maˈtʼuww

Writing Scripts Descended from Egyptian Hieroglyphs

× About Glossary Credits

☰

Neo-Punic

Abjad^{citation needed}
?4 c. BCE - ???^{citation needed}
Right to left^{citation needed}

Neo-Punic

Languages^{citation needed}

Punic

Places^{citation needed}

Mediterranean coast of Northwest Africa, the Iberian peninsula and several Mediterranean islands (Malta, Sicily and Sardinia)

Abecedary¹

Neo-Punic letter ʾālep × Neo-Punic letter ʾālep ʾ Derived from Phoenician letter ʾālep (𐤀).	Neo-Punic letter Bēt × Neo-Punic letter Bēt b Derived from Phoenician letter Bēt (𐤁).	Neo-Punic letter Gīml × Neo-Punic letter Gīml g Derived from Phoenician letter Gīml (𐤂).	Neo-Punic letter Dālet × Neo-Punic letter Dālet d Derived from Phoenician letter Dālet (𐤃).	Neo-Punic letter He × Neo-Punic letter He h Derived from Phoenician letter He (𐤄).
Neo-Punic letter Wāw × Neo-Punic letter Wāw w Derived from Phoenician letter Wāw (𐤅).	Neo-Punic letter Zajin/Zayin × Neo-Punic letter Zajin/Zayin z Derived from Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆).	Neo-Punic letter Hēt × Neo-Punic letter Hēt ḥ Derived from Phoenician letter Hēt (𐤇).	Neo-Punic letter Ṭēt × Neo-Punic letter Ṭēt ṭ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṭēt (𐤈).	Neo-Punic letter Yod × Neo-Punic letter Yod j Derived from Phoenician letter Yod (𐤉).
Neo-Punic letter Kāp × Neo-Punic letter Kāp k Derived from Phoenician letter Kāp (𐤊).	Neo-Punic letter Lāmed × Neo-Punic letter Lāmed l Derived from Phoenician letter Lāmed (𐤋).	Neo-Punic letter Mēm × Neo-Punic letter Mēm m Derived from Phoenician letter Mēm (𐤌).	Neo-Punic letter Nūn × Neo-Punic letter Nūn n Derived from Phoenician letter Nūn (𐤍).	Neo-Punic letter Śāmek × Neo-Punic letter Śāmek s Derived from Phoenician letter Śāmek (𐤎).
Neo-Punic letter ʿayin × Neo-Punic letter ʿayin ʿ Derived from Phoenician letter ʿayin (𐤏).	Neo-Punic letter Pē × Neo-Punic letter Pē p Derived from Phoenician letter Pē (𐤐).	Neo-Punic letter Ṩādē × Neo-Punic letter Ṩādē ṣ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṩādē (𐤑).	Neo-Punic letter Qōp × Neo-Punic letter Qōp q Derived from Phoenician letter Qōp (𐤒).	Neo-Punic letter Rēs/Resh × Neo-Punic letter Rēs/Resh r Derived from Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh (𐤓).
Neo-Punic letter Šīn × Neo-Punic letter Šīn š Derived from Phoenician letter Šīn (𐤔).	Neo-Punic letter Tāw × Neo-Punic letter Tāw t Derived from Phoenician letter Tāw (𐤕).

Epigraphy²

Epi_NP01

Limestone frieze with inscription in Neo-Punic (6 ll); half of a bilingual inscription, the other half being Numidian (Libyco-Berber) (1852,0305.2); instrumental in deciphering Numidian script which is alphabetic and reads from right to left like Punic; from punic style mausoleum dedicated to Ateban, a Numidian prince; cracked; small areas of surface loss; brown staining near top. (description - here)

Script comparison^1,3-10

Writing Script		Head of ox		House plan		Throw stick		Nile tilapia			Man with arms raised				Pear shaped mace				Two diagonal strokes	Plan of rectangular enclosure		Heart and trachea		Arm with downward facing palm		Hand	Crook	Water ripple	Cobra	Reed column		Eye	Wick	Mouth	Rush with shoots			Cord on stick	Head	Bow				Basket of fruit or grain		Crossed sticks
Egyptian Hieroglyphs	Logography 32 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 𓃾 Head of Ox Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ka		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 𓉐 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 𓌙 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 𓆛 Bulti fish Phonogram in for: int “bulti”			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 𓀠 Man with arms raised Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 𓌉 Pear shaped mace Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 𓏭 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6 𓉗 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 𓄤 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 𓂣 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 𓂧 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 𓋿 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 𓈖 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 𓆓 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 𓊽 Reed column Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/ Conventional Anglicisation: djed		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 𓁹 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28 𓎛 Wick Phonogram ḥ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 𓂋 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 𓇑 Rush with roots Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 𓎗 Cord on stick Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wedj	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 𓁶 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a 𓌓 Bow Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M39 𓇨 Basket of fruit or grain Determinative for: rnpt “vegetables”		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 𓏴 Crossed sticks Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”
Phoenician (Parent)	Abjad 12 c. BCE - 135 BCE	Phoenician letter ʾālep × Phoenician letter ʾālep 𐤀 𐤀𐤋𐤐 Ox, head of cattle ʾ IPA: [ʔ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter ʾalp.		Phoenician letter Bēt × Phoenician letter Bēt 𐤁 𐤁𐤕 House b IPA: [b] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Bayt.		Phoenician letter Gīml × Phoenician letter Gīml 𐤂 𐤂𐤌𐤋 Throwing stick (or camel) g IPA: [g] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Gaml.		Phoenician letter Dālet × Phoenician letter Dālet 𐤃 𐤃𐤋𐤕 Door (or fish) d IPA: [d] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Dag.			Phoenician letter He × Phoenician letter He 𐤄 𐤄 Window (or jubilation) h IPA: [h] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Haw/Hillul.				Phoenician letter Wāw × Phoenician letter Wāw 𐤅 𐤅𐤅 Hook w IPA: [w] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Was/Uph.				Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin × Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin 𐤆 𐤆𐤉𐤍 Weapon (or manacle) z IPA: [z] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Zayn/Zayt.	Phoenician letter Hēt × Phoenician letter Hēt 𐤇 𐤇𐤕 Courtyard/wall ḥ IPA: [ħ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ḥaṣr.		Phoenician letter Ṭēt × Phoenician letter Ṭēt 𐤈 𐤈𐤕 Wheel ṭ IPA: [tˤ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṭab.		Phoenician letter Yod × Phoenician letter Yod 𐤉 𐤉𐤃 Arm, hand j IPA: [j] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Yad.		Phoenician letter Kāp × Phoenician letter Kāp 𐤊 𐤊𐤐 Palm of a hand k IPA: [k] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Kap.	Phoenician letter Lāmed × Phoenician letter Lāmed 𐤋 𐤋𐤌𐤃 Goad l IPA: [l] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Lamd.	Phoenician letter Mēm × Phoenician letter Mēm 𐤌 𐤌𐤌 Water m IPA: [m] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Maym.	Phoenician letter Nūn × Phoenician letter Nūn 𐤍 𐤍𐤍 Serpent (or fish) n IPA: [n] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Naḥaš.	Phoenician letter Śāmek × Phoenician letter Śāmek 𐤎 𐤎𐤌𐤊 Pillar s IPA: [s] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṡamk.		Phoenician letter ʿayin × Phoenician letter ʿayin 𐤏 𐤏𐤉𐤍 Eye ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter ‘ayn.		Phoenician letter Pē × Phoenician letter Pē 𐤐 𐤐 Mouth (or corner) p IPA: [p] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter P’it.	Phoenician letter Ṩādē × Phoenician letter Ṩādē 𐤑 𐤑𐤃 Papyrus plant/fish hook ṣ IPA: [sˤ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Ṣaday.			Phoenician letter Qōp × Phoenician letter Qōp 𐤒 𐤒𐤐 Needle eye q IPA: [q] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Qoba.	Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh × Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh 𐤓 𐤓𐤔 Head r IPA: [r] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Raʾš.	Phoenician letter Šīn × Phoenician letter Šīn 𐤔 𐤔𐤍 Tooth (or sun) š IPA: [ʃ] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Šimš.						Phoenician letter Tāw × Phoenician letter Tāw 𐤕 𐤕𐤅 Mark t IPA: [t] Derived from Proto-Sinaitic letter Tāw.
Paleo-Hebrew (Sibling)	Abjad 10 c. BCE - 135 CE	Paleo-Hebrew letter ʾālep × Paleo-Hebrew letter ʾālep 𐤀 𐤀𐤋𐤐 Ox, head of cattle ʾ IPA: [ʔ] Derived from Phoenician letter ʾālep (𐤀).		Paleo-Hebrew letter Bēt × Paleo-Hebrew letter Bēt 𐤁 𐤁𐤕 House b IPA: [b] Derived from Phoenician letter Bēt (𐤁).		Paleo-Hebrew letter Gīml × Paleo-Hebrew letter Gīml 𐤂 𐤂𐤌𐤋 Throwing stick (or camel) g IPA: [g] Derived from Phoenician letter Gīml (𐤂).		Paleo-Hebrew letter Dālet × Paleo-Hebrew letter Dālet 𐤃 𐤃𐤋𐤕 Door (or fish) d IPA: [d] Derived from Phoenician letter Dālet (𐤃).			Paleo-Hebrew letter He × Paleo-Hebrew letter He 𐤄 𐤄 Window (or jubilation) h IPA: [h] Derived from Phoenician letter He (𐤄).				Paleo-Hebrew letter Wāw × Paleo-Hebrew letter Wāw 𐤅 𐤅𐤅 Hook w IPA: [w] Derived from Phoenician letter Wāw (𐤅).				Paleo-Hebrew letter Zajin/Zayin × Paleo-Hebrew letter Zajin/Zayin 𐤆 𐤆𐤉𐤍 Weapon (or manacle) z IPA: [z] Derived from Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆).	Paleo-Hebrew letter Hēt × Paleo-Hebrew letter Hēt 𐤇 𐤇𐤕 Courtyard/wall ḥ IPA: [ħ] Derived from Phoenician letter Hēt (𐤇).		Paleo-Hebrew letter Ṭēt × Paleo-Hebrew letter Ṭēt 𐤈 𐤈𐤕 Wheel ṭ IPA: [tˤ] Derived from Phoenician letter Ṭēt (𐤈).		Paleo-Hebrew letter Yod × Paleo-Hebrew letter Yod 𐤉 𐤉𐤃 Arm, hand j IPA: [j] Derived from Phoenician letter Yod (𐤉).		Paleo-Hebrew letter Kāp × Paleo-Hebrew letter Kāp 𐤊 𐤊𐤐 Palm of a hand k IPA: [k] Derived from Phoenician letter Kāp (𐤊).	Paleo-Hebrew letter Lāmed × Paleo-Hebrew letter Lāmed 𐤋 𐤋𐤌𐤃 Goad l IPA: [l] Derived from Phoenician letter Lāmed (𐤋).	Paleo-Hebrew letter Mēm × Paleo-Hebrew letter Mēm 𐤌 𐤌𐤌 Water m IPA: [m] Derived from Phoenician letter Mēm (𐤌).	Paleo-Hebrew letter Nūn × Paleo-Hebrew letter Nūn 𐤍 𐤍𐤍 Serpent (or fish) n IPA: [n] Derived from Phoenician letter Nūn (𐤍).	Paleo-Hebrew letter Śāmek × Paleo-Hebrew letter Śāmek 𐤎 𐤎𐤌𐤊 Pillar s IPA: [s] Derived from Phoenician letter Śāmek (𐤎).		Paleo-Hebrew letter ʿayin × Paleo-Hebrew letter ʿayin 𐤏 𐤏𐤉𐤍 Eye ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Derived from Phoenician letter ʿayin (𐤏).		Paleo-Hebrew letter Pē × Paleo-Hebrew letter Pē 𐤐 𐤐 Mouth (or corner) p IPA: [p] Derived from Phoenician letter Pē (𐤐).	Paleo-Hebrew letter Ṩādē × Paleo-Hebrew letter Ṩādē 𐤑 𐤑𐤃 Papyrus plant/fish hook ṣ IPA: [sˤ] Derived from Phoenician letter Ṩādē (𐤑).			Paleo-Hebrew letter Qōp × Paleo-Hebrew letter Qōp 𐤒 𐤒𐤐 Needle eye q IPA: [q] Derived from Phoenician letter Qōp (𐤒).	Paleo-Hebrew letter Rēs/Resh × Paleo-Hebrew letter Rēs/Resh 𐤓 𐤓𐤔 Head r IPA: [r] Derived from Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh (𐤓).	Paleo-Hebrew letter Šīn × Paleo-Hebrew letter Šīn 𐤔 𐤔𐤍 Tooth (or sun) š IPA: [ʃ] Derived from Phoenician letter Šīn (𐤔).						Paleo-Hebrew letter Tāw × Paleo-Hebrew letter Tāw 𐤕 𐤕𐤅 Mark t IPA: [t] Derived from Phoenician letter Tāw (𐤕).
Imperial Aramaic (Sibling)	Abjad 8 c. BCE - 7 c. CE	Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph × Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph 𐡀 𐡀𐡐𐡓 ʾ IPA: /ʔ/; /aː/, /eː/ Derived from Phoenician letter ʾālep (𐤀).		Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth × Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth 𐡁 𐡁𐡕 b IPA: /b/, /v/ Derived from Phoenician letter Bēt (𐤁).		Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal × Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal 𐡂 𐡂𐡌𐡋 g IPA: /ɡ/, /ɣ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Gīml (𐤂).		Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath × Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath 𐡃 𐡃𐡋𐡕 d IPA: /d/, /ð/ Derived from Phoenician letter Dālet (𐤃).			Imperial Aramaic letter Hē × Imperial Aramaic letter Hē 𐡄 𐡄 h IPA: /h/ Derived from Phoenician letter He (𐤄).				Imperial Aramaic letter Waw × Imperial Aramaic letter Waw 𐡅 𐡅𐡅 w IPA: /w/; /oː/, /uː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Wāw (𐤅).				Imperial Aramaic letter Zain × Imperial Aramaic letter Zain 𐡆 𐡆𐡉𐡍 z IPA: /z/ Derived from Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆).	Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth × Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth 𐡇 𐡇𐡕 ḥ IPA: /ħ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Hēt (𐤇).		Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth × Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth 𐡈 𐡈𐡕 ṭ IPA: /tˤ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṭēt (𐤈).		Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh × Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh 𐡉 𐡉𐡃 j IPA: /j/; /iː/, /eː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Yod (𐤉).		Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph × Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph 𐡊 𐡊𐡐 k IPA: /k/, /x/ Derived from Phoenician letter Kāp (𐤊).	Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh × Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh 𐡋 𐡋𐡌𐡃 l IPA: /l/ Derived from Phoenician letter Lāmed (𐤋).	Imperial Aramaic letter Mem × Imperial Aramaic letter Mem 𐡌 𐡌𐡌 m IPA: /m/ Derived from Phoenician letter Mēm (𐤌).	Imperial Aramaic letter Nun × Imperial Aramaic letter Nun 𐡍 𐡍𐡍 n IPA: /n/ Derived from Phoenician letter Nūn (𐤍).	Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath × Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath 𐡎 𐡎𐡌𐡊 s IPA: /s/ Derived from Phoenician letter Śāmek (𐤎).		Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin × Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin 𐡏 𐡏𐡉𐡍 ʿ IPA: /ʕ/ Derived from Phoenician letter ʿayin (𐤏).		Imperial Aramaic letter Pē × Imperial Aramaic letter Pē 𐡐 𐡐 p IPA: /p/, /f/ Derived from Phoenician letter Pē (𐤐).	Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē × Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē 𐡑 𐡑𐡃 ṣ IPA: /sˤ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṩādē (𐤑).			Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph × Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph 𐡒 𐡒𐡐 q IPA: /q/ Derived from Phoenician letter Qōp (𐤒).	Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš × Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš 𐡓 𐡓𐡔 r IPA: /r/ Derived from Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh (𐤓).	Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn × Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn 𐡔 𐡔𐡍 š IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Šīn (𐤔).						Imperial Aramaic letter Taw × Imperial Aramaic letter Taw 𐡕 𐡕𐡅 t IPA: /t/, /θ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Tāw (𐤕).
Archaic Greek (Sibling)	Alphabet 8 c. BCE - 4 c. BCE	Archaic Greek letter Alpha × Archaic Greek letter Alpha a IPA: /a/, /aː/ Derived from Phoenician letter ʾālep (𐤀).		Archaic Greek letter Beta × Archaic Greek letter Beta b IPA: /b/ Derived from Phoenician letter Bēt (𐤁).		Archaic Greek letter Gamma × Archaic Greek letter Gamma g IPA: /ɡ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Gīml (𐤂).		Archaic Greek letter Delta × Archaic Greek letter Delta d IPA: /d/ Derived from Phoenician letter Dālet (𐤃).			Archaic Greek letter Ei × Archaic Greek letter Ei e IPA: /e/, /eː/ Derived from Phoenician letter He (𐤄).			Archaic Greek letter Digamma × Archaic Greek letter Digamma w IPA: /w/ Derived from Phoenician letter Wāw (𐤅).	Archaic Greek letter U × Archaic Greek letter U u IPA: /u/, /uː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Wāw (𐤅).				Archaic Greek letter Zeta × Archaic Greek letter Zeta z IPA: [zd](?) Derived from Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆).	Archaic Greek letter Eta (eastern variant) × Archaic Greek letter Eta (eastern variant) h IPA: /h/, /ɛː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Hēt (𐤇).	Archaic Greek letter Eta (southern/western variant) × Archaic Greek letter Eta (southern/western variant) h IPA: /h/, /ɛː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Hēt (𐤇).	Archaic Greek letter Theta × Archaic Greek letter Theta th IPA: /tʰ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṭēt (𐤈).		Archaic Greek letter Iota × Archaic Greek letter Iota i IPA: /i/, /iː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Yod (𐤉).		Archaic Greek letter Kappa × Archaic Greek letter Kappa k IPA: /k/ Derived from Phoenician letter Kāp (𐤊).	Archaic Greek letter Lambda × Archaic Greek letter Lambda l IPA: /l/ Derived from Phoenician letter Lāmed (𐤋).	Archaic Greek letter Mu × Archaic Greek letter Mu m IPA: /m/ Derived from Phoenician letter Mēm (𐤌).	Archaic Greek letter Nu × Archaic Greek letter Nu n IPA: /n/ Derived from Phoenician letter Nūn (𐤍).	Archaic Greek letter Xi (eastern variant) × Archaic Greek letter Xi (eastern variant) ks IPA: /ks/ Derived from Phoenician letter Śāmek (𐤎).		Archaic Greek letter Ou × Archaic Greek letter Ou o IPA: /o/, /oː/ Derived from Phoenician letter ʿayin (𐤏).		Archaic Greek letter Pi × Archaic Greek letter Pi p IPA: /p/ Derived from Phoenician letter Pē (𐤐).	Archaic Greek letter San × Archaic Greek letter San s IPA: /s/ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṩādē (𐤑).			Archaic Greek letter Koppa × Archaic Greek letter Koppa k IPA: /k/ Derived from Phoenician letter Qōp (𐤒).	Archaic Greek letter Rho × Archaic Greek letter Rho r IPA: /r/ Derived from Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh (𐤓).	Archaic Greek letter Sigma × Archaic Greek letter Sigma s IPA: /s/ Derived from Phoenician letter Šīn (𐤔).						Archaic Greek letter Tau × Archaic Greek letter Tau t IPA: /t/ Derived from Phoenician letter Tāw (𐤕).		Archaic Greek letter Phi × Archaic Greek letter Phi ph IPA: /pʰ/ Likely derived from Phoenician letter Qōp (𐤒).	Archaic Greek letter Chi (western variant) × Archaic Greek letter Chi (western variant) kh IPA: /kʰ/ Archaic Greek letter Chi (eastern variant) × Archaic Greek letter Chi (eastern variant) kh IPA: /kʰ/	Archaic Greek letter Sampi × Archaic Greek letter Sampi ss or ts IPA: /ss/ or /ts/								Archaic Greek letter Psi × Archaic Greek letter Psi ps IPA: /ps/	Archaic Greek letter Ō × Archaic Greek letter Ō o IPA: /ɔː/ Derived from Archaic Greek letter Ou.
Phrygian (Sibling)	Alphabet 8 c. BCE - 330 BCE	Phrygian letter A × Phrygian letter A a IPA: /a/, /aː/ Derived from Phoenician letter ʾālep (𐤀).		Phrygian letter B (variant 1) × Phrygian letter B (variant 1) b IPA:/b/ Derived from Phoenician letter Bēt (𐤁). Phrygian letter B (variant 2) × Phrygian letter B (variant 2) b IPA:/b/ Derived from Phoenician letter Bēt (𐤁).		Phrygian letter G × Phrygian letter G g IPA: /g/ Derived from Phoenician letter Gīml (𐤂).		Phrygian letter D (variant 1) × Phrygian letter D (variant 1) d IPA: /d/ Derived from Phoenician letter Dālet (𐤃). Phrygian letter D (variant 2) × Phrygian letter D (variant 2) IPA: /d/ Derived from Phoenician letter Dālet (𐤃).			Phrygian letter E (variant 1) × Phrygian letter E (variant 1) e IPA: /e/, /e:/ Derived from Phoenician letter He (𐤄). Phrygian letter E (variant 2) × Phrygian letter E (variant 2) e IPA: /e/, /e:/ Derived from Phoenician letter He (𐤄).			Phrygian letter V × Phrygian letter V w IPA: /w/	Phrygian letter U × Phrygian letter U u IPA: /u/, /u:/ Derived from Phoenician letter Wāw (𐤅).				Phrygian letter Z (variant 1) × Phrygian letter Z (variant 1) z ?zd IPA:/z/ (/zd/?) Derived from Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆). Phrygian letter Z (variant 2) × Phrygian letter Z (variant 2) z ?zd IPA:/z/ (/zd/?) Derived from Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆). Phrygian letter Z (variant 3) × Phrygian letter Z (variant 3) z ?zd IPA:/z/ (/zd/?) Derived from Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆). Phrygian letter Z (variant 4) × Phrygian letter Z (variant 4) z ?zd IPA:/z/ (/zd/?) Derived from Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆).					Phrygian letter I × Phrygian letter I i IPA: /i/, /i:/ Derived from Phoenician letter Yod (𐤉).	Phrygian letter Y (variant 1) × Phrygian letter Y (variant 1) j IPA: /j/ Derived from Phoenician letter Yod (𐤉). Phrygian letter Y (variant 2) × Phrygian letter Y (variant 2) j IPA: /j/ Derived from Phoenician letter Yod (𐤉).	Phrygian letter K (variant 1) × Phrygian letter K (variant 1) k IPA: /k/ Derived from Phoenician letter Kāp (𐤊). Phrygian letter K (variant 2) × Phrygian letter K (variant 2) k IPA: /k/ Derived from Phoenician letter Kāp (𐤊). Phrygian letter K (variant 3) × Phrygian letter K (variant 3) k IPA: /k/ Derived from Phoenician letter Kāp (𐤊). Phrygian letter K (variant 4) × Phrygian letter K (variant 4) k IPA: /k/ Derived from Phoenician letter Kāp (𐤊). Phrygian letter K (variant 5) × Phrygian letter K (variant 5) k IPA: /k/ Derived from Phoenician letter Kāp (𐤊).	Phrygian letter L × Phrygian letter L l IPA: /l/ Derived from Phoenician letter Lāmed (𐤋).	Phrygian letter M × Phrygian letter M m IPA: /m/ Derived from Phoenician letter Mēm (𐤌).	Phrygian letter N × Phrygian letter N n IPA: /n/ Derived from Phoenician letter Nūn (𐤍).			Phrygian letter O × Phrygian letter O o IPA: /o/ Derived from Phoenician letter ʿayin (𐤏).		Phrygian letter P × Phrygian letter P p IPA: /p/ Derived from Phoenician letter Pē (𐤐).					Phrygian letter R × Phrygian letter R r IPA: /r/ Derived from Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh (𐤓).	Phrygian letter S (variant 1) × Phrygian letter S (variant 1) s IPA: /s/ Derived from Phoenician letter Šīn (𐤔). Phrygian letter S (variant 2) × Phrygian letter S (variant 2) s IPA: /s/ Derived from Phoenician letter Šīn (𐤔). Phrygian letter S (variant 3) × Phrygian letter S (variant 3) s IPA: /s/ Derived from Phoenician letter Šīn (𐤔). Phrygian letter S (variant 4) × Phrygian letter S (variant 4) s IPA: /s/ Derived from Phoenician letter Šīn (𐤔).						Phrygian letter T × Phrygian letter T t IPA: /t/ Derived from Phoenician letter Tāw (𐤕).
Proto-Rovash (Sibling)	Alphabet 7/6 c. BCE - 11/12 c. CE
Sidetic (Sibling)	Alphabet ?5 c. - ?3 c. BCE														Sidetic letter U × Sidetic letter U u IPA: /u/ Derived from Phoenician letter Wāw (𐤅).							Sidetic letter Θ (variant 1) × Sidetic letter Θ (variant 1) θ IPA: /tʰ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṭēt (𐤈). Sidetic letter Θ (variant 2) × Sidetic letter Θ (variant 2) θ IPA: /tʰ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṭēt (𐤈).		Sidetic letter I (variant 1) × Sidetic letter I (variant 1) i IPA: /i/ Derived from Phoenician letter Yod (𐤉). Sidetic letter I (variant 2) × Sidetic letter I (variant 2) i IPA: /i/ Derived from Phoenician letter Yod (𐤉).								Sidetic letter O (variant 1) × Sidetic letter O (variant 1) o IPA: /o/ Derived from Phoenician letter ʿayin (𐤏). Sidetic letter O (variant 2) × Sidetic letter O (variant 2) o IPA: /o/ Derived from Phoenician letter ʿayin (𐤏).		Sidetic letter P × Sidetic letter P p IPA: /p/ Derived from Phoenician letter Pē (𐤐).	Sidetic letter S (variant 1) × Sidetic letter S (variant 1) s IPA: /s/ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṩādē (𐤑). Sidetic letter S (variant 2) × Sidetic letter S (variant 2) s IPA: /s/ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṩādē (𐤑).
Libyco-Berber (Sibling)	Abjad 2 c. BCE - 7 c. CE			Libyco-Berber letter B × Libyco-Berber letter B b Derived from Phoenician letter Bēt (𐤁).		Libyco-Berber letter G (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter G (horizontal variant) g Derived from Phoenician letter Gīml (𐤂). Libyco-Berber letter G (vertical variant) × Libyco-Berber letter G (vertical variant) g Derived from Phoenician letter Gīml (𐤂).		Libyco-Berber letter D (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter D (horizontal variant) d Derived from Phoenician letter Dālet (𐤃). Libyco-Berber letter D (vertical variant) × Libyco-Berber letter D (vertical variant) d Derived from Phoenician letter Dālet (𐤃).							Libyco-Berber letter U (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter U (horizontal variant) u Derived from Phoenician letter Wāw (𐤅). Libyco-Berber letter U (vertical variant) × Libyco-Berber letter U (vertical variant) u Derived from Phoenician letter Wāw (𐤅).				Libyco-Berber letter Ż (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter Ż (horizontal variant) ż Derived from Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆). Libyco-Berber letter Ẓ (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter Ẓ (horizontal variant) ẓ Derived from Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆). Libyco-Berber letter Ẓ (vertical variant) × Libyco-Berber letter Ẓ (vertical variant) ẓ Derived from Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆). Libyco-Berber letter Z × Libyco-Berber letter Z z Derived from Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆).	Libyco-Berber letter H × Libyco-Berber letter H h Derived from Phoenician letter Hēt (𐤇). Libyco-Berber letter H (vertical variant) × Libyco-Berber letter H (vertical variant) h Derived from Phoenician letter Hēt (𐤇).		Libyco-Berber letter Ṭ (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter Ṭ (horizontal variant) ṭ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṭēt (𐤈). Libyco-Berber letter Ṭ (vertical variant) × Libyco-Berber letter Ṭ (vertical variant) ṭ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṭēt (𐤈).		Libyco-Berber letter I (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter I (horizontal variant) i Derived from Phoenician letter Yod (𐤉). Libyco-Berber letter I (vertical variant) × Libyco-Berber letter I (vertical variant) i Derived from Phoenician letter Yod (𐤉).		Libyco-Berber letter K (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter K (horizontal variant) k Derived from Phoenician letter Kāp (𐤊). Libyco-Berber letter K (vertical variant) × Libyco-Berber letter K (vertical variant) k Derived from Phoenician letter Kāp (𐤊).	Libyco-Berber letter L (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter L (horizontal variant) l Derived from Phoenician letter Lāmed (𐤋). Libyco-Berber letter L (vertical variant) × Libyco-Berber letter L (vertical variant) l Derived from Phoenician letter Lāmed (𐤋).	Libyco-Berber letter M (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter M (horizontal variant) m Derived from Phoenician letter Mēm (𐤌). Libyco-Berber letter M (vertical variant) × Libyco-Berber letter M (vertical variant) m Derived from Phoenician letter Mēm (𐤌).	Libyco-Berber letter N × Libyco-Berber letter N n Derived from Phoenician letter Nūn (𐤍).	Libyco-Berber letter S × Libyco-Berber letter S s Derived from Phoenician letter Śāmek (𐤎).				Libyco-Berber letter F (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter F (horizontal variant) f Derived from Phoenician letter Pē (𐤐). Libyco-Berber letter F (vertical variant) × Libyco-Berber letter F (vertical variant) f Derived from Phoenician letter Pē (𐤐).	Libyco-Berber letter Ç (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter Ç (horizontal variant) ç Derived from Phoenician letter Ṩādē (𐤑). Libyco-Berber letter Ç (vertical variant) × Libyco-Berber letter Ç (vertical variant) ç Derived from Phoenician letter Ṩādē (𐤑).			Libyco-Berber letter Q (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter Q (horizontal variant) q Derived from Phoenician letter Qōp (𐤒).	Libyco-Berber letter R × Libyco-Berber letter R r Derived from Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh (𐤓).	Libyco-Berber letter Š (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter Š (horizontal variant) š Derived from Phoenician letter Šīn (𐤔). Libyco-Berber letter Š (vertical variant) × Libyco-Berber letter Š (vertical variant) š Derived from Phoenician letter Šīn (𐤔).						Libyco-Berber letter T × Libyco-Berber letter T t Derived from Phoenician letter Tāw (𐤕). Libyco-Berber letter T₁ (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter T₁ (horizontal variant) t₁ Derived from Phoenician letter Tāw (𐤕).
Neo-Punic	Abjad ?4 c. BCE - ???	Neo-Punic letter ʾālep × Neo-Punic letter ʾālep ʾ Derived from Phoenician letter ʾālep (𐤀).		Neo-Punic letter Bēt × Neo-Punic letter Bēt b Derived from Phoenician letter Bēt (𐤁).		Neo-Punic letter Gīml × Neo-Punic letter Gīml g Derived from Phoenician letter Gīml (𐤂).		Neo-Punic letter Dālet × Neo-Punic letter Dālet d Derived from Phoenician letter Dālet (𐤃).			Neo-Punic letter He × Neo-Punic letter He h Derived from Phoenician letter He (𐤄).				Neo-Punic letter Wāw × Neo-Punic letter Wāw w Derived from Phoenician letter Wāw (𐤅).				Neo-Punic letter Zajin/Zayin × Neo-Punic letter Zajin/Zayin z Derived from Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆).	Neo-Punic letter Hēt × Neo-Punic letter Hēt ḥ Derived from Phoenician letter Hēt (𐤇).		Neo-Punic letter Ṭēt × Neo-Punic letter Ṭēt ṭ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṭēt (𐤈).		Neo-Punic letter Yod × Neo-Punic letter Yod j Derived from Phoenician letter Yod (𐤉).		Neo-Punic letter Kāp × Neo-Punic letter Kāp k Derived from Phoenician letter Kāp (𐤊).	Neo-Punic letter Lāmed × Neo-Punic letter Lāmed l Derived from Phoenician letter Lāmed (𐤋).	Neo-Punic letter Mēm × Neo-Punic letter Mēm m Derived from Phoenician letter Mēm (𐤌).	Neo-Punic letter Nūn × Neo-Punic letter Nūn n Derived from Phoenician letter Nūn (𐤍).	Neo-Punic letter Śāmek × Neo-Punic letter Śāmek s Derived from Phoenician letter Śāmek (𐤎).		Neo-Punic letter ʿayin × Neo-Punic letter ʿayin ʿ Derived from Phoenician letter ʿayin (𐤏).		Neo-Punic letter Pē × Neo-Punic letter Pē p Derived from Phoenician letter Pē (𐤐).	Neo-Punic letter Ṩādē × Neo-Punic letter Ṩādē ṣ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṩādē (𐤑).			Neo-Punic letter Qōp × Neo-Punic letter Qōp q Derived from Phoenician letter Qōp (𐤒).	Neo-Punic letter Rēs/Resh × Neo-Punic letter Rēs/Resh r Derived from Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh (𐤓).	Neo-Punic letter Šīn × Neo-Punic letter Šīn š Derived from Phoenician letter Šīn (𐤔).						Neo-Punic letter Tāw × Neo-Punic letter Tāw t Derived from Phoenician letter Tāw (𐤕).

Lineage^1,3,4,7-14

Egyptian Hieroglyphs
↳Hieratic Egyptian
↳Proto-Sinaitic
↳Ugaritic
↳Phoenician
↳Paleo-Hebrew
↳Imperial Aramaic
↳Archaic Greek
↳Phrygian
↳Proto-Rovash
↳Hypothetical Original
Paleohispanic script
⋮
↳Southwestern Paleohispanic
↳Sidetic
↳Neo-Punic
↳Libyco-Berber

Roman_African

References

1. Fossey, Charles (1948), "Notices sur les caractères étrangers anciens et modernes rédigées par une groupe de savants", Nouvelle édition mise à jour à l'occasion du 21e Congrès des Orientalistes, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale de France.
2. Anonymous. (c. 146BC). Limestone frieze with inscription in Punic (6 ll). British Museum, London, United Kingdom. Retrieved September 2, 2023, from https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1852-0305-2
3. Colless, Brian E (1990). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Sinai". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 28: 1–52. doi:10.2143/anes.28.0.525711
4. Colless, Brian E (1991). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Canaan". Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 29: 18–66. doi:10.2143/anes.29.0.525718
5. Phoenician. (2022). unicode.org. https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10900.pdf
6. Cook, E. (2022). Biblical Aramaic and Related Dialects: An introduction. Cambridge University Press.
7. Kirchhoff, A (1877). Studien zur geschichte des griechischen alphabets (3rd rev ed.). Berlin: F. Dümmler. OL 24337090M.
8. Mordtmann, Andreas David (1862). "Über die altphrygische Sprache (mit zwei Inschriftentafeln)". Sitzungsberichte der bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München. Philosophisch-philologische classe (1): 12–38, and between 88 and 89. Retrieved 2021-07-17. ("On the Old-Phrygian language, with two figures showing the inscriptions"; in German.)
9. Pandey, A. (2021). Preliminary proposal to encode the Sidetic script in Unicode. unicode.org. https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21111-sidetic.pdf
10. Hosszú, G. (2012). Heritage of Scribes: The relation of rovas scripts to Eurasian writing systems. Rovas Foundation.
11. Woodard, R. D. (Ed.). (2008). The ancient languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. Cambridge University Press.
12. Shaked, Saul (1987). "Aramaic". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 250–261. p. 251
13. Sinner, A. G., & Velaza, J. (Eds.). (2019). Palaeohispanic languages and epigraphies. Oxford University Press.
14. Pichler, W. (2007). Origin and development of the libyco-Berber script (1st ed.). Köppe, R.