maˈtʼuww

Writing Scripts Descended from Egyptian Hieroglyphs

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Palmyrene

𐡶𐡣𐡬𐡥𐡴

Abjad¹
1 c. BCE - 3 c. CE¹

Right-to-left¹

Palmyrene

Languages¹

Palmyrene Aramaic

Places¹

Palmyrene Empire (modern day Syria, Turkey, and Egypt)

Abecedary^?1

Palmyrene letter Aleph × Palmyrene letter Aleph 𐡠 𐡠𐡫𐡱 ʾ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).	Palmyrene letter Beth × Palmyrene letter Beth 𐡡 𐡡𐡶 b Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).	Palmyrene letter Gimel × Palmyrene letter Gimel 𐡢‎ 𐡢𐡬𐡫 g Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).	Palmyrene letter Daleth × Palmyrene letter Daleth 𐡣 𐡣𐡫𐡶 d Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).	Palmyrene letter He × Palmyrene letter He 𐡤 𐡤 h Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).
Palmyrene letter Waw × Palmyrene letter Waw 𐡥‎ 𐡥𐡥 w Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).	Palmyrene letter Zayin × Palmyrene letter Zayin 𐡦 𐡦𐡩𐡣 z Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).	Palmyrene letter Heth × Palmyrene letter Heth 𐡧 𐡧𐡶 ḥ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).	Palmyrene letter Teth × Palmyrene letter Teth 𐡨 𐡨𐡶 ṭ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).	Palmyrene letter Yodh × Palmyrene letter Yodh 𐡩 𐡩𐡣 j Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).
Palmyrene letter Kaph × Palmyrene letter Kaph 𐡪 𐡪𐡱 k Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).	Palmyrene letter Lamedh × Palmyrene letter Lamedh 𐡫 𐡫𐡬𐡣 l Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).	Palmyrene letter Mem × Palmyrene letter Mem 𐡬 𐡬𐡬 m Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).	Palmyrene letter Nun × Palmyrene letter Nun 𐡮 𐡮𐡭 n Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).	Palmyrene letter Nun (final) × Palmyrene letter Nun (final) 𐡭 𐡮𐡭 n Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).
Palmyrene letter Samekh × Palmyrene letter Samekh 𐡯 𐡯𐡬𐡪 s Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).	Palmyrene letter Ayin × Palmyrene letter Ayin 𐡰 𐡰𐡦𐡭 ʿ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).	Palmyrene letter Pe × Palmyrene letter Pe 𐡱 𐡱 p Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).	Palmyrene letter Sadhe × Palmyrene letter Sadhe 𐡲 𐡲𐡣 ṣ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).	Palmyrene letter Qoph × Palmyrene letter Qoph 𐡳 𐡳𐡱 q Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).
Palmyrene letter Res × Palmyrene letter Res 𐡴 𐡴𐡵 r Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).	Palmyrene letter Shin × Palmyrene letter Shin 𐡵 𐡵𐡭 š Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).	Palmyrene letter Taw × Palmyrene letter Taw 𐡶 𐡶𐡥 t Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).

Epigraphy²

Pal_Epi01

Palmyerene Limestone bust (c. 150 - 200 CE) of "Malkat, daughter of Aid'an" (description - here)

Script comparison^1,3-20

Writing Script		Head of ox		House plan		Throw stick		Nile tilapia			Man with arms raised				Pear shaped mace				Two diagonal strokes	Plan of rectangular enclosure		Heart and trachea		Arm with downward facing palm		Hand	Crook	Water ripple	Cobra			Reed column		Eye		Mouth	Rush with shoots			Cord on stick	Head	Bow						Crossed sticks
Egyptian Hieroglyphs	Logography 32 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1 𓃾 Head of Ox Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: ka		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1 𓉐 House plan Phonogram pr for: pr “house” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: per		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14 𓌙 Throw stick Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/ Conventional Anglicisation: qema Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/ Conventional Anglicisation: aam		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1 𓆛 Bulti fish Phonogram in for: int “bulti”			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28 𓀠 Man with arms raised Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3 𓌉 Pear shaped mace Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”				Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4 𓏭 Two diagonal strokes Determinative for duality	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. 06 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6 𓉗 Plan of rectangular enclosure Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: hut		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35 𓄤 Heart and windpipe Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/ Conventional Anglicisation: nefer		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42 𓂣 Arm with downward facing palm Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/ Conventional Anglicisation: meh		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46 𓂧 Hand Phonogram d Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/ Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: djeret	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39 𓋿 Crook Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/ Conventional Anglicisation: aut	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35 𓈖 Water ripple Phonogram n Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10 𓆓 Cobra Phonogram ḏ Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11 𓊽 Reed column Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/ Conventional Anglicisation: djed		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4 𓁹 Eye Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/ Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/ Conventional Anglicisation: iri Ideogram for: jrt “eye” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: iret		Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21 𓂋 Mouth Phonogram r Ideogram for: r “mouth” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22 𓇑 Rush with roots Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet			Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24 𓎗 Cord on stick Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree” Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/ Conventional Anglicisation: wedj	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1 𓁶 Head Phonogram tp Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/ Conventional Anglicisation: tepw	Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a 𓌓 Bow Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow” Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/ Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/ Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/ Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/ Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet						Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 × Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9 𓏴 Crossed sticks Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”
Imperial Aramaic (Parent)	Abjad 8 c. BCE - 7 c. CE	Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph × Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph 𐡀 𐡀𐡐𐡓 ʾ IPA: /ʔ/; /aː/, /eː/ Derived from Phoenician letter ʾālep (𐤀).		Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth × Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth 𐡁 𐡁𐡕 b IPA: /b/, /v/ Derived from Phoenician letter Bēt (𐤁).		Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal × Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal 𐡂 𐡂𐡌𐡋 g IPA: /ɡ/, /ɣ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Gīml (𐤂).		Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath × Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath 𐡃 𐡃𐡋𐡕 d IPA: /d/, /ð/ Derived from Phoenician letter Dālet (𐤃).			Imperial Aramaic letter Hē × Imperial Aramaic letter Hē 𐡄 𐡄 h IPA: /h/ Derived from Phoenician letter He (𐤄).				Imperial Aramaic letter Waw × Imperial Aramaic letter Waw 𐡅 𐡅𐡅 w IPA: /w/; /oː/, /uː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Wāw (𐤅).				Imperial Aramaic letter Zain × Imperial Aramaic letter Zain 𐡆 𐡆𐡉𐡍 z IPA: /z/ Derived from Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆).	Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth × Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth 𐡇 𐡇𐡕 ḥ IPA: /ħ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Hēt (𐤇).		Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth × Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth 𐡈 𐡈𐡕 ṭ IPA: /tˤ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṭēt (𐤈).		Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh × Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh 𐡉 𐡉𐡃 j IPA: /j/; /iː/, /eː/ Derived from Phoenician letter Yod (𐤉).		Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph × Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph 𐡊 𐡊𐡐 k IPA: /k/, /x/ Derived from Phoenician letter Kāp (𐤊).	Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh × Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh 𐡋 𐡋𐡌𐡃 l IPA: /l/ Derived from Phoenician letter Lāmed (𐤋).	Imperial Aramaic letter Mem × Imperial Aramaic letter Mem 𐡌 𐡌𐡌 m IPA: /m/ Derived from Phoenician letter Mēm (𐤌).	Imperial Aramaic letter Nun × Imperial Aramaic letter Nun 𐡍 𐡍𐡍 n IPA: /n/ Derived from Phoenician letter Nūn (𐤍).			Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath × Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath 𐡎 𐡎𐡌𐡊 s IPA: /s/ Derived from Phoenician letter Śāmek (𐤎).		Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin × Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin 𐡏 𐡏𐡉𐡍 ʿ IPA: /ʕ/ Derived from Phoenician letter ʿayin (𐤏).		Imperial Aramaic letter Pē × Imperial Aramaic letter Pē 𐡐 𐡐 p IPA: /p/, /f/ Derived from Phoenician letter Pē (𐤐).	Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē × Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē 𐡑 𐡑𐡃 ṣ IPA: /sˤ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Ṩādē (𐤑).			Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph × Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph 𐡒 𐡒𐡐 q IPA: /q/ Derived from Phoenician letter Qōp (𐤒).	Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš × Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš 𐡓 𐡓𐡔 r IPA: /r/ Derived from Phoenician letter Rēs/Resh (𐤓).	Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn × Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn 𐡔 𐡔𐡍 š IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Šīn (𐤔).						Imperial Aramaic letter Taw × Imperial Aramaic letter Taw 𐡕 𐡕𐡅 t IPA: /t/, /θ/ Derived from Phoenician letter Tāw (𐤕).
Kharoṣṭhī (Sibling)	Abugida 4 c. BCE - 3 c. CE	Kharoṣṭhī letter A × Kharoṣṭhī letter A 𐨀 a IPA: /ə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).		Kharoṣṭhī letter Ba × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ba 𐨦 ba IPA: /bə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).		Kharoṣṭhī letter Ga × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ga 𐨒 ga IPA: /gə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).		Kharoṣṭhī letter Dha × Kharoṣṭhī letter Dha 𐨢 dha IPA: /dʰə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).			Kharoṣṭhī letter Ha × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ha 𐨱 ha IPA: /hə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).				Kharoṣṭhī letter Va × Kharoṣṭhī letter Va 𐨬 va IPA: /ʋə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).				Kharoṣṭhī letter Ja × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ja 𐨗 ja IPA: /ɟə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).	Kharoṣṭhī letter Gha × Kharoṣṭhī letter Gha 𐨓 gha IPA: /gʰə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).		Kharoṣṭhī letter Tha × Kharoṣṭhī letter Tha 𐨠 tha IPA: /tʰə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).		Kharoṣṭhī letter Ya × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ya 𐨩 ya IPA: /jə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).		Kharoṣṭhī letter Ka × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ka 𐨐 ka IPA: /kə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).	Kharoṣṭhī letter La × Kharoṣṭhī letter La 𐨫 la IPA: /lə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).	Kharoṣṭhī letter Ma × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ma 𐨨 ma IPA: /mə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).	Kharoṣṭhī letter Na × Kharoṣṭhī letter Na 𐨣 na IPA: /nə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).			Kharoṣṭhī letter Śa × Kharoṣṭhī letter Śa 𐨭 śa IPA: /ɕə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).				Kharoṣṭhī letter Pa × Kharoṣṭhī letter Pa 𐨤 pa IPA: /pə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).	Kharoṣṭhī letter Sa × Kharoṣṭhī letter Sa 𐨯 sa IPA: /sə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).			Kharoṣṭhī letter Kha × Kharoṣṭhī letter Kha 𐨑 kha IPA: /kʰə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).	Kharoṣṭhī letter Ra × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ra 𐨪 ra IPA: /rə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).	Kharoṣṭhī letter Ṣa × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ṣa 𐨮 ṣa IPA: /ʂə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).						Kharoṣṭhī letter Ta × Kharoṣṭhī letter Ta 𐨟 ta IPA: /tə/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).
Early/Ashokan Brahmi (Sibling)	Abugida 3 c. BCE - 1 c. CE	Early Brahmi letter A × Early Brahmi letter A 𑀅 a IPA: /ɐ/ Likely derived from a variant of Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).		Early Brahmi letter Ba × Early Brahmi letter Ba 𑀩 ba IPA: /bɐ/ Likely derived from Classical Nabataean letter Bēth (final) (𐢂), with a closing back stroke.	Early Brahmi letter Bha × Early Brahmi letter Bha 𑀪 bha IPA: /bʱɐ/ Likely derived from Classical Nabataean letter Bēth (final) (𐢂), rotated and with a hook to represent the aspirate.	Early Brahmi letter Ga × Early Brahmi letter Ga 𑀕 ga IPA: /gɐ/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).		Early Brahmi letter Ḍa × Early Brahmi letter Ḍa 𑀟 ḍa IPA: /ɖɐ/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃), reversed.	Early Brahmi letter Dha × Early Brahmi letter Dha 𑀥 dha IPA: /d̪ʱɐ/ Likely derived from a rounded variant of Modern Greek letter Delta (Δ).		Early Brahmi letter Ha × Early Brahmi letter Ha 𑀳 ha IPA: /ɦɐ/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄), reversed and upside down.				Early Brahmi letter U × Early Brahmi letter U 𑀉 u IPA: /u/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅), reversed and upside down.	Early Brahmi letter Va × Early Brahmi letter Va 𑀯 va IPA: /wɐ/, /ʋɐ/ Likely derived from a variant of Classical Nabataean letter Waw (𐢈).		Early Brahmi letter Ja × Early Brahmi letter Ja 𑀚 ja IPA: /ɟɐ/ Likely derived from a variant of Phoenician letter Zajin/Zayin (𐤆).	Early Brahmi letter Jha × Early Brahmi letter Jha 𑀛 jha IPA: /ɟʱɐ/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆), with an upper hook to the right to represent the aspirate.			Early Brahmi letter Ṭha × Early Brahmi letter Ṭha 𑀞 ṭha IPA: /ʈʰɐ/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).	Early Brahmi letter Tha × Early Brahmi letter Tha 𑀣 tha IPA: /t̪ʰɐ/ Likely derived from a variant of Modern Greek letter Theta (Θ).	Early Brahmi letter Ya × Early Brahmi letter Ya 𑀬 ya IPA: /jɐ/ Likely derived from Phoenician letter Yod (𐤉), upside down with an extension of the middle projection.		Early Brahmi letter Ka × Early Brahmi letter Ka 𑀓 ka IPA: /kɐ/ Likely derived from a variant of Modern Greek letter Chi (Χ).	Early Brahmi letter La × Early Brahmi letter La 𑀮 la IPA: /lɐ/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋), reversed.	Early Brahmi letter Ma × Early Brahmi letter Ma 𑀫 ma IPA: /mɐ/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌), with the top closed in a loop and turned upside down.	Early Brahmi letter Ña × Early Brahmi letter Ña 𑀜 ña IPA: /ɲɐ/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).	Early Brahmi letter Ṅa × Early Brahmi letter Ṅa 𑀗 ṅa IPA: /ŋɐ/ Likely derived from Hebrew letter Nun (נ), reversed.	Early Brahmi letter Na × Early Brahmi letter Na 𑀦 na IPA: /nɐ/ Likely derived from a variant of Classical Nabataean letter Nun (𐢕).			Early Brahmi letter E × Early Brahmi letter E 𑀏 e IPA: /eː/ Likely derived from a triangular variant of Phoenician letter ʿayin (𐤏).	Early Brahmi letter Gha × Early Brahmi letter Gha 𑀖 gha IPA: /ɡʱɐ/ Likely derived from a variant of Late Nabataean letter Ayin.	Early Brahmi letter Ṣa × Early Brahmi letter Ṣa 𑀱 ṣa IPA: /ʂɐ/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐), rotated and upside down.	Early Brahmi letter Sa × Early Brahmi letter Sa 𑀧 sa IPA: /sɐ/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑), upside down, reversed, with a horizontal midline extension to the right.	Early Brahmi letter Ca × Early Brahmi letter Ca 𑀲 ca IPA: /cɐ/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑), upside down, eversed, with the elongation of a hook to the left.	Early Brahmi letter Pa × Early Brahmi letter Pa 𑀘 pa IPA: /pɐ/ Likely derived from Classical Nabataean letter Ṩādhē (𐢙), upside down.	Early Brahmi letter Kha × Early Brahmi letter Kha 𑀔 kha IPA: /kʰɐ/ Likely derived from Classical Nabataean letter Qoph (𐢚), reversed and upside down.	Early Brahmi letter Ra × Early Brahmi letter Ra 𑀭 ra IPA: /rɐ/ Likely derived from Classical Nabataean letter Rēš.	Early Brahmi letter Śa × Early Brahmi letter Śa 𑀰 śa IPA: /ɕɐ/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔), upside down with slight adjustment of the middle extension.						Early Brahmi letter Ta × Early Brahmi letter Ta 𑀢 ta IPA: /t̪ɐ/ Likely derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).
Hebrew (Sibling)	Abjad c. 2/1 BCE - Present	Hebrew letter Alef × Hebrew letter Alef א אָלֶף a IPA: [a] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀). Numerical value: 1		Hebrew letter Bet × Hebrew letter Bet ב בֵית v IPA: [v] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁). Numerical value: 2		Hebrew letter Gimel × Hebrew letter Gimel ג גִימֵל g IPA: [ɣ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂). Numerical value: 3		Hebrew letter Dalet × Hebrew letter Dalet ד דָלֶת d IPA: [ð] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃). Numerical value: 4			Hebrew letter He × Hebrew letter He ה הֵא h IPA: [h]~[e] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄). Numerical value: 5				Hebrew letter Vav × Hebrew letter Vav ו וָו v IPA: [v] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅). Numerical value: 6				Hebrew letter Zayin × Hebrew letter Zayin ז זַיִן z IPA: [z] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆). Numerical value: 7	Hebrew letter Chet × Hebrew letter Chet ח חֵית ch IPA: [χ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇). Numerical value: 8		Hebrew letter Tet × Hebrew letter Tet ט טֵית t IPA: [t] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈). Numerical value: 9		Hebrew letter Yod × Hebrew letter Yod י יוֹד y IPA: [j] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉). Numerical value: 10		Hebrew letter Kaf × Hebrew letter Kaf כ כַף k IPA: [χ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊). Numerical value: 20 Hebrew letter Kaf (final) × Hebrew letter Kaf (final) ך כַף סוֹפִית k IPA: [x]~[χ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊). Numerical value: 20 or 500	Hebrew letter Lamed × Hebrew letter Lamed ל לָמֶד l IPA: [l] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋). Numerical value: 30	Hebrew letter Mem × Hebrew letter Mem מ מֵם m IPA: [m] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌). Numerical value: 40 Hebrew letter Mem (final) × Hebrew letter Mem (final) ם מֵם סוֹפִית m IPA: [m] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌). Numerical value: 40 or 600	Hebrew letter Nun × Hebrew letter Nun נ נוּן n IPA: [n] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍). Numerical value: 50 Hebrew letter Nun (final) × Hebrew letter Nun (final) ן נוּן סוֹפִית n IPA: [n] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍). Numerical value: 50 or 700			Hebrew letter Samekh × Hebrew letter Samekh ס סָמֶךְ s IPA: [s] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎). Numerical value: 60		Hebrew letter Ayin × Hebrew letter Ayin ע עַיִן ʿ IPA: [o]~[ō], ∅ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏). Numerical value: 70		Hebrew letter Pe × Hebrew letter Pe פ פֵא f IPA: [f] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐). Numerical value: 80 Hebrew letter Pe (final) × Hebrew letter Pe (final) ף פֵא סוֹפִית f IPA: [f] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐). Numerical value: 80 or 800	Hebrew letter Tsadi × Hebrew letter Tsadi צ צָדִי ts IPA: [ts] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑). Numerical value: 90 Hebrew letter Tsadi (final) × Hebrew letter Tsadi (final) ץ צָדִי סוֹפִית ts IPA: [ts] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑). Numerical value: 90 or 900			Hebrew letter Qof × Hebrew letter Qof ק קוֹף k IPA: [k] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒). Numerical value: 100	Hebrew letter Resh × Hebrew letter Resh ר רֵישׁ r IPA: [ʁ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓). Numerical value: 200	Hebrew letter Shin × Hebrew letter Shin ש שִׁׂי sh IPA: [ʃ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔). Numerical value: 300						Hebrew letter Tav × Hebrew letter Tav ת תָו t IPA: [t] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕). Numerical value: 400
Inscriptional Parthian (Sibling)	Abjad 2 c. BCE - 3 c. CE	Inscriptional Parthian letter Aleph × Inscriptional Parthian letter Aleph 𐭀 𐭀𐭋𐭐 ʾ IPA: /a/, /aː/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).		Inscriptional Parthian letter Beth × Inscriptional Parthian letter Beth 𐭁 𐭁𐭕 b IPA: /b/, /v/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).		Inscriptional Parthian letter Gimel × Inscriptional Parthian letter Gimel 𐭂 𐭂𐭐𐭋 g IPA: /g/, /j/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).		Inscriptional Parthian letter Daleth × Inscriptional Parthian letter Daleth 𐭃 𐭃𐭋𐭕 d IPA: /d/, /j/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).			Inscriptional Parthian letter He × Inscriptional Parthian letter He 𐭄 𐭄 h IPA: /h/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).				Inscriptional Parthian letter Waw × Inscriptional Parthian letter Waw 𐭅 𐭅𐭅 w IPA: /v/, /r/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).				Inscriptional Parthian letter Zayin × Inscriptional Parthian letter Zayin 𐭆 𐭆𐭉𐭍 z IPA: /z/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).	Inscriptional Parthian letter Heth × Inscriptional Parthian letter Heth 𐭇 𐭇𐭕 h IPA: /h/, /x/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).		Inscriptional Parthian letter Teth × Inscriptional Parthian letter Teth 𐭈 𐭈𐭕 t IPA: /t/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).		Inscriptional Parthian letter Yodh × Inscriptional Parthian letter Yodh 𐭉 𐭉𐭃 j IPA: /j/, /ĕː/, /ĭː/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).		Inscriptional Parthian letter Kaph × Inscriptional Parthian letter Kaph 𐭊 𐭊𐭐 k IPA: /k/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).	Inscriptional Parthian letter Lamadh × Inscriptional Parthian letter Lamadh 𐭋 𐭋𐭌𐭃 l IPA: /l/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).	Inscriptional Parthian letter Mem × Inscriptional Parthian letter Mem 𐭌 𐭌𐭌 m IPA: /m/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).	Inscriptional Parthian letter Nun × Inscriptional Parthian letter Nun 𐭍 𐭍𐭍 n IPA: /n/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).			Inscriptional Parthian letter Samekh × Inscriptional Parthian letter Samekh 𐭎 𐭎𐭌𐭊 s IPA: /s/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).		Inscriptional Parthian letter Ayin × Inscriptional Parthian letter Ayin 𐭏 𐭏𐭉𐭃 ʿ IPA: /ʔ/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).		Inscriptional Parthian letter Pe × Inscriptional Parthian letter Pe 𐭐 𐭐 p IPA: /p/, /b/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).	Inscriptional Parthian letter Sadhe × Inscriptional Parthian letter Sadhe 𐭑 𐭑𐭃 s IPA: /s/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).			Inscriptional Parthian letter Qoph × Inscriptional Parthian letter Qoph 𐭒 𐭒𐭐 q IPA: /q/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).	Inscriptional Parthian letter Resh × Inscriptional Parthian letter Resh 𐭓 𐭓𐭔 r IPA: /r/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).	Inscriptional Parthian letter Shin × Inscriptional Parthian letter Shin 𐭔 𐭔𐭍 sh IPA: /ʃ/, /ʒ/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).						Inscriptional Parthian letter Taw × Inscriptional Parthian letter Taw 𐭕 𐭕𐭅 t IPA: /t/, /d/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).
Elymaic (Sibling)	Abjad 2 c. BCE - 3 c. CE	Elymaic letter Aleph × Elymaic letter Aleph 𐿠 𐿠𐿫𐿰 ʾ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).		Elymaic letter Beth × Elymaic letter Beth 𐿡 𐿡𐿵 b Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).		Elymaic letter Gimel × Elymaic letter Gimel 𐿢‎ 𐿢𐿬𐿫 g Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).		Elymaic letter Daleth × Elymaic letter Daleth 𐿣 𐿣𐿫𐿵 d Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).			Elymaic letter He × Elymaic letter He 𐿤 𐿤 h Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).				Elymaic letter Waw × Elymaic letter Waw 𐿥 𐿥𐿥 w Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).				Elymaic letter Zayin × Elymaic letter Zayin 𐿦 𐿦𐿩𐿭 z Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).	Elymaic letter Heth × Elymaic letter Heth 𐿧 𐿧𐿵 ḥ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).		Elymaic letter Teth × Elymaic letter Teth 𐿨 𐿨𐿵 ṭ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).		Elymaic letter Yodh × Elymaic letter Yodh 𐿩 𐿩𐿣 j Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).		Elymaic letter Kaph × Elymaic letter Kaph 𐿪 𐿪𐿰 k Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).	Elymaic letter Lamedh × Elymaic letter Lamedh 𐿫 𐿫𐿬𐿣 l Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).	Elymaic letter Mem × Elymaic letter Mem 𐿬 𐿬𐿬 m Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).	Elymaic letter Nun × Elymaic letter Nun 𐿭 𐿭𐿭 n Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).			Elymaic letter Samekh × Elymaic letter Samekh 𐿮 𐿮𐿬𐿪 s Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).		Elymaic letter Ayin × Elymaic letter Ayin 𐿯 𐿯𐿩𐿭 ʿ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).		Elymaic letter Pe × Elymaic letter Pe 𐿰 𐿰 p Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).	Elymaic letter Sadhe × Elymaic letter Sadhe 𐿱 𐿱𐿣 ṣ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).			Elymaic letter Qoph × Elymaic letter Qoph 𐿲 𐿲𐿰 q Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).	Elymaic letter Res × Elymaic letter Res 𐿳 𐿳𐿴 r Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).	Elymaic letter Shin × Elymaic letter Shin 𐿴 𐿴𐿭 š Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).						Elymaic letter Taw × Elymaic letter Taw 𐿵 𐿵𐿥 t Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).
Classical Nabataean (Sibling)	Abjad 2 c. BCE - 4 c. CE	Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph × Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph 𐢁 𐢁𐢑𐢘 ʾ IPA: [ʔ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀). Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph (final) 𐢀 𐢁𐢑𐢘 ʾ IPA: [ʔ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).		Classical Nabataean letter Bēth × Classical Nabataean letter Bēth 𐢃 𐢃𐢞 b IPA: [b] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁). Classical Nabataean letter Bēth (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Bēth (final) 𐢂 𐢃𐢞 b IPA: [b] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).		Classical Nabataean letter Gāmal × Classical Nabataean letter Gāmal 𐢄 𐢄𐢓𐢐 g IPA: [ɡ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).		Classical Nabataean letter Dālath × Classical Nabataean letter Dālath 𐢅 𐢅𐢑𐢞 d IPA: [d] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).			Classical Nabataean letter Hē × Classical Nabataean letter Hē 𐢇 𐢇 h IPA: [h] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄). Classical Nabataean letter Hē (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Hē (final) 𐢆 𐢇 h IPA: [h] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).				Classical Nabataean letter Waw × Classical Nabataean letter Waw 𐢈 w IPA: [w] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).				Classical Nabataean letter Zain × Classical Nabataean letter Zain 𐢉 𐢉𐢍𐢔 z IPA: [z] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).	Classical Nabataean letter Khēth × Classical Nabataean letter Khēth 𐢊 𐢊𐢞 ḥ IPA: [ħ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).		Classical Nabataean letter Ṭēth × Classical Nabataean letter Ṭēth 𐢋 𐢋𐢞 ṭ IPA: [tˤ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).		Classical Nabataean letter Iodh × Classical Nabataean letter Iodh 𐢍 𐢍𐢅 y IPA: [j] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉). Classical Nabataean letter Iodh (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Iodh (final) 𐢌 𐢍𐢅 y IPA: [j] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).		Classical Nabataean letter Kāph × Classical Nabataean letter Kāph 𐢏 𐢏𐢘 k IPA: [k] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊). Classical Nabataean letter Kāph (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Kāph (final) 𐢎 𐢏𐢘 k IPA: [k] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).	Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh × Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh 𐢑 𐢑𐢓𐢅 l IPA: [l] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋). Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh (final) 𐢐 𐢑𐢓𐢅 l IPA: [l] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).	Classical Nabataean letter Mem × Classical Nabataean letter Mem 𐢓 𐢓𐢒 m IPA: [m] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌). Classical Nabataean letter Mem (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Mem (final) 𐢒 𐢓𐢒 m IPA: [m] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).	Classical Nabataean letter Nun × Classical Nabataean letter Nun 𐢕 𐢕𐢔 n IPA: [n] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍). Classical Nabataean letter Nun (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Nun (final) 𐢔 𐢕𐢔 n IPA: [n] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).			Classical Nabataean letter Semkath × Classical Nabataean letter Semkath 𐢖 𐢖𐢓𐢎 ś IPA: [s] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).		Classical Nabataean letter Ayin × Classical Nabataean letter Ayin 𐢗 𐢗𐢍𐢔 ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).		Classical Nabataean letter Pē × Classical Nabataean letter Pē 𐢘 𐢘 p IPA: [p] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).	Classical Nabataean letter Ṩādhē × Classical Nabataean letter Ṩādhē 𐢙 𐢙𐢅 ṣ IPA: [sˤ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).			Classical Nabataean letter Qoph × Classical Nabataean letter Qoph 𐢚 𐢚𐢘 q IPA: [q] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).	Classical Nabataean letter Rēš × Classical Nabataean letter Rēš 𐢛 𐢛𐢜 r IPA: [r] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).	Classical Nabataean letter Šīn × Classical Nabataean letter Šīn 𐢝 𐢝𐢔 š IPA: [ʃ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔). Classical Nabataean letter Šīn (final) × Classical Nabataean letter Šīn (final) 𐢜 𐢝𐢔 š IPA: [ʃ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).						Classical Nabataean letter Taw × Classical Nabataean letter Taw 𐢞 𐢞𐢈 t IPA: [t] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).
Hatran (Sibling)	Abjad c. 98 BCE - 240 CE	Hatran letter Aleph × Hatran letter Aleph 𐣠 𐣠𐣫𐣰 ʾ IPA: [ʔ], ∅ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).		Hatran letter Beth × Hatran letter Beth 𐣡 𐣡𐣵 hard: b, soft: ḇ IPA: hard: [b], soft: [v] or [w] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).		Hatran letter Gimel × Hatran letter Gimel 𐣢‎ 𐣢𐣬𐣫 hard: g, soft: ḡ IPA: hard: [ɡ], soft: [ɣ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).		Hatran letter Daleth × Hatran letter Daleth 𐣣 𐣣𐣫𐣵 hard: d, soft: ḏ IPA: hard: [d], soft: [ð] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).			Hatran letter He × Hatran letter He 𐣤 𐣤 h IPA: [h] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).				Hatran letter Waw × Hatran letter Waw 𐣥 𐣥𐣥 consonant: w, mater lectionis: ū or ō IPA: consonant: [w], mater lectionis: [u] or [o] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).				Hatran letter Zayin × Hatran letter Zayin 𐣦 𐣦𐣩𐣭 z IPA: [z] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).	Hatran letter Heth × Hatran letter Heth 𐣧 𐣧𐣵 ḥ IPA: [ħ], [x], or [χ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).		Hatran letter Teth × Hatran letter Teth 𐣨 𐣨𐣵 ṭ IPA: [tˤ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).		Hatran letter Yodh × Hatran letter Yodh 𐣩 𐣩𐣣 consonant: y, mater lectionis: ī IPA: consonant: [j], mater lectionis: [i] or [e] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).		Hatran letter Kaph × Hatran letter Kaph 𐣪‎ 𐣪𐣰 hard: k, soft: ḵ IPA: hard: [k], soft: [x] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).	Hatran letter Lamedh × Hatran letter Lamedh 𐣫 𐣫𐣬𐣣 l IPA: [l] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).	Hatran letter Mem × Hatran letter Mem 𐣬 𐣬𐣬 m IPA: [m] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).	Hatran letter Nun × Hatran letter Nun 𐣭 𐣭𐣭 n IPA: [n] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).			Hatran letter Samekh × Hatran letter Samekh 𐣮 𐣮𐣬𐣪 s IPA: [s] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).		Hatran letter Ayin × Hatran letter Ayin 𐣯 𐣯𐣩𐣭 ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).		Hatran letter Pe × Hatran letter Pe 𐣰 𐣰 hard: p, soft: p̄ IPA: hard: [p], soft: [f] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).	Hatran letter Sadhe × Hatran letter Sadhe 𐣱 𐣱𐣣 ṣ IPA: [sˤ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).			Hatran letter Qoph × Hatran letter Qoph 𐣲 𐣲𐣰 q IPA: [q] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).	Hatran letter Res × Hatran letter Res 𐣣 𐣣𐣴 r IPA: [r] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).	Hatran letter Shin × Hatran letter Shin 𐣴 𐣴𐣭 š IPA: [ʃ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).						Hatran letter Taw × Hatran letter Taw 𐣵 𐣵𐣥 hard: t, soft: ṯ IPA: hard: [t], soft: [θ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).
Syriac (Sibling)	Abjad 1 c. CE - Present	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʾĀlep̄ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʾĀlep̄ ܐ ܐܠܦ ʾ, ∅, mater lectionis: ā IPA: [ʔ], ∅, mater lectionis: [ɑ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀). Numerical value: 1 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʾĀlap̄ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʾĀlep̄ ܐ ܐܠܦ ʾ, ∅, mater lectionis: ā IPA: [ʔ], ∅, mater lectionis: [ɑ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀). Numerical value: 1 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter ʾĀlap̄/Olaf × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter ʾĀlap̄/Olaf ʾ, ∅, mater lectionis: ā IPA: [ʔ], ∅, mater lectionis: [ɑ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀). Numerical value: 1		ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Bēṯ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Bēṯ ܒ ܒܝܬ hard: b, soft: ḇ (also bh, v or β) IPA: hard: [b], soft: [v] or [w] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁). Numerical value: 2 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Bēṯ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Bēṯ ܒ ܒܝܬ hard: b, soft: ḇ (also bh, v or β) IPA: hard: [b], soft: [v] or [w] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁). Numerical value: 2 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Bēṯ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Bēṯ hard: b, soft: ḇ (also bh, v or β) IPA: hard: [b], soft: [v] or [w] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁). Numerical value: 2		ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Gāmal × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Gāmal ܓ ܓܡܠ hard: g, soft: ḡ (also g̱, gh, ġ or γ) IPA: hard: [ɡ], soft: [ɣ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂). Numerical value: 3 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Gāmal × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Gāmal ܓ ܓܡܠ hard: g, soft: ḡ (also g̱, gh, ġ or γ) IPA: hard: [ɡ], soft: [ɣ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂). Numerical value: 3 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Gāmal × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Gāmal hard: g, soft: ḡ (also g̱, gh, ġ or γ) IPA: hard: [ɡ], soft: [ɣ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂). Numerical value: 3		ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Dālaṯ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Dālaṯ ܕ ܕܠܬ hard: d, soft: ḏ (also dh, ð or δ) IPA: hard: [d], soft: [ð] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃). Numerical value: 4 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Dālaṯ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Dālaṯ ܕ ܕܠܬ hard: d, soft: ḏ (also dh, ð or δ) IPA: hard: [d], soft: [ð] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃). Numerical value: 4 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Dālaṯ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Dālaṯ hard: d, soft: ḏ (also dh, ð or δ) IPA: hard: [d], soft: [ð] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃). Numerical value: 4			ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Hē × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Hē ܗ ܗܐ h IPA: [h] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄). Numerical value: 5 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Hē × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Hē ܗ ܗܐ h IPA: [h] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄). Numerical value: 5 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Hē × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Hē h IPA: [h] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄). Numerical value: 5				ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Waw × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Waw ܘ ܘܘ consonant: w, mater lectionis: ū or ō (also u or o) IPA: consonant: [w], mater lectionis: [u] or [o] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅). Numerical value: 6 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Waw × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Waw ܘ ܘܘ consonant: w, mater lectionis: ū or ō (also u or o) IPA: consonant: [w], mater lectionis: [u] or [o] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅). Numerical value: 6 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Waw × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Waw consonant: w, mater lectionis: ū or ō (also u or o) IPA: consonant: [w], mater lectionis: [u] or [o] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅). Numerical value: 6				ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Zayn × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Zayn ܙ ܙܝܢ z IPA: [z] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆). Numerical value: 7 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Zayn × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Zayn ܙ ܙܝܢ z IPA: [z] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆). Numerical value: 7 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Zayn × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Zayn z IPA: [z] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆). Numerical value: 7	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ḥēṯ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ḥēṯ ܚ ܛܝܬ ḥ (also H, kh, x or ħ) IPA: [ħ], [x] or [χ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇). Numerical value: 8 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ḥēṯ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ḥēṯ ܚ ܛܝܬ ḥ (also H, kh, x or ħ) IPA: [ħ], [x] or [χ] Numerical value: 8 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ḥēṯ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ḥēṯ ḥ (also H, kh, x or ħ) IPA: [ħ], [x] or [χ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇). Numerical value: 8		ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṭēṯ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṭēṯ ܛ ܛܝܬ ṭ (also T or ţ) IPA: [tˤ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈). Numerical value: 9 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ṭēṯ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ṭēṯ ܛ ܛܝܬ ṭ (also T or ţ) IPA: [tˤ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈). Numerical value: 9 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ṭēṯ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ṭēṯ/h3> ṭ (also T or ţ) IPA: [tˤ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈). Numerical value: 9		ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Yōḏ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Yōḏ ܝ ܝܘܕ consonant: y, mater lectionis: ī (also i) IPA: consonant: [j], mater lectionis: [i] or [e] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉). Numerical value: 10 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Yōḏ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Yōḏ ܝ ܝܘܕ consonant: y, mater lectionis: ī (also i) IPA: consonant: [j], mater lectionis: [i] or [e] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉). Numerical value: 10 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Yōḏ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Yōḏ consonant: y, mater lectionis: ī (also i) IPA: consonant: [j], mater lectionis: [i] or [e] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉). Numerical value: 10		ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Kāp̄ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Kāp̄ ܟ ܟܦ hard: k, soft: ḵ (also kh or x) IPA: hard: [k], soft: [x] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊). Numerical value: 20 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Kāp̄ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Kāp̄ ܟ ܟܦ hard: k, soft: ḵ (also kh or x) IPA: hard: [k], soft: [x] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊). Numerical value: 20 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Kāp̄ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Kāp̄ hard: k, soft: ḵ (also kh or x) IPA: hard: [k], soft: [x] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊). Numerical value: 20	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Lāmaḏ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Lāmaḏ ܠ ܠܡܕ l IPA: [l] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋). Numerical value: 30 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Lāmaḏ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Lāmaḏ ܠ ܠܡܕ l IPA: [l] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋). Numerical value: 30 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Lāmaḏ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Lāmaḏ l IPA: [l] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋). Numerical value: 30	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Mīm × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Mīm ܡ ܡܝܡ m IPA: [m] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌). Numerical value: 40 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Mīm × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Mīm ܡ ܡܝܡ m IPA: [m] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌). Numerical value: 40 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Mīm × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Mīm m IPA: [m] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌). Numerical value: 40	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Nūn × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Nūn ܢ ܢܘܢ n IPA: [n] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍). Numerical value: 50 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Nūn × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Nūn ܢ ܢܘܢ n IPA: [n] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍). Numerical value: 50 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Nūn × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Nūn n IPA: [n] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍). Numerical value: 50			ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Semkaṯ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Semkaṯ ܣ ܣܡܟܬ ś IPA: [s] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎). Numerical value: 60 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Semkaṯ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Semkaṯ ܣ ܣܡܟܬ ś IPA: [s] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎). Numerical value: 60 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Semkaṯ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Semkaṯ ś IPA: [s] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎). Numerical value: 60		ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʿĒ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʿĒ ܥ ܥܐ ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏). Numerical value: 70 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʿĒ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʿĒ ܥ ܥܐ ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏). Numerical value: 70 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter ʿĒ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter ʿĒ ʿ IPA: [ʕ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏). Numerical value: 70		ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Pē × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Pē ܦ ܦܐ hard: p, soft: p̄ (also p̱, ᵽ, ph or f) IPA: hard: [p], soft: [f] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐). Numerical value: 80 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Pē × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Pē ܦ ܦܐ hard: p, soft: p̄ (also p̱, ᵽ, ph or f) IPA: hard: [p], soft: [f] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐). Numerical value: 80 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Pē × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Pē hard: p, soft: p̄ (also p̱, ᵽ, ph or f) IPA: hard: [p], soft: [f] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐). Numerical value: 80	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṣāḏē × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṣāḏē ܨ ܨܕܐ ṣ (also S or ş) IPA: [sˤ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑). Numerical value: 90 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ṣāḏē × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ṣāḏē ܨ ܨܕܐ ṣ (also S or ş) IPA: [sˤ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑). Numerical value: 90 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ṣāḏē × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ṣāḏē ṣ (also S or ş) IPA: [sˤ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑). Numerical value: 90			ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Qōp̄ × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Qōp̄ ܩ ܩܘܦ q (also ḳ) IPA: [q] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒). Numerical value: 100 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Qōp̄ × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Qōp̄ ܩ ܩܘܦ q (also ḳ) IPA: [q] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒). Numerical value: 100 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Qōp̄ × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Qōp̄ q (also ḳ) IPA: [q] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒). Numerical value: 100	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Rēš × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Rēš ܪ ܪܝܫ r IPA: [r] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓). Numerical value: 200 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Rēš × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Rēš ܪ ܪܝܫ r IPA: [r] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓). Numerical value: 200 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Rēš × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Rēš r IPA: [r] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓). Numerical value: 200	ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Šīn × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Šīn ܫ ܫܝܢ š (also sh) IPA: [ʃ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔). Numerical value: 300 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Šīn × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Šīn ܫ ܫܝܢ š (also sh) IPA: [ʃ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔). Numerical value: 300 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Šīn × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Šīn š (also sh) IPA: [ʃ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔). Numerical value: 300						ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Taw × ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Taw ܬ ܬܘ hard: t, soft: ṯ (also th or θ) IPA: hard: [t], soft: [θ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕). Numerical value: 400 Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Taw × Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Taw ܬ ܬܘ hard: t, soft: ṯ (also th or θ) IPA: hard: [t], soft: [θ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕). Numerical value: 400 Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Taw × Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Taw hard: t, soft: ṯ (also th or θ) IPA: hard: [t], soft: [θ] Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕). Numerical value: 400
Sogdian (Sibling)	Abjad 1/2 c. CE - 11 c. CE	Old Sogdian letter Aleph × Old Sogdian letter Aleph 𐼀 ʾ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀). Cursive Sogdian letter Aleph × Cursive Sogdian letter Aleph 𐼰 ʾ Derived from Old Sogdian letter Aleph (𐼀).		Old Sogdian letter Beth × Old Sogdian letter Beth 𐼂 β Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁). Cursive Sogdian letter Beth × Cursive Sogdian letter Beth 𐼱 β Derived from Old Sogdian letter Beth (𐼂).		Old Sogdian letter Gimel × Old Sogdian letter Gimel 𐼄 γ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂). Cursive Sogdian letter Gimel × Cursive Sogdian letter Gimel 𐼲 γ Derived from Old Sogdian letter Gimel (𐼄).					Old Sogdian letter He × Old Sogdian letter He 𐼅 h Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄). Cursive Sogdian letter He × Cursive Sogdian letter He 𐼳 h Derived from Old Sogdian letter He (𐼅).				Old Sogdian letter Waw × Old Sogdian letter Waw 𐼇 w Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅). Cursive Sogdian letter Waw × Cursive Sogdian letter Waw 𐼴 w Derived from Old Sogdian letter Waw (𐼇).				Old Sogdian letter Zayn × Old Sogdian letter Zayn 𐼈 z Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆). Cursive Sogdian letter Zayn × Cursive Sogdian letter Zayn 𐼵 z Derived from Old Sogdian letter Zayn (𐼈).	Old Sogdian letter Heth × Old Sogdian letter Heth 𐼉 x Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇). Cursive Sogdian letter Heth × Cursive Sogdian letter Heth 𐼶 x Derived from Old Sogdian letter Heth (𐼉).				Old Sogdian letter Yodh × Old Sogdian letter Yodh 𐼊 y Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉). Cursive Sogdian letter Yodh × Cursive Sogdian letter Yodh 𐼷 y Derived from Old Sogdian letter Yodh (𐼊).		Old Sogdian letter Kaph × Old Sogdian letter Kaph 𐼋 k Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊). Cursive Sogdian letter Kaph × Cursive Sogdian letter Kaph 𐼸 k Derived from Old Sogdian letter Kaph (𐼋).	Old Sogdian letter Lamedh × Old Sogdian letter Lamedh 𐼌 l Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋). Cursive Sogdian letter Lamedh × Cursive Sogdian letter Lamedh 𐼹 l Derived from Old Sogdian letter Lamedh (𐼌).	Old Sogdian letter Mem × Old Sogdian letter Mem 𐼍 m Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌). Cursive Sogdian letter Mem × Cursive Sogdian letter Mem 𐼺 m Derived from Old Sogdian letter Mem (𐼍).	Old Sogdian letter Nun × Old Sogdian letter Nun 𐼎 n Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍). Cursive Sogdian letter Nun × Cursive Sogdian letter Nun 𐼻 n Derived from Old Sogdian letter Nun (𐼎).			Old Sogdian letter Samekh × Old Sogdian letter Samekh 𐼑 s Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎). Cursive Sogdian letter Samekh × Cursive Sogdian letter Samekh 𐼼 s Derived from Old Sogdian letter Samekh (𐼑).				Old Sogdian letter Pe × Old Sogdian letter Pe 𐼔 p Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐). Cursive Sogdian letter Pe × Cursive Sogdian letter Pe 𐼾 p Derived from Old Sogdian letter Pe (𐼔).	Old Sogdian letter Sadhe × Old Sogdian letter Sadhe 𐼕 c Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑). Cursive Sogdian letter Sadhe × Cursive Sogdian letter Sadhe 𐼿 c Derived from Old Sogdian letter Sadhe (𐼕).				Old Sogdian letter Resh-Ayin-Daleth × Old Sogdian letter Resh-Ayin-Daleth 𐼘 r, ˁ, d Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓). Cursive Sogdian letter Resh-Ayin × Cursive Sogdian letter Resh-Ayin 𐽀 r, ˁ Derived from Old Sogdian letter Resh-Ayin-Daleth (𐼘).	Old Sogdian letter Shin × Old Sogdian letter Shin 𐼙 š Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔). Cursive Sogdian letter Shin × Cursive Sogdian letter Shin 𐽁 š Derived from Old Sogdian letter Shin (𐼙).						Old Sogdian letter Taw × Old Sogdian letter Taw 𐼚 t Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕). Cursive Sogdian letter Taw × Cursive Sogdian letter Taw 𐽂 t Derived from Old Sogdian letter Taw (𐼚).
Armazian (Sibling)	Abjad ??? - 5 c. CE	Armazian letter Aleph × Armazian letter Aleph ʾ IPA: /ʔ/, /aː/, /eː/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).		Armazian letter Beth × Armazian letter Beth b IPA: /b/, /v/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).		Armazian letter Gimel × Armazian letter Gimel g IPA: /ɡ/, /ɣ/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).		Armazian letter Daleth × Armazian letter Daleth d IPA: /d/, /ð/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).			Armazian letter He × Armazian letter He h IPA: /h/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).				Armazian letter Waw × Armazian letter Waw w IPA: /w/; /oː/, /uː/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).				Armazian letter Zayin × Armazian letter Zayin z IPA: /z/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).	Armazian letter Heth × Armazian letter Heth ḥ IPA: /ħ/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).		Armazian letter Teth × Armazian letter Teth ṭ IPA: /tˤ/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).		Armazian letter Yodh × Armazian letter Yodh y IPA: /j/; /iː/, /eː/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).		Armazian letter Kaph × Armazian letter Kaph k IPA: /k/, /x/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).	Armazian letter Lamedh × Armazian letter Lamedh l IPA: /l/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).	Armazian letter Mem × Armazian letter Mem m IPA: /m/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).	Armazian letter Nun × Armazian letter Nun n IPA: /n/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).			Armazian letter Samekh × Armazian letter Samekh s IPA: /s/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).		Armazian letter Ayin × Armazian letter Ayin ʿ IPA: /ʕ/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).		Armazian letter Pe × Armazian letter Pe p IPA: /p/, /f/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).	Armazian letter Sadhe × Armazian letter Sadhe ṣ IPA: /sˤ/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).			Armazian letter Qoph × Armazian letter Qoph q IPA: /q/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).	Armazian letter Res × Armazian letter Res r IPA: /r/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).	Armazian letter Shin × Armazian letter Shin š IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).						Armazian letter Taw × Armazian letter Taw t IPA: /t/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).
Early Steppean Rovash (Sibling)	Alphabet 3 c. BCE - 10 c. CE							Early Steppean Rovash letter Sharp D × Early Steppean Rovash letter Sharp D d IPA: /ð/ Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter Daleth (𐭃).											Early Steppean Rovash letter Sz × Early Steppean Rovash letter Sz sz IPA: /s/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zayin (𐡆). Early Steppean Rovash letter Forked Sz × Early Steppean Rovash letter Forked Sz sz IPA: /s/ Derived from Kharoṣṭhī letter Ja (𐨗).	Early Steppean Rovash letter Gh × Early Steppean Rovash letter Gh gh IPA: /ɣ/ Derived from Inscriptional Parthian letter Heth (𐭇). Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled Ue × Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled Ue ue IPA: /y/ Derived from Early Steppean Rovash letter Gh.		Early Steppean Rovash letter Sharp T × Early Steppean Rovash letter Sharp T t IPA: /t/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Sharp T. Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled T × Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled T t IPA: /t/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).		Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled I × Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled I i IPA: /i/, /e/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉). Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed J × Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed J j IPA: /j/ Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Yodh (𐭩). Early Steppean Rovash letter Circle-ended I × Early Steppean Rovash letter Circle-ended I i IPA: /i/ Derived from Book Pahlavi letter Yodh.			Early Steppean Rovash letter Crossed L × Early Steppean Rovash letter Crossed L l IPA: /l/ Derived from Kharoṣṭhī letter La (𐨫). Early Steppean Rovash letter Sharp L × Early Steppean Rovash letter Sharp L l IPA: /l/ Derived from Kharoṣṭhī letter La (𐨫).	Early Steppean Rovash letter Open M × Early Steppean Rovash letter Open M m IPA: /m/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Open M. Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed G × Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed G g IPA: /g/, /x/ Derived from Inscriptional Pahlavi letter Mem-Qoph (𐭬).	Early Steppean Rovash letter N × Early Steppean Rovash letter N n IPA: /n/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).			Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed R × Early Steppean Rovash letter Closed R r IPA: /r/ Derived from variant of Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath.				Early Steppean Rovash letter Simple P × Early Steppean Rovash letter Simple P p IPA: /p/ Derived from Proto-Rovash letter Simple P.				Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled Q × Early Steppean Rovash letter Angled Q q IPA: /q/ Derived from Phoenician letter Angled Q.								Early Steppean Rovash letter Forked T × Early Steppean Rovash letter Forked T t IPA: /t/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).
Khwarezmian (Sibling)	Abjad 2 c. CE - 9 c. CE	Khwarezmian letter Aleph × Khwarezmian letter Aleph 𐾰 𐾰𐾼𐿁 ʾ IPA: /[ʔ]/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).		Khwarezmian letter Beth × Khwarezmian letter Beth 𐾲 𐾲𐿄 b IPA: /[b]/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).		Khwarezmian letter Gimel × Khwarezmian letter Gimel 𐾳‎ 𐾳𐾽𐾼 g IPA: /[ɡ]/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).		Khwarezmian letter Daleth × Khwarezmian letter Daleth 𐾴 𐾴𐾼𐿄 d IPA: /[d]/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).			Khwarezmian letter He × Khwarezmian letter He 𐾵 𐾵 h IPA: /[h]/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).				Khwarezmian letter Waw × Khwarezmian letter Waw 𐾶 𐾶𐾶 w IPA: /[w]/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).				Khwarezmian letter Zayin × Khwarezmian letter Zayin 𐾸 𐾸𐾺𐾾 z IPA: /[z]/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).	Khwarezmian letter Heth × Khwarezmian letter Heth 𐾹 𐾹𐿄 ḥ IPA: /[ħ]/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).				Khwarezmian letter Yodh × Khwarezmian letter Yodh 𐾺 𐾺𐾴 y IPA: /[j]/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).		Khwarezmian letter Kaph × Khwarezmian letter Kaph 𐾻‎ 𐾻𐿁 k IPA: /[k]/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).	Khwarezmian letter Lamedh × Khwarezmian letter Lamedh 𐾼 𐾼𐾽𐾴 l IPA: /[l]/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).	Khwarezmian letter Mem × Khwarezmian letter Mem 𐾽 𐾽𐾽 m IPA: /[m]/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).	Khwarezmian letter Nun × Khwarezmian letter Nun 𐾾 𐾾𐾾 n IPA: /[n]/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).			Khwarezmian letter Samekh × Khwarezmian letter Samekh 𐾿 𐾿𐾽𐾻 s IPA: /[s]/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).		Khwarezmian letter Ayin × Khwarezmian letter Ayin 𐿀 𐿀𐾺𐾾 ʿ IPA: /[ʕ]/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).		Khwarezmian letter Pe × Khwarezmian letter Pe 𐿁 𐿁 p IPA: /[p]/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).					Khwarezmian letter Res × Khwarezmian letter Res 𐿂 𐿂𐿃 r IPA: /[r]/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).	Khwarezmian letter Shin × Khwarezmian letter Shin 𐿃 𐿃𐾾 š IPA: /[ʃ]/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).						Khwarezmian letter Taw × Khwarezmian letter Taw 𐿄 𐿄𐾶 t IPA: /[t]/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).
Mandaic (Sibling)	Alphabet 2 c. CE - Present	Mandaic letter A × Mandaic letter A ࡀ a IPA: /a/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).		Mandaic letter Ba × Mandaic letter Ba ࡁ b IPA: /b/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).		Mandaic letter Ga × Mandaic letter Ga ࡂ‎ g IPA: /ɡ/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).		Mandaic letter Da × Mandaic letter Da ࡃ d IPA: /d/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).			Mandaic letter Ha × Mandaic letter Ha ࡄ h IPA: /h/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).				Mandaic letter Wa × Mandaic letter Wa ࡅ u IPA: /u, w/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).				Mandaic letter Za × Mandaic letter Za ࡆ z IPA: /z/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).	Mandaic letter Eh × Mandaic letter Eh ࡇ ẖ IPA: /χ/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).		Mandaic letter Ṭa × Mandaic letter Ṭa ࡈ ṭ IPA: /tˠ/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).		Mandaic letter Ya × Mandaic letter Ya ࡉ i IPA: /i, j/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).		Mandaic letter Ka × Mandaic letter Ka ࡊ k IPA: /k/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).	Mandaic letter La × Mandaic letter La ࡋ l IPA: /l/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).	Mandaic letter Ma × Mandaic letter Ma ࡌ m IPA: /m/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).	Mandaic letter Na × Mandaic letter Na ࡍ n IPA: /n/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).			Mandaic letter Sa × Mandaic letter Sa ࡎ s IPA: /s/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).		Mandaic letter E × Mandaic letter E ࡏ ʿ IPA: /e/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).		Mandaic letter Pa × Mandaic letter Pa ࡐ p IPA: /p/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).	Mandaic letter Ṣa × Mandaic letter Ṣa ࡑ ṣ IPA: /sˠ/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).			Mandaic letter Qa × Mandaic letter Qa ࡒ q IPA: /q/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).	Mandaic letter Ra × Mandaic letter Ra ࡓ r IPA: /r/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).	Mandaic letter Ša × Mandaic letter Ša ࡔ š IPA: /ʃ/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).						Mandaic letter Ta × Mandaic letter Ta ࡕ t IPA: /t/ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).
Manichaean (Sibling)	Abjad 3 c. CE - 10 c. CE	Manichaean letter Aleph × Manichaean letter Aleph 𐫀 ʾ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).		Manichaean letter Beth × Manichaean letter Beth 𐫁 b Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).		Manichaean letter Gimel × Manichaean letter Gimel 𐫃 g Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).		Manichaean letter Daleth × Manichaean letter Daleth 𐫅 d Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).			Manichaean letter He × Manichaean letter He 𐫆 h Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).				Manichaean letter Waw × Manichaean letter Waw 𐫇 w Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).				Manichaean letter Zayin × Manichaean letter Zayin 𐫉 z Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).	Manichaean letter Heth × Manichaean letter Heth 𐫍 ḥ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).		Manichaean letter Teth × Manichaean letter Teth 𐫎 ṭ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).		Manichaean letter Yodh × Manichaean letter Yodh 𐫏 y Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).		Manichaean letter Kaph × Manichaean letter Kaph 𐫐 k Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).	Manichaean letter Lamedh × Manichaean letter Lamedh 𐫓 l Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).	Manichaean letter Mem × Manichaean letter Mem 𐫖 m Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).	Manichaean letter Nun × Manichaean letter Nun 𐫗 n Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).			Manichaean letter Samekh × Manichaean letter Samekh 𐫘 s Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).		Manichaean letter Ayin × Manichaean letter Ayin 𐫙 ʿ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).		Manichaean letter Pe × Manichaean letter Pe 𐫛 p Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).	Manichaean letter Sadhe × Manichaean letter Sadhe 𐫝 ṣ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).			Manichaean letter Qoph × Manichaean letter Qoph 𐫞 q Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).	Manichaean letter Resh × Manichaean letter Resh 𐫡 r Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).	Manichaean letter Shin × Manichaean letter Shin 𐫢 š Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).						Manichaean letter Taw × Manichaean letter Taw 𐫤 t Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).
Palmyrene	Abjad 1 c. BCE - 3 c. CE	Palmyrene letter Aleph × Palmyrene letter Aleph 𐡠 𐡠𐡫𐡱 ʾ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ālaph (𐡀).		Palmyrene letter Beth × Palmyrene letter Beth 𐡡 𐡡𐡶 b Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Bēth (𐡁).		Palmyrene letter Gimel × Palmyrene letter Gimel 𐡢‎ 𐡢𐡬𐡫 g Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Gāmal (𐡂).		Palmyrene letter Daleth × Palmyrene letter Daleth 𐡣 𐡣𐡫𐡶 d Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Dālath (𐡃).			Palmyrene letter He × Palmyrene letter He 𐡤 𐡤 h Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Hē (𐡄).				Palmyrene letter Waw × Palmyrene letter Waw 𐡥‎ 𐡥𐡥 w Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Waw (𐡅).				Palmyrene letter Zayin × Palmyrene letter Zayin 𐡦 𐡦𐡩𐡣 z Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Zain (𐡆).	Palmyrene letter Heth × Palmyrene letter Heth 𐡧 𐡧𐡶 ḥ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Khēth (𐡇).		Palmyrene letter Teth × Palmyrene letter Teth 𐡨 𐡨𐡶 ṭ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṭēth (𐡈).		Palmyrene letter Yodh × Palmyrene letter Yodh 𐡩 𐡩𐡣 j Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Iodh (𐡉).		Palmyrene letter Kaph × Palmyrene letter Kaph 𐡪 𐡪𐡱 k Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Kāph (𐡊).	Palmyrene letter Lamedh × Palmyrene letter Lamedh 𐡫 𐡫𐡬𐡣 l Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Lāmadh (𐡋).	Palmyrene letter Mem × Palmyrene letter Mem 𐡬 𐡬𐡬 m Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Mem (𐡌).	Palmyrene letter Nun × Palmyrene letter Nun 𐡮 𐡮𐡭 n Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍). Palmyrene letter Nun (final) × Palmyrene letter Nun (final) 𐡭 𐡮𐡭 n Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Nun (𐡍).			Palmyrene letter Samekh × Palmyrene letter Samekh 𐡯 𐡯𐡬𐡪 s Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Semkath (𐡎).		Palmyrene letter Ayin × Palmyrene letter Ayin 𐡰 𐡰𐡦𐡭 ʿ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ayin (𐡏).		Palmyrene letter Pe × Palmyrene letter Pe 𐡱 𐡱 p Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Pē (𐡐).	Palmyrene letter Sadhe × Palmyrene letter Sadhe 𐡲 𐡲𐡣 ṣ Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Ṩādhē (𐡑).			Palmyrene letter Qoph × Palmyrene letter Qoph 𐡳 𐡳𐡱 q Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Qoph (𐡒).	Palmyrene letter Res × Palmyrene letter Res 𐡴 𐡴𐡵 r Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Rēš (𐡓).	Palmyrene letter Shin × Palmyrene letter Shin 𐡵 𐡵𐡭 š Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Šīn (𐡔).						Palmyrene letter Taw × Palmyrene letter Taw 𐡶 𐡶𐡥 t Derived from Imperial Aramaic letter Taw (𐡕).

Lineage^{1,8,10,12,15-29}

Egyptian Hieroglyphs
↳Hieratic Egyptian
↳Proto-Sinaitic
↳Phoenician
↳Imperial Aramaic
↳Kharoṣṭhī
↳*Early/Ashokan Brahmi
↳Hebrew
↳Inscriptional Parthian
↳Elymaic
↳Classical Nabataean
↳Palmyrene
↳Hatran
↳Syriac
↳Old Sogdian
↳Armazian
↳Early Steppean Rovash
↳Khwarezmian
↳Mandaic
↳Manichaean

*The origin of Brahmi is heavily disputed.^8,30-33

Palmyrene

Commission artwork of Manichean priest by Lemawo (Fiverr page - here)

References

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2. Anonymous. (c. 150-200 CE). 125023. British Museum, London, United Kingdom. Retrieved February 18, 2024, from https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1895-0401-1
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15. Pandey, A. (2017b). Proposal to encode the Khwarezmian script in Unicode. Retrieved June 2, 2024, from Unicode.org website: https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17054r-khwarezmian.pdf
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