maˈtʼuww

Writing Scripts Descended from Egyptian Hieroglyphs

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Paleo-Hebrew

𐤋𐤉𐤁𐤅𐤍𐤀𐤄

Abjad^{citation needed}
10 c. BCE - 135 CE¹

Right-to-left^{citation needed}

Paleo-Hebrew

Languages²

Pre-Biblical and Biblical Hebrew

Places²

Southern Canaan (Biblical Israel and Judah)

Abecedary³

Paleo-Hebrew letter ʾālep × Paleo-Hebrew letter ʾālep 𐤀 𐤀𐤋𐤐 Ox, head of cattle ʾ IPA: [ʔ]	Paleo-Hebrew letter Bēt × Paleo-Hebrew letter Bēt 𐤁 𐤁𐤕 House b IPA: [b]	Paleo-Hebrew letter Gīml × Paleo-Hebrew letter Gīml 𐤂 𐤂𐤌𐤋 Throwing stick (or camel) g IPA: [g]	Paleo-Hebrew letter Dālet × Paleo-Hebrew letter Dālet 𐤃 𐤃𐤋𐤕 Door (or fish) d IPA: [d]	Paleo-Hebrew letter He × Paleo-Hebrew letter He 𐤄 𐤄 Window (or jubilation) h IPA: [h]
Paleo-Hebrew letter Wāw × Paleo-Hebrew letter Wāw 𐤅 𐤅𐤅 Hook w IPA: [w]	Paleo-Hebrew letter Zajin/Zayin × Paleo-Hebrew letter Zajin/Zayin 𐤆 𐤆𐤉𐤍 Weapon (or manacle) z IPA: [z]	Paleo-Hebrew letter Hēt × Paleo-Hebrew letter Hēt 𐤇 𐤇𐤕 Courtyard/wall ḥ IPA: [ħ]	Paleo-Hebrew letter Ṭēt × Paleo-Hebrew letter Ṭēt 𐤈 𐤈𐤕 Wheel ṭ IPA: [tˤ]	Paleo-Hebrew letter Yod × Paleo-Hebrew letter Yod 𐤉 𐤉𐤃 Arm, hand j IPA: [j]
Paleo-Hebrew letter Kāp × Paleo-Hebrew letter Kāp 𐤊 𐤊𐤐 Palm of a hand k IPA: [k]	Paleo-Hebrew letter Lāmed × Paleo-Hebrew letter Lāmed 𐤋 𐤋𐤌𐤃 Goad l IPA: [l]	Paleo-Hebrew letter Mēm × Paleo-Hebrew letter Mēm 𐤌 𐤌𐤌 Water m IPA: [m]	Paleo-Hebrew letter Nūn × Paleo-Hebrew letter Nūn 𐤍 𐤍𐤍 Serpent (or fish) n IPA: [n]	Paleo-Hebrew letter Śāmek × Paleo-Hebrew letter Śāmek 𐤎 𐤎𐤌𐤊 Pillar s IPA: [s]
Paleo-Hebrew letter ʿayin × Paleo-Hebrew letter ʿayin 𐤏 𐤏𐤉𐤍 Eye ʿ IPA: [ʕ]	Paleo-Hebrew letter Pē × Paleo-Hebrew letter Pē 𐤐 𐤐 Mouth (or corner) p IPA: [p]	Paleo-Hebrew letter Ṩādē × Paleo-Hebrew letter Ṩādē 𐤑 𐤑𐤃 Papyrus plant/fish hook ṣ IPA: [sˤ]	Paleo-Hebrew letter Qōp × Paleo-Hebrew letter Qōp 𐤒 𐤒𐤐 Needle eye q IPA: [q]	Paleo-Hebrew letter Rēs/Resh × Paleo-Hebrew letter Rēs/Resh 𐤓 𐤓𐤔 Head r IPA: [r]
Paleo-Hebrew letter Šīn × Paleo-Hebrew letter Šīn 𐤔 𐤔𐤍 Tooth (or sun) š IPA: [ʃ]	Paleo-Hebrew letter Tāw × Paleo-Hebrew letter Tāw 𐤕 𐤕𐤅 Mark t IPA: [t]

Epigraphy⁴

Gezer calendar

Gezer calendar (description and English translation - here)

Script comparison^3,5-16

Writing Script		Head of ox		House plan		Throw stick		Nile tilapia			Man with arms raised				Pear shaped mace				Two diagonal strokes	Plan of rectangular enclosure		Heart and trachea		Arm with downward facing palm		Hand	Crook	Water ripple	Cobra	Reed column		Eye	Wick	Mouth	Rush with shoots			Cord on stick	Head	Bow				Basket of fruit or grain		Crossed sticks
Egyptian Hieroglyphs	Logography 32 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 𓃾 Head of Ox Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ka		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 𓉐 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 𓌙 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 𓆛 Bulti fish Phonogram in for: int “bulti”			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 𓀠 Man with arms raised Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 𓌉 Pear shaped mace Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 𓏭 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6 𓉗 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 𓄤 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 𓂣 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 𓂧 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 𓋿 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 𓈖 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 𓆓 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 𓊽 Reed column Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/ Conventional Anglicisation: djed		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 𓁹 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V28 𓎛 Wick Phonogram ḥ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ħ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħ/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 𓂋 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 𓇑 Rush with roots Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 𓎗 Cord on stick Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wedj	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 𓁶 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a 𓌓 Bow Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M39 𓇨 Basket of fruit or grain Determinative for: rnpt “vegetables”		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 𓏴 Crossed sticks Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”
Phoenician (Parent)	Abjad 12 c. BCE - 135 BCE	Phoenician letter ʾālep × Phoenician letter ʾālep 𐤀 𐤀𐤋𐤐 Ox, head of cattle ʾ IPA: [ʔ]		Phoenician letter Bēt × Phoenician letter Bēt 𐤁 𐤁𐤕 House b IPA: [b]		Phoenician letter Gīml × Phoenician letter Gīml 𐤂 𐤂𐤌𐤋 Throwing stick (or camel) g IPA: [g]		Phoenician letter Dālet × Phoenician letter Dālet 𐤃 𐤃𐤋𐤕 Door (or fish) d IPA: [d]			Phoenician letter He × Phoenician letter He 𐤄 𐤄 Window (or jubilation) h IPA: [h]				Phoenician letter Wāw × Phoenician letter Wāw 𐤅 𐤅𐤅 Hook w IPA: [w]				Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin × Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin 𐤆 𐤆𐤉𐤍 Weapon (or manacle) z IPA: [z]	Phoenician letter Hēt × Phoenician letter Hēt 𐤇 𐤇𐤕 Courtyard/wall ḥ IPA: [ħ]		Phoenician letter Ṭēt × Phoenician letter Ṭēt 𐤈 𐤈𐤕 Wheel ṭ IPA: [tˤ]		Phoenician letter Yod × Phoenician letter Yod 𐤉 𐤉𐤃 Arm, hand j IPA: [j]		Phoenician letter Kāp × Phoenician letter Kāp 𐤊 𐤊𐤐 Palm of a hand k IPA: [k]	Phoenician letter Lāmed × Phoenician letter Lāmed 𐤋 𐤋𐤌𐤃 Goad l IPA: [l]	Phoenician letter Mēm × Phoenician letter Mēm 𐤌 𐤌𐤌 Water m IPA: [m]	Phoenician letter Nūn × Phoenician letter Nūn 𐤍 𐤍𐤍 Serpent (or fish) n IPA: [n]	Phoenician letter Śāmek × Phoenician letter Śāmek 𐤎 𐤎𐤌𐤊 Pillar s IPA: [s]		Phoenician letter ʿayin × Phoenician letter ʿayin 𐤏 𐤏𐤉𐤍 Eye ʿ IPA: [ʕ]		Phoenician letter Pē × Phoenician letter Pē 𐤐 𐤐 Mouth (or corner) p IPA: [p]	Phoenician letter Ṩādē × Phoenician letter Ṩādē 𐤑 𐤑𐤃 Papyrus plant/fish hook ṣ IPA: [sˤ]			Phoenician letter Qōp × Phoenician letter Qōp 𐤒 𐤒𐤐 Needle eye q IPA: [q]	Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh × Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh 𐤓 𐤓𐤔 Head r IPA: [r]	Phoenician letter Šīn × Phoenician letter Šīn 𐤔 𐤔𐤍 Tooth (or sun) š IPA: [ʃ]						Phoenician letter Tāw × Phoenician letter Tāw 𐤕 𐤕𐤅 Mark t IPA: [t]
Aramaic (Sibling)	Abjad 8 c. BCE - 6 c. CE	Aramaic letter Ālaph × Aramaic letter Ālaph 𐡀 𐡀𐡐𐡓 ʾ IPA: /ʔ/; /aː/, /eː/		Aramaic letter Bēth × Aramaic letter Bēth 𐡁 𐡁𐡕 b IPA: /b/, /v/		Aramaic letter Gāmal × Aramaic letter Gāmal 𐡂 𐡂𐡌𐡋 g IPA: /ɡ/, /ɣ/		Aramaic letter Dālath × Aramaic letter Dālath 𐡃 𐡃𐡋𐡕 d IPA: /d/, /ð/			Aramaic letter Hē × Aramaic letter Hē 𐡄 𐡄 h IPA: /h/				Aramaic letter Waw × Aramaic letter Waw 𐡅 𐡅𐡅 w IPA: /w/; /oː/, /uː/				Aramaic letter Zain × Aramaic letter Zain 𐡆 𐡆𐡉𐡍 z IPA: /z/	Aramaic letter Khēth × Aramaic letter Khēth 𐡇 𐡇𐡕 ḥ IPA: /ħ/		Aramaic letter Ṭēth × Aramaic letter Ṭēth 𐡈 𐡈𐡕 ṭ IPA: /tˤ/		Aramaic letter Iodh × Aramaic letter Iodh 𐡉 𐡉𐡃 j IPA: /j/; /iː/, /eː/		Aramaic letter Kāph × Aramaic letter Kāph 𐡊 𐡊𐡐 k IPA: /k/, /x/	Aramaic letter Lāmadh × Aramaic letter Lāmadh 𐡋 𐡋𐡌𐡃 l IPA: /l/	Aramaic letter Mem × Aramaic letter Mem 𐡌 𐡌𐡌 m IPA: /m/	Aramaic letter Nun × Aramaic letter Nun 𐡍 𐡍𐡍 n IPA: /n/	Aramaic letter Semkath × Aramaic letter Semkath 𐡎 𐡎𐡌𐡊 s IPA: /s/		Aramaic letter Ayin × Aramaic letter Ayin 𐡏 𐡏𐡉𐡍 ʿ IPA: /ʕ/		Aramaic letter Pē × Aramaic letter Pē 𐡐 𐡐 p IPA: /p/, /f/	Aramaic letter Ṩādhē × Aramaic letter Ṩādhē 𐡑 𐡑𐡃 ṣ IPA: /sˤ/			Aramaic letter Qoph × Aramaic letter Qoph 𐡒 𐡒𐡐 q IPA: /q/	Aramaic letter Rēš × Aramaic letter Rēš 𐡓 𐡓𐡔 r IPA: /r/	Aramaic letter Šīn × Aramaic letter Šīn 𐡔 𐡔𐡍 š IPA: /ʃ/						Aramaic letter Taw × Aramaic letter Taw 𐡕 𐡕𐡅 t IPA: /t/, /θ/
Archaic Greek (Sibling)	Alphabet 8 c. BCE - 4 c. BCE	Archaic Greek letter Alpha × Archaic Greek letter Alpha a IPA: /a/, /aː/		Archaic Greek letter Beta × Archaic Greek letter Beta b IPA: /b/		Archaic Greek letter Gamma × Archaic Greek letter Gamma g IPA: /ɡ/		Archaic Greek letter Delta × Archaic Greek letter Delta d IPA: /d/			Archaic Greek letter Ei × Archaic Greek letter Ei e IPA: /e/, /eː/			Archaic Greek letter Digamma × Archaic Greek letter Digamma w IPA: /w/	Archaic Greek letter U × Archaic Greek letter U u IPA: /u/, /uː/				Archaic Greek letter Zeta × Archaic Greek letter Zeta z IPA: [zd](?)	Archaic Greek letter Eta (eastern variant) × Archaic Greek letter Eta (eastern variant) h IPA: /h/, /ɛː/	Archaic Greek letter Eta (southern/western variant) × Archaic Greek letter Eta (southern/western variant) h IPA: /h/, /ɛː/	Archaic Greek letter Theta × Archaic Greek letter Theta th IPA: /tʰ/		Archaic Greek letter Iota × Archaic Greek letter Iota i IPA: /i/, /iː/		Archaic Greek letter Kappa × Archaic Greek letter Kappa k IPA: /k/	Archaic Greek letter Lambda × Archaic Greek letter Lambda l IPA: /l/	Archaic Greek letter Mu × Archaic Greek letter Mu m IPA: /m/	Archaic Greek letter Nu × Archaic Greek letter Nu n IPA: /n/	Archaic Greek letter Xi (eastern variant) × Archaic Greek letter Xi (eastern variant) ks IPA: /ks/		Archaic Greek letter Ou × Archaic Greek letter Ou o IPA: /o/, /oː/		Archaic Greek letter Pi × Archaic Greek letter Pi p IPA: /p/	Archaic Greek letter San × Archaic Greek letter San s IPA: /s/			Archaic Greek letter Koppa × Archaic Greek letter Koppa k IPA: /k/	Archaic Greek letter Rho × Archaic Greek letter Rho r IPA: /r/	Archaic Greek letter Sigma × Archaic Greek letter Sigma s IPA: /s/						Archaic Greek letter Tau × Archaic Greek letter Tau t IPA: /t/		Archaic Greek letter Phi × Archaic Greek letter Phi ph IPA: /pʰ/	Archaic Greek letter Chi (western variant) × Archaic Greek letter Chi (western variant) kh IPA: /kʰ/ Archaic Greek letter Chi (eastern variant) × Archaic Greek letter Chi (eastern variant) kh IPA: /kʰ/	Archaic Greek letter Sampi × Archaic Greek letter Sampi ss or ts IPA: /ss/ or /ts/								Archaic Greek letter Psi × Archaic Greek letter Psi ps IPA: /ps/	Archaic Greek letter Ō × Archaic Greek letter Ō o IPA: /ɔː/
Phrygian (Sibling)	Alphabet 8 c. BCE - 330 BCE	Phrygian letter A × Phrygian letter A a IPA: /a/, /aː/		Phrygian letter B (variant 1) × Phrygian letter B (variant 1) b IPA:/b/ Phrygian letter B (variant 2) × Phrygian letter B (variant 2) b IPA:/b/		Phrygian letter G × Phrygian letter G g IPA: /g/		Phrygian letter D (variant 1) × Phrygian letter D (variant 1) d IPA: /d/ Phrygian letter D (variant 2) × Phrygian letter D (variant 2) IPA: /d/			Phrygian letter E (variant 1) × Phrygian letter E (variant 1) e IPA: /e/, /e:/ Phrygian letter E (variant 2) × Phrygian letter E (variant 2) e IPA: /e/, /e:/			Phrygian letter V × Phrygian letter V w IPA: /w/	Phrygian letter U × Phrygian letter U u IPA: /u/, /u:/				Phrygian letter Z (variant 1) × Phrygian letter Z (variant 1) z ?zd IPA:/z/ (/zd/?) Phrygian letter Z (variant 2) × Phrygian letter Z (variant 2) z ?zd IPA:/z/ (/zd/?) Phrygian letter Z (variant 3) × Phrygian letter Z (variant 3) z ?zd IPA:/z/ (/zd/?) Phrygian letter Z (variant 4) × Phrygian letter Z (variant 4) z ?zd IPA:/z/ (/zd/?)					Phrygian letter I × Phrygian letter I i IPA: /i/, /i:/	Phrygian letter Y (variant 1) × Phrygian letter Y (variant 1) j IPA: /j/ Phrygian letter Y (variant 2) × Phrygian letter Y (variant 2) j IPA: /j/	Phrygian letter K (variant 1) × Phrygian letter K (variant 1) k IPA: /k/ Phrygian letter K (variant 2) × Phrygian letter K (variant 2) k IPA: /k/ Phrygian letter K (variant 3) × Phrygian letter K (variant 3) k IPA: /k/ Phrygian letter K (variant 4) × Phrygian letter K (variant 4) k IPA: /k/ Phrygian letter K (variant 5) × Phrygian letter K (variant 5) k IPA: /k/	Phrygian letter L × Phrygian letter L l IPA: /l/	Phrygian letter M × Phrygian letter M m IPA: /m/	Phrygian letter N × Phrygian letter N n IPA: /n/			Phrygian letter O × Phrygian letter O o IPA: /o/		Phrygian letter P × Phrygian letter P p IPA: /p/					Phrygian letter R × Phrygian letter R r IPA: /r/	Phrygian letter S (variant 1) × Phrygian letter S (variant 1) s IPA: /s/ Phrygian letter S (variant 2) × Phrygian letter S (variant 2) s IPA: /s/ Phrygian letter S (variant 3) × Phrygian letter S (variant 3) s IPA: /s/ Phrygian letter S (variant 4) × Phrygian letter S (variant 4) s IPA: /s/						Phrygian letter T × Phrygian letter T t IPA: /t/
Sidetic (Sibling)	Alphabet ?5 c. - ?3 c. BCE														Sidetic letter U × Sidetic letter U u IPA: /u/							Sidetic letter Θ (variant 1) × Sidetic letter Θ (variant 1) θ IPA: /tʰ/ Sidetic letter Θ (variant 2) × Sidetic letter Θ (variant 2) θ IPA: /tʰ/		Sidetic letter I (variant 1) × Sidetic letter I (variant 1) i IPA: /i/ Sidetic letter I (variant 2) × Sidetic letter I (variant 2) i IPA: /i/								Sidetic letter O (variant 1) × Sidetic letter O (variant 1) o IPA: /o/ Sidetic letter O (variant 2) × Sidetic letter O (variant 2) o IPA: /o/		Sidetic letter P × Sidetic letter P p IPA: /p/	Sidetic letter S (variant 1) × Sidetic letter S (variant 1) s IPA: /s/ Sidetic letter S (variant 2) × Sidetic letter S (variant 2) s IPA: /s/
Neo-Punic (Sibling)	Abjad ?4 c. BCE - ???	Neo-Punic letter ʾālep × Neo-Punic letter ʾālep ʾ		Neo-Punic letter Bēt × Neo-Punic letter Bēt b		Neo-Punic letter Gīml × Neo-Punic letter Gīml g		Neo-Punic letter Dālet × Neo-Punic letter Dālet d			Neo-Punic letter He × Neo-Punic letter He h				Neo-Punic letter Wāw × Neo-Punic letter Wāw w				Neo-Punic letter Zajin/Zayin × Neo-Punic letter Zajin/Zayin z	Neo-Punic letter Hēt × Neo-Punic letter Hēt ḥ		Neo-Punic letter Ṭēt × Neo-Punic letter Ṭēt ṭ		Neo-Punic letter Yod × Neo-Punic letter Yod j		Neo-Punic letter Kāp × Neo-Punic letter Kāp k	Neo-Punic letter Lāmed × Neo-Punic letter Lāmed l	Neo-Punic letter Mēm × Neo-Punic letter Mēm m	Neo-Punic letter Nūn × Neo-Punic letter Nūn n	Neo-Punic letter Śāmek × Neo-Punic letter Śāmek s		Neo-Punic letter ʿayin × Neo-Punic letter ʿayin ʿ		Neo-Punic letter Pē × Neo-Punic letter Pē p	Neo-Punic letter Ṩādē × Neo-Punic letter Ṩādē ṣ			Neo-Punic letter Qōp × Neo-Punic letter Qōp q	Neo-Punic letter Rēs/Resh × Neo-Punic letter Rēs/Resh r	Neo-Punic letter Šīn × Neo-Punic letter Šīn š						Neo-Punic letter Tāw × Neo-Punic letter Tāw t
Libyco-Berber (Sibling)	Abjad 2 c. BCE - 7 c. CE			Libyco-Berber letter B × Libyco-Berber letter B b		Libyco-Berber letter G (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter G (horizontal variant) g Libyco-Berber letter G (vertical variant) × Libyco-Berber letter G (vertical variant) g		Libyco-Berber letter D (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter D (horizontal variant) d Libyco-Berber letter D (vertical variant) × Libyco-Berber letter D (vertical variant) d							Libyco-Berber letter U (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter U (horizontal variant) u Libyco-Berber letter U (vertical variant) × Libyco-Berber letter U (vertical variant) u				Libyco-Berber letter Ż (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter Ż (horizontal variant) ż Libyco-Berber letter Ẓ (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter Ẓ (horizontal variant) ẓ Libyco-Berber letter Ẓ (vertical variant) × Libyco-Berber letter Ẓ (vertical variant) ẓ Libyco-Berber letter Z × Libyco-Berber letter Z z	Libyco-Berber letter H × Libyco-Berber letter H h Libyco-Berber letter H (vertical variant) × Libyco-Berber letter H (vertical variant) h		Libyco-Berber letter Ṭ (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter Ṭ (horizontal variant) ṭ Libyco-Berber letter Ṭ (vertical variant) × Libyco-Berber letter Ṭ (vertical variant) ṭ		Libyco-Berber letter I (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter I (horizontal variant) i Libyco-Berber letter I (vertical variant) × Libyco-Berber letter I (vertical variant) i		Libyco-Berber letter K (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter K (horizontal variant) k Libyco-Berber letter K (vertical variant) × Libyco-Berber letter K (vertical variant) k	Libyco-Berber letter L (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter L (horizontal variant) l Libyco-Berber letter L (vertical variant) × Libyco-Berber letter L (vertical variant) l	Libyco-Berber letter M (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter M (horizontal variant) m Libyco-Berber letter M (vertical variant) × Libyco-Berber letter M (vertical variant) m	Libyco-Berber letter N × Libyco-Berber letter N n	Libyco-Berber letter S × Libyco-Berber letter S s				Libyco-Berber letter F (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter F (horizontal variant) f Libyco-Berber letter F (vertical variant) × Libyco-Berber letter F (vertical variant) f	Libyco-Berber letter Ç (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter Ç (horizontal variant) ç Libyco-Berber letter Ç (vertical variant) × Libyco-Berber letter Ç (vertical variant) ç			Libyco-Berber letter Q (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter Q (horizontal variant) q	Libyco-Berber letter R × Libyco-Berber letter R r	Libyco-Berber letter Š (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter Š (horizontal variant) š Libyco-Berber letter Š (vertical variant) × Libyco-Berber letter Š (vertical variant) š						Libyco-Berber letter T × Libyco-Berber letter T t Libyco-Berber letter T₁ (horizontal variant) × Libyco-Berber letter T₁ (horizontal variant) t₁
Paleo-Hebrew	Abjad 10 c. BCE - 135 CE	Paleo-Hebrew letter ʾālep × Paleo-Hebrew letter ʾālep 𐤀 𐤀𐤋𐤐 Ox, head of cattle ʾ IPA: [ʔ]		Paleo-Hebrew letter Bēt × Paleo-Hebrew letter Bēt 𐤁 𐤁𐤕 House b IPA: [b]		Paleo-Hebrew letter Gīml × Paleo-Hebrew letter Gīml 𐤂 𐤂𐤌𐤋 Throwing stick (or camel) g IPA: [g]		Paleo-Hebrew letter Dālet × Paleo-Hebrew letter Dālet 𐤃 𐤃𐤋𐤕 Door (or fish) d IPA: [d]			Paleo-Hebrew letter He × Paleo-Hebrew letter He 𐤄 𐤄 Window (or jubilation) h IPA: [h]				Paleo-Hebrew letter Wāw × Paleo-Hebrew letter Wāw 𐤅 𐤅𐤅 Hook w IPA: [w]				Paleo-Hebrew letter Zajin/Zayin × Paleo-Hebrew letter Zajin/Zayin 𐤆 𐤆𐤉𐤍 Weapon (or manacle) z IPA: [z]	Paleo-Hebrew letter Hēt × Paleo-Hebrew letter Hēt 𐤇 𐤇𐤕 Courtyard/wall ḥ IPA: [ħ]		Paleo-Hebrew letter Ṭēt × Paleo-Hebrew letter Ṭēt 𐤈 𐤈𐤕 Wheel ṭ IPA: [tˤ]		Paleo-Hebrew letter Yod × Paleo-Hebrew letter Yod 𐤉 𐤉𐤃 Arm, hand j IPA: [j]		Paleo-Hebrew letter Kāp × Paleo-Hebrew letter Kāp 𐤊 𐤊𐤐 Palm of a hand k IPA: [k]	Paleo-Hebrew letter Lāmed × Paleo-Hebrew letter Lāmed 𐤋 𐤋𐤌𐤃 Goad l IPA: [l]	Paleo-Hebrew letter Mēm × Paleo-Hebrew letter Mēm 𐤌 𐤌𐤌 Water m IPA: [m]	Paleo-Hebrew letter Nūn × Paleo-Hebrew letter Nūn 𐤍 𐤍𐤍 Serpent (or fish) n IPA: [n]	Paleo-Hebrew letter Śāmek × Paleo-Hebrew letter Śāmek 𐤎 𐤎𐤌𐤊 Pillar s IPA: [s]		Paleo-Hebrew letter ʿayin × Paleo-Hebrew letter ʿayin 𐤏 𐤏𐤉𐤍 Eye ʿ IPA: [ʕ]		Paleo-Hebrew letter Pē × Paleo-Hebrew letter Pē 𐤐 𐤐 Mouth (or corner) p IPA: [p]	Paleo-Hebrew letter Ṩādē × Paleo-Hebrew letter Ṩādē 𐤑 𐤑𐤃 Papyrus plant/fish hook ṣ IPA: [sˤ]			Paleo-Hebrew letter Qōp × Paleo-Hebrew letter Qōp 𐤒 𐤒𐤐 Needle eye q IPA: [q]	Paleo-Hebrew letter Rēs/Resh × Paleo-Hebrew letter Rēs/Resh 𐤓 𐤓𐤔 Head r IPA: [r]	Paleo-Hebrew letter Šīn × Paleo-Hebrew letter Šīn 𐤔 𐤔𐤍 Tooth (or sun) š IPA: [ʃ]						Paleo-Hebrew letter Tāw × Paleo-Hebrew letter Tāw 𐤕 𐤕𐤅 Mark t IPA: [t]
Samaritan (Child)	Abjad 6 c. BCE - Present	Samaritan letter Ā'lāf × Samaritan letter Ā'lāf ࠀ ʾ		Samaritan letter Bīt × Samaritan letter Bīt ࠁ b		Samaritan letter Gā'mān × Samaritan letter Gā'mān ࠂ g		Samaritan letter Dā'lāt × Samaritan letter Dā'lāt ࠃ d			Samaritan letter Īy × Samaritan letter Īy ࠄ h				Samaritan letter Bā̊ × Samaritan letter Bā̊ ࠅ w				Samaritan letter Zēn × Samaritan letter Zēn ࠆ z	Samaritan letter Īt × Samaritan letter Īt ࠇ ḥ		Samaritan letter Ṭīt × Samaritan letter Ṭīt ࠈ ṭ		Samaritan letter Yūt × Samaritan letter Yūt ࠉ y		Samaritan letter Kā̊f × Samaritan letter Kā̊f ࠊ k	Samaritan letter Lā'bāt × Samaritan letter Lā'bāt ࠋ l	Samaritan letter Mīm × Samaritan letter Mīm ࠌ m	Samaritan letter Nūn × Samaritan letter Nūn ࠍ n	Samaritan letter Sin'gā̊t × Samaritan letter Sin'gā̊t ࠎ s		Samaritan letter Īn × Samaritan letter Īn ࠏ ʿ		Samaritan letter Fī × Samaritan letter Fī ࠐ f	Samaritan letter Ṣā̊'dīy × Samaritan letter Ṣā̊'dīy ࠑ ṣ			Samaritan letter Qūf × Samaritan letter Qūf ࠒ q	Samaritan letter Rīš × Samaritan letter Rīš ࠓ r	Samaritan letter × Samaritan letter Šān ࠔ š						Samaritan letter Tā̊f × Samaritan letter Tā̊f ࠕ t

Lineage^7,8,12,14-21

Egyptian Hieroglyphs
↳Hieratic Egyptian
↳Proto-Sinaitic
↳Phoenician
↳Paleo-Hebrew
↳Samaritan
↳Aramaic
↳Archaic Greek
↳Phrygian
↳Hypothetical Original
Paleohispanic script
⋮
↳Southwestern Paleohispanic
↳Sidetic
↳Neo-Punic
↳Libyco-Berber

References

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