA: /ɛ/ Derived from Early Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐤀).						Proto-Rovash letter Sharp D × Proto-Rovash letter Sharp D d IPA: /d/, /ð/, /d͡ʒ/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Sharp D.							Proto-Rovash letter Open V × Proto-Rovash letter Open V v IPA: /β/, /b-/ Derived from Lydian letter V (𐤸). Proto-Rovash letter Forked O (variant 1) × Proto-Rovash letter Forked O (variant 1) o IPA: /o/, /u/ Attestedly derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Waw, through Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅). Proto-Rovash letter Forked O (variant 2) × Proto-Rovash letter Forked O (variant 2) o IPA: /o/, /u/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked O (variant 1).				Proto-Rovash letter Forked Sz × Proto-Rovash letter Forked Sz sz IPA: /s/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Forked Sz.	Proto-Rovash letter Angled Ch × Proto-Rovash letter Angled Ch ch IPA: /x/ Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Khēth (𐢊). Proto-Rovash letter Gh × Proto-Rovash letter Gh gh IPA: /ɣ/, /g/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Gh. Proto-Rovash letter Arched Ch × Proto-Rovash letter Arched Ch ch IPA: /x/ Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Heth (𐭧).		Proto-Rovash letter Open T × Proto-Rovash letter Open T t IPA: /t/ Derived from Carian letter Ng (𐋄). Proto-Rovash letter Central T × Proto-Rovash letter Central T t IPA: /t/ Derived from Early Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐤈). Proto-Rovash letter Sharp T × Proto-Rovash letter Sharp T z IPA: /z/ Derived from Early Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐤈). Proto-Rovash letter Closed T × Proto-Rovash letter Closed T t IPA: /t/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).		Proto-Rovash letter Angled I × Proto-Rovash letter Angled I i, ï, e IPA: /i/, /ï/, /e/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled I. Proto-Rovash letter Arched I × Proto-Rovash letter Arched I i IPA: /i/ Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Yodh (𐭩). Proto-Rovash letter Closed J × Proto-Rovash letter Closed J j IPA: /j/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed J. Proto-Rovash letter Circle-ended I × Proto-Rovash letter Circle-ended I i IPA: /i/ Derived from Book Pahlavi letter Yodh.			Proto-Rovash letter Simple L × Proto-Rovash letter Simple L l IPA: /l/ Derived from Book Pahlavi letter Lamedh.	Proto-Rovash letter Open M × Proto-Rovash letter Open M m IPA: /m/ Derived from Lydian letter M (𐤪). Proto-Rovash letter Round M × Proto-Rovash letter Round M m IPA: /m/ Derived from Kharoṣṭhī letter Ma (𐨨).	Proto-Rovash letter Forked N × Proto-Rovash letter Forked N n IPA: /n/ Derived from Early Aramaic letter Nun (𐤍). Proto-Rovash letter N × Proto-Rovash letter N n IPA: /n/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter N.			Proto-Rovash letter Circle-ended Sh × Proto-Rovash letter Circle-ended Sh sh IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Semkath (𐢖).					Proto-Rovash letter Cs × Proto-Rovash letter Cs cs IPA: /t͡ʃ/, /*s/ Derived from Late Phoenician letter Ṩādē (𐤑).			Proto-Rovash letter Closed Q × Proto-Rovash letter Closed Q q IPA: /q/ Derived from Lycian letter K (𐊔). Proto-Rovash letter Arched K × Proto-Rovash letter Arched K k IPA: /k/ Attestedly derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Arched K, through Inscriptional Parthian letter Waw (𐭒).	Proto-Rovash letter Sharp R × Proto-Rovash letter Sharp R r IPA: /r/ Attestedly derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Resh, through Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓). Proto-Rovash letter Arched R × Proto-Rovash letter Arched R r IPA: /r/ Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Waw-Ayin-Resh (𐭥).	Proto-Rovash letter Zs × Proto-Rovash letter Zs zs IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Sharp Zs.						Proto-Rovash letter Arched D × Proto-Rovash letter Arched D d IPA: /d/, /di/ Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter Taw (𐭕).		Proto-Rovash letter Central F × Proto-Rovash letter Central F f IPA: /f/ Derived from Archaic Greek letter Phi (Φ).
Carpathian Basin Rovash (Sibling)	Alphabet 7 c. CE - 11/12 c. CE	Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Forked A × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Forked A a IPA: /a/, /ɛ/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked A. Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Forked E × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Forked E e IPA: /a/, /ɛ/, /e/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked E. Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Diagonal E × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Diagonal E e IPA: /a/, /ɛ/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Diagonal E. Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Arched Ue × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Arched Ue ue IPA: /y/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Arched Ue.				Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Forked G × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Forked G g IPA: /g/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked G.		Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Sharp D × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Sharp D d IPA: /d/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Sharp D.			Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Sharp Ch × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Sharp Ch ch IPA: /x/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Sharp Ch.				Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Open O × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Open O o IPA: /u/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked O. Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Open V × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Open V v IPA: /β/, /v/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Open V. Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Triple O × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Triple O o IPA: /ɔ̃/ Derived from Early Cyrillic letter Big Yus (Ѫ).				Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Sz × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Sz sz IPA: /s/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Sz.	Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Gh × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Gh gh IPA: /ɣ/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Gh.		Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Opened T × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Opened T t IPA: /t/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Opened T. Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Closed T × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Closed T t IPA: /t/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Closed T.		Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Angled I × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Angled I i IPA: /i/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Angled I. Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Arched I × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Arched I i IPA: /i/, /ǐ/, /ï/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Arched I. Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Circle-ended I × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Circle-ended I i IPA: /i/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Circle-ended I. Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Closed J × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Closed J j IPA: /j, /i/̯, /ʎ/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Closed J.		Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Open K × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Open K k IPA: /k/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Open K.	Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Simple L × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Simple L l IPA: /l/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Simple L. Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Forked L × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Forked L l IPA: /l/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked L.	Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Open M × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Open M m IPA: /m/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Open M.	Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Sharp N × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Sharp N n IPA: /n/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked N. Carpathian Basin Rovash letter N × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter N n IPA: /n/, /ɲ/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter N. Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Ng × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Ng ng IPA: /ŋ/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Ng.			Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Open Z × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Open Z z IPA: /z/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Open Z. Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Closed R × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Closed R r IPA: /r/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Closed R.				Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Simple P × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Simple P p IPA: /p/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Simple P. Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Forked P × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Forked P p IPA: /f/, /p/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked P.	Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Cs × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Cs cs IPA: /*t͡ʃ/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Cs.			Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Arched K × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Arched K k IPA: /k/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Arched K. Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Arched Q × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Arched Q q IPA: /q/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Arched Q.		Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Closed S × Carpathian Basin Rovash letter Closed S s IPA: /ʃ/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Closed S.
Steppean Rovash	Alphabet 8 c. CE - 10 c. CE	Steppean Rovash letter Closed E × Steppean Rovash letter Closed E e IPA: /e/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter E. Steppean Rovash letter Forked A × Steppean Rovash letter Forked A a IPA: /a/, /ɛ/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked A. Steppean Rovash letter Arched E × Steppean Rovash letter Arched E e IPA: /a/, /aː/, /ɛ/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Arched E. Steppean Rovash letter Arched Ue × Steppean Rovash letter Arched Ue ue IPA: /ø/, /y/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Arched Ue. Steppean Rovash letter Triple E × Steppean Rovash letter Triple E e IPA: /ɛ/, /e/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Diagonal E.		Steppean Rovash letter Arched B × Steppean Rovash letter Arched B b IPA: /b/, /β/ Attestedly derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Beth.				Steppean Rovash letter Sharp D × Steppean Rovash letter Sharp D d IPA: /ð/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Sharp D.			Steppean Rovash letter Sharp Ch × Steppean Rovash letter Sharp Ch ch IPA: /h/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Sharp Ch. Steppean Rovash letter Forked Ch × Steppean Rovash letter Forked Ch ch IPA: /x/ Supposedly derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter He.				Steppean Rovash letter Open V × Steppean Rovash letter Open V v IPA: /β/, /b/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Open V. Steppean Rovash letter Forked O (variant 1) × Steppean Rovash letter Forked O (variant 1) o IPA: /o/, /u/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked O. Steppean Rovash letter Forked O (variant 2) × Steppean Rovash letter Forked O (variant 2) o IPA: /o/, /u/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked O.				Steppean Rovash letter Sz × Steppean Rovash letter Sz sz IPA: /s/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Sz. Steppean Rovash letter Forked Sz × Steppean Rovash letter Forked Sz sz IPA: /s/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Sz.	Steppean Rovash letter Sharp Ue × Steppean Rovash letter Sharp Ue ue IPA: /øː/, /*y/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Sharp Ue. Steppean Rovash letter Gh × Steppean Rovash letter Gh gh IPA: /ɣ/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Gh.		Steppean Rovash letter Open T (variant 1) × Steppean Rovash letter Open T (variant 1) t IPA: /t/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Open T. Steppean Rovash letter Open T (variant 2) × Steppean Rovash letter Open T (variant 2) t IPA: /t/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Open T. Steppean Rovash letter Sharp T × Steppean Rovash letter Sharp T t IPA: /z/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Sharp T. Steppean Rovash letter Arched T × Steppean Rovash letter Arched T t IPA: /t/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Arched T.		Steppean Rovash letter Angled I × Steppean Rovash letter Angled I i IPA: /i/, /e/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Angled I. Steppean Rovash letter Arched I × Steppean Rovash letter Arched I i IPA: /i/, /ï/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Arched I. Steppean Rovash letter Closed J × Steppean Rovash letter Closed J j IPA: /j/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Closed J. Steppean Rovash letter Circle-ended I × Steppean Rovash letter Circle-ended I i IPA: /i/, /ï/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Circle-ended I.		Steppean Rovash letter Forked K × Steppean Rovash letter Forked K k IPA: /k/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked K.	Steppean Rovash letter Arched L × Steppean Rovash letter Arched L l IPA: /l/ Derived from Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh (𐢑). Steppean Rovash letter Simple L × Steppean Rovash letter Simple L l IPA: /l/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Simple L. Steppean Rovash letter Lt × Steppean Rovash letter Lt l IPA: /l/ Attestedly derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Lt.	Steppean Rovash letter Open M × Steppean Rovash letter Open M m IPA: /m/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Open M.	Steppean Rovash letter Forked N × Steppean Rovash letter Forked N n IPA: /n/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked N. Steppean Rovash letter N × Steppean Rovash letter N n IPA: /n/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter N. Steppean Rovash letter Ng × Steppean Rovash letter Ng ng IPA: /ŋ/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Ng. Steppean Rovash letter Angled N × Steppean Rovash letter Angled N n IPA: /n/ Attestedly derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled N.			Steppean Rovash letter Closed R × Steppean Rovash letter Closed R r IPA: /r/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Closed R.				Steppean Rovash letter Simple P × Steppean Rovash letter Simple P p IPA: /p/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Simple P. Steppean Rovash letter Forked P × Steppean Rovash letter Forked P p IPA: /p/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked P.	Steppean Rovash letter Cs × Steppean Rovash letter Cs cs IPA: IPA: /t͡ʃ/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Cs.			Steppean Rovash letter Closed Q × Steppean Rovash letter Closed Q q IPA: /q/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Closed Q. Steppean Rovash letter Open Q × Steppean Rovash letter Open Q q IPA: /q/ Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter Qoph (𐭒). Steppean Rovash letter Closed G × Steppean Rovash letter Closed G g IPA: /g/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed G. Steppean Rovash letter Arched Q × Steppean Rovash letter Arched Q q IPA: /q/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Arched Q. Steppean Rovash letter Angled Q × Steppean Rovash letter Angled Q q IPA: /*q/, /uq/ Attestedly derived from Proto-Rovash letter Angled Q.	Steppean Rovash letter Sharp R × Steppean Rovash letter Sharp R r IPA: /r/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Sharp R. Steppean Rovash letter Arched R × Steppean Rovash letter Arched R r IPA: /r/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Arched R.	Steppean Rovash letter Zs × Steppean Rovash letter Zs zs IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Zs. Steppean Rovash letter Arched Sh × Steppean Rovash letter Arched Sh sh IPA: /ʃ/ Attestedly derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Arched Sh.						Steppean Rovash letter Forked T × Steppean Rovash letter Forked T t IPA: /*t/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Forked T. Steppean Rovash letter Arched D × Steppean Rovash letter Arched D d IPA: /d/, /ð/, /dʒ/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Arched D.

Lineage^1,4-9

Egyptian Hieroglyphs
↳Hieratic Egyptian
↳Proto-Sinaitic
↳Phoenician
↳Imperial Aramaic
↳Inscriptional Parthian (selected letter)
↳Steppean Rovash
↳Classical Nabataean (selected letter)
↳Steppean Rovash
↳Early Steppean Rovash (selected letters)
↳Steppean Rovash
↳Proto-Rovash
↳Carpathian Basin Rovash
↳Steppean Rovash

Khazar

References

1. Hosszú, G. (2012). Heritage of Scribes: The relation of rovas scripts to Eurasian writing systems. Rovas Foundation.
2. Colless, Brian E (1990). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Sinai". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 28: 1–52. doi:10.2143/anes.28.0.525711
3. Colless, Brian E (1991). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Canaan". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 29: 18–66. doi:10.2143/anes.29.0.525718
4. Allen, J. P. (2014). Middle Egyptian: An introduction to the language and culture of hieroglyphs. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
5. Albright, William F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and their Decipherment.
6. Davidson, L. (2022, March 18). How the Phoenician Alphabet Revolutionised Language. Retrieved Janurary 12, 2025, from historyhit.com website: https://www.historyhit.com/how-the-phoenician-alphabet-revolutionised-language/
7. Shaked, Saul (1987). "Aramaic". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 250–261. p. 251
8. Geiger W, Kuhn E, eds. (2002), Grundriss der iranischen Philologie, vol. I.1, Boston: Adamant
9. Everson, M. (2010). Proposal for encoding the Nabataean script in the SMP of the UCS. Retrieved Janurary 12, 2025, from unicode.org website: https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10473-n3969-nabataean.pdf