Hatran Aramaic
Hatran (modern day al-Ḥaḍr, Iraq)
Hatran letter Aleph
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Hatran letter Beth
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Hatran letter Gimel
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Hatran letter Daleth
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Hatran letter He
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Hatran letter Waw
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Hatran letter Zayin
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Hatran letter Heth
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Hatran letter Teth
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Hatran letter Yodh
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Hatran letter Kaph
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Hatran letter Lamedh
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Hatran letter Mem
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Hatran letter Nun
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Hatran letter Samekh
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Hatran letter Ayin
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Hatran letter Pe
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Hatran letter Sadhe
×
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Hatran letter Qoph
×
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Hatran letter Res
×
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Hatran letter Shin
×
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Hatran letter Taw
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Copper alloy Hatran coin depicting sun-god Shamash and the Hatran Aramaic inscriptions "Hatra of Shamash" (left)
and Roman letters "S C" (right) (description and transliteration - here)
Writing Script | Head of ox | House plan | Throw stick | Nile tilapia | Man with arms raised | Pear shaped mace | Two diagonal strokes | Plan of rectangular enclosure | Heart and trachea | Arm with downward facing palm | Hand | Crook | Water ripple | Cobra | Reed column | Eye | Mouth | Rush with shoots | Cord on stick | Head | Bow | Crossed sticks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Logography |
Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a
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Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9
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Aramaic (Parent) | Abjad |
Aramaic letter Ālaph
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Aramaic letter Bēth
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Aramaic letter Gāmal
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Aramaic letter Dālath
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Aramaic letter Hē
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Aramaic letter Waw
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Aramaic letter Zain
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Aramaic letter Khēth
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Aramaic letter Ṭēth
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Aramaic letter Iodh
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Aramaic letter Kāph
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Aramaic letter Lāmadh
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Aramaic letter Mem
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Aramaic letter Nun
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Aramaic letter Semkath
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Aramaic letter Ayin
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Aramaic letter Pē
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Aramaic letter Ṩādhē
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Aramaic letter Qoph
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Aramaic letter Rēš
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Aramaic letter Šīn
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Aramaic letter Taw
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Kharoṣṭhī (Sibling) | Abugida |
Kharoṣṭhī letter A
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Ba
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Ga
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Dha
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Ha
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Va
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Ja
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Gha
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Tha
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Ya
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Ka
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Kharoṣṭhī letter La
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Ma
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Na
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Śa
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Kharoṣṭhī letter P
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Sa
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Kha
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Ra
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Ṣa
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Kharoṣṭhī letter Ta
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Early/Ashokan Brahmi (Sibling) | Abugida |
Early Brahmi letter A |
Early Brahmi letter Ba |
Early Brahmi letter Ga |
Early Brahmi letter Dha |
Early Brahmi letter Ha |
Early Brahmi letter Va |
Early Brahmi letter Ja |
Early Brahmi letter Gha |
Early Brahmi letter Tha |
Early Brahmi letter Ya |
Early Brahmi letter Ka |
Early Brahmi letter La |
Early Brahmi letter Ma |
Early Brahmi letter Na |
Early Brahmi letter Ṣa |
Early Brahmi letter E |
Early Brahmi letter Pa |
Early Brahmi letter Ca |
Early Brahmi letter Kha |
Early Brahmi letter Ra |
Early Brahmi letter Śa |
Early Brahmi letter Ta |
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Hebrew (Sibling) | Abjad |
Hebrew letter Alef
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Hebrew letter Bet
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Hebrew letter Gimel
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Hebrew letter Dalet
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Hebrew letter He
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Hebrew letter Vav
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Hebrew letter Zayin
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Hebrew letter Chet
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Hebrew letter Tet
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Hebrew letter Yod
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Hebrew letter Kaf
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Hebrew letter Kaf (final)
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Hebrew letter Lamed
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Hebrew letter Mem
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Hebrew letter Mem (final)
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Hebrew letter Nun
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Hebrew letter Nun (final)
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Hebrew letter Samekh
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Hebrew letter Ayin
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Hebrew letter Pe
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Hebrew letter Pe (final)
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Hebrew letter Tsadi
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Hebrew letter Tsadi (final)
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Hebrew letter Qof
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Hebrew letter Resh
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Hebrew letter Shin
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Hebrew letter Tav
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Inscriptional Parthian (Sibling) | Abjad |
Inscriptional Parthian letter Aleph
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Beth
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Gimel
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Daleth
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Inscriptional Parthian letter He
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Waw
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Zayin
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Heth
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Teth
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Yodh
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Kaph
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Lamadh
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Mem
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Nun
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Samekh
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Ayin
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Pe
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Sadhe
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Qoph
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Resh
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Shin
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Inscriptional Parthian letter Taw
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Elymaic (Sibling) | Abjad |
Elymaic letter Aleph
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Elymaic letter Beth
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Elymaic letter Gimel
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Elymaic letter Daleth
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Elymaic letter He
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Elymaic letter Waw
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Elymaic letter Zayin
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Elymaic letter Heth
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Elymaic letter Teth
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Elymaic letter Yodh
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Elymaic letter Kaph
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Elymaic letter Lamedh
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Elymaic letter Mem
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Elymaic letter Nun
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Elymaic letter Samekh
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Elymaic letter Ayin
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Elymaic letter Pe
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Elymaic letter Sadhe
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Elymaic letter Qoph
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Elymaic letter Res
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Elymaic letter Shin
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Elymaic letter Taw
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Classical Nabataean (Sibling) | Abjad |
Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph
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Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph (final)
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Classical Nabataean letter Bēth
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Classical Nabataean letter Bēth (final)
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Classical Nabataean letter Gāmal
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Classical Nabataean letter Dālath
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Classical Nabataean letter Hē
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Classical Nabataean letter Hē (final)
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Classical Nabataean letter Waw
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Classical Nabataean letter Zain
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Classical Nabataean letter Khēth
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Classical Nabataean letter Ṭēth
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Classical Nabataean letter Iodh
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Classical Nabataean letter Iodh (final)
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Classical Nabataean letter Kāph
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Classical Nabataean letter Kāph (final)
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Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh
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Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh (final)
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Classical Nabataean letter Mem
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Classical Nabataean letter Mem (final)
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Classical Nabataean letter Nun
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Classical Nabataean letter Nun (final)
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Classical Nabataean letter Semkath
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Classical Nabataean letter Ayin
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Classical Nabataean letter Pē
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Classical Nabataean letter Ṩādhē
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Classical Nabataean letter Qoph
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Classical Nabataean letter Rēš
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Classical Nabataean letter Šīn
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Classical Nabataean letter Šīn (final)
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Classical Nabataean letter Taw
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Palmyrene (Sibling) | Abjad |
Palmyrene letter Aleph
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Palmyrene letter Beth
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Palmyrene letter Gimel
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Palmyrene letter Daleth
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Palmyrene letter He
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Palmyrene letter Waw
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Palmyrene letter Zayin
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Palmyrene letter Heth
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Palmyrene letter Teth
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Palmyrene letter Yodh
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Palmyrene letter Kaph
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Palmyrene letter Lamedh
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Palmyrene letter Mem
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Palmyrene letter Nun
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Palmyrene letter Nun (final)
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Palmyrene letter Samekh
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Palmyrene letter Ayin
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Palmyrene letter Pe
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Palmyrene letter Sadhe
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Palmyrene letter Qoph
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Palmyrene letter Res
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Palmyrene letter Shin
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Palmyrene letter Taw
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Syriac (Sibling) | Abjad |
ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʾĀlep̄
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʾĀlap̄
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter ʾĀlap̄/Olaf
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ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Bēṯ
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Bēṯ
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Bēṯ
×
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ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Gāmal
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Gāmal
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Gāmal
×
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ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Dālaṯ
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Dālaṯ
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Dālaṯ
×
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ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Hē
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Hē
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Hē
×
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ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Waw
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Waw
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Waw
×
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ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Zayn
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Zayn
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Zayn
×
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ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ḥēṯ
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ḥēṯ
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ḥēṯ
×
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ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṭēṯ
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ṭēṯ
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ṭēṯ
×
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ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Yōḏ
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Yōḏ
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Yōḏ
×
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ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Kāp̄
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Kāp̄
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Kāp̄
×
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ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Lāmaḏ
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Lāmaḏ
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Lāmaḏ
×
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ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Mīm
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Mīm
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Mīm
×
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ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Nūn
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Nūn
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Nūn
×
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ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Semkaṯ
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Semkaṯ
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Semkaṯ
×
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ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʿĒ
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʿĒ
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter ʿĒ
×
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ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Pē
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Pē
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Pē
×
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ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṣāḏē
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ṣāḏē
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ṣāḏē
×
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ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Qōp̄
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Qōp̄
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Qōp̄
×
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ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Rēš
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Rēš
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Rēš
×
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ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Šīn
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Šīn
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Šīn
×
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ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Taw
×
Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Taw
×
Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Taw
×
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Mandaic (Sibling) | Alphabet |
Mandaic letter A
×
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Mandaic letter Ba
×
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Mandaic letter Ga
×
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Mandaic letter Da
×
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Mandaic letter Ha
×
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Mandaic letter Wa
×
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Mandaic letter Za
×
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Mandaic letter Eh
×
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Mandaic letter Ṭa
×
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Mandaic letter Ya
×
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Mandaic letter Ka
×
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Mandaic letter La
×
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Mandaic letter Ma
×
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Mandaic letter Na
×
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Mandaic letter Sa
×
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Mandaic letter E
×
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Mandaic letter Pa
×
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Mandaic letter Ṣa
×
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Mandaic letter Qa
×
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Mandaic letter Ra
×
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Mandaic letter Ša
×
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Mandaic letter Ta
×
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Hatran | Abjad |
Hatran letter Aleph
×
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Hatran letter Beth
×
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Hatran letter Gimel
×
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Hatran letter Daleth
×
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Hatran letter He
×
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Hatran letter Waw
×
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Hatran letter Zayin
×
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Hatran letter Heth
×
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Hatran letter Teth
×
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Hatran letter Yodh
×
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Hatran letter Kaph
×
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Hatran letter Lamedh
×
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Hatran letter Mem
×
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Hatran letter Nun
×
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Hatran letter Samekh
×
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Hatran letter Ayin
×
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Hatran letter Pe
×
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Hatran letter Sadhe
×
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Hatran letter Qoph
×
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Hatran letter Res
×
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Hatran letter Shin
×
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Hatran letter Taw
×
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1. Everson, M. (2012). Preliminary proposal for encoding the Hatran script in the SMP of the UCS. Retrieved February 17, 2024, from unicode.org website: https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2012/12312-n4324-hatran.pdf
2. Anonymous. (2 c. CE). 1948,0502.1. British Museum, London, United Kingdom. Retrieved February 17, 2024, from https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_1948-0502-1
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10. Everson, M. (2010a). Proposal for encoding the Nabataean script in the SMP of the UCS. Retrieved February 17, 2024, from unicode.org website: https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10473-n3969-nabataean.pdf
11. Everson, M. (2010b). Proposal for encoding the Palmyrene script in the SMP of the UCS. Retrieved February 17, 2024, from unicode.org website: https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10255r2-n3867.pdf
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14. Everson, M. (2008). Proposal for encoding the Mandaic script in the BMP of the UCS. Retrieved February 17, 2024, from escholarship.org website: https://escholarship.org/content/qt88d6z55j/qt88d6z55j.pdf?t=q4riyg
15. Allen, J. P. (2014). Middle Egyptian: An introduction to the language and culture of hieroglyphs. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
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17. Davidson, L. (2022, March 18). How the Phoenician Alphabet Revolutionised Language. Retrieved February 17, 2024, from historyhit.com website: https://www.historyhit.com/how-the-phoenician-alphabet-revolutionised-language/
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22. Ackroyd, P. A., & Evans, C. F. (Eds.). (1975). The Cambridge history of the bible: From the beginnings to Jerome volume 1. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
23. Haberl, C. (2006). Iranian scripts for Aramaic languages: The origin of the Mandaic script. doi:10.7282/T37D2SGZ
24. Marshall, J. (Ed.). (1996). Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization. New Delhi, India: Asian Educational Services.
25. Paranavitana, S., & Van Lohuizen-De Leeuw, L. P. J. E. (1978). Studies in South Asian Culture: Senarat Paranavitana Commemoration Volume. Brill Academic.
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