Hebrew

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F1

𓃾

Head of Ox

Ideogram for: kꜣ “cattle”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʀ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /kaʔ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɑ/
Conventional Anglicisation: ka

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O1

𓉐

House plan

Phonogram pr for: pr “house”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾuw/
Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpaːɾəʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /poːɾ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛr/
Conventional Anglicisation: per

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T14

𓌙

Throw stick

Determinative for “foreign” for: qmꜣ “create”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /kɛmɑ/
Conventional Anglicisation: qema

Ideogram in: ꜥꜣm “Asiatics”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːʔɑm/
Conventional Anglicisation: aam

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. K1

𓆛

Bulti fish

Phonogram in for: int “bulti”

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. A28

𓀠

Man with arms raised

Determinative for: ḥꜥi “rejoice”

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T3

𓌉

Pear shaped mace

Phonogram ḥḏ for: ḥḏ “mace”

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z4

𓏭

Two diagonal strokes

Determinative for duality

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. O6

𓉗

Plan of rectangular enclosure

Ideogram for: ḥwt “temple, tomb, enclosure”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwit/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħaːwiʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈħoː(wə)/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ħuːt/
Conventional Anglicisation: hut

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. F35

𓄤

Heart and windpipe

Phonogram nfr for: nfr “good, beautiful”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiɾ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfiʔ/
Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnaːfə/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈnoːfə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛfɛr/
Conventional Anglicisation: nefer

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D42

𓂣

Arm with downward facing palm

Determinative or ideogram for: mḥ “cubit”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /mɛħ/
Conventional Anglicisation: meh

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D46

𓂧

Hand

Phonogram d
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼ/, /t͡ʃʼ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d/

Ideogram for: ḏrt “hand”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈcʼaːɾat/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼaːɾaʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈtʼoːɾə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛrɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: djeret

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. S39

𓋿

Crook

Phonogram ꜥwt for: ꜥwt “flock”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /ɑːuːt/
Conventional Anglicisation: aut

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. N35

𓈖

Water ripple

Phonogram n
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /n/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /n/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /n/, /l/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /n/

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. I10

𓆓

Cobra

Phonogram ḏ
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼ/, /tʼ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒ/

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. R11

𓊽

Reed column

Phonogram ḏd for: ḏd “stable”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /cʼaːtʼ/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /d͡ʒɛd/
Conventional Anglicisation: djed

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D4

𓁹

Eye

Phonogram for: jrj “to do, make”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾit/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾiʔ/
Reconstructed Medio-Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾaʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /iri/
Conventional Anglicisation: iri

Ideogram for: jrt “eye”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾat/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈjiːɾaʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈʔiːɾə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /irɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: iret

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D21

𓂋

Mouth

Phonogram r
Ideogram for: r “mouth”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /r/

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. M22

𓇑

Rush with roots

Phonogram nḫb for: nḫbt “germination”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /nɛxbɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: nekhbet

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. V24

𓎗

Cord on stick

Phonogram wḏ for: wḏ “command, decree”
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /wɛd͡ʒ/
Conventional Anglicisation: wedj

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. D1

𓁶

Head

Phonogram tp
Determinative or ideogram for: tp “head”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/, or possibly /cʼap/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /tʼap/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /tɛp/
Conventional Anglicisation: tepw

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. T9a

𓌓

Bow

Phonogram pd/pḏ for: pḏt “bow”
Reconstructed Old Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːcʼat/
Reconstructed Middle Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼaʔ/
Reconstructed Late Egyptian pronunciation: /ˈpiːtʼə/
Modern Egyptological pronunciation: /pɛd͡ʒɛt/
Conventional Anglicisation: pedjet

Egyptian Hieroglyph Gardiner's Sign No. Z9

𓏴

Crossed sticks

Phonogram swꜣ for: swꜣ “pass”

Aramaic letter Ālaph

𐡀

𐡀𐡐𐡓

ʾ
IPA: /ʔ/; /aː/, /eː/

Aramaic letter Bēth

𐡁

𐡁𐡕

b
IPA: /b/, /v/

Aramaic letter Gāmal

𐡂

𐡂𐡌𐡋

g
IPA: /ɡ/, /ɣ/

Aramaic letter Dālath

𐡃

𐡃𐡋𐡕

d
IPA: /d/, /ð/

Aramaic letter Hē

𐡄

𐡄

h
IPA: /h/

Aramaic letter Waw

𐡅

𐡅𐡅

w
IPA: /w/; /oː/, /uː/

Aramaic letter Zain

𐡆

𐡆𐡉𐡍

z
IPA: /z/

Aramaic letter Khēth

𐡇

𐡇𐡕

ḥ
IPA: /ħ/

Aramaic letter Ṭēth

𐡈

𐡈𐡕

ṭ
IPA: /tˤ/

Aramaic letter Iodh

𐡉

𐡉𐡃

j
IPA: /j/; /iː/, /eː/

Aramaic letter Kāph

𐡊

𐡊𐡐

k
IPA: /k/, /x/

Aramaic letter Lāmadh

𐡋

𐡋𐡌𐡃

l
IPA: /l/

Aramaic letter Mem

𐡌

𐡌𐡌

m
IPA: /m/

Aramaic letter Nun

𐡍

𐡍𐡍

n
IPA: /n/

Aramaic letter Semkath

𐡎

𐡎𐡌𐡊

s
IPA: /s/

Aramaic letter Ayin

𐡏

𐡏𐡉𐡍

ʿ
IPA: /ʕ/

Aramaic letter Pē

𐡐

𐡐

p
IPA: /p/, /f/

Aramaic letter Ṩādhē

𐡑

𐡑𐡃

ṣ
IPA: /sˤ/

Aramaic letter Qoph

𐡒

𐡒𐡐

q
IPA: /q/

Aramaic letter Rēš

𐡓

𐡓𐡔

r
IPA: /r/

Aramaic letter Šīn

𐡔

𐡔𐡍

š
IPA: /ʃ/

Aramaic letter Taw

𐡕

𐡕𐡅

t
IPA: /t/, /θ/

Kharoṣṭhī letter A

𐨀

a
IPA: /ə/

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ba

𐨦

ba
IPA: /bə/

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ga

𐨒

ga
IPA: /gə/

Kharoṣṭhī letter Dha

𐨢

dha
IPA: /dʰə/

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ha

𐨱

ha
IPA: /hə/

Kharoṣṭhī letter Va

𐨬

va
IPA: /ʋə/

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ja

𐨗

ja
IPA: /ɟə/

Kharoṣṭhī letter Gha

𐨓

gha
IPA: /gʰə/

Kharoṣṭhī letter Tha

𐨠

tha
IPA: /tʰə/

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ya

𐨩

ya
IPA: /jə/

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ka

𐨐

ka
IPA: /kə/

Kharoṣṭhī letter La

𐨫

la
IPA: /lə/

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ma

𐨨

ma
IPA: /mə/

Kharoṣṭhī letter Na

𐨣

na
IPA: /nə/

Kharoṣṭhī letter Śa

𐨭

śa
IPA: /ɕə/

Kharoṣṭhī letter Pa

𐨤

pa
IPA: /pə/

Kharoṣṭhī letter Sa

𐨯

sa
IPA: /sə/

Kharoṣṭhī letter Kha

𐨑

kha
IPA: /kʰə/

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ra

𐨪

ra
IPA: /rə/

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ṣa

𐨮

ṣa
IPA: /ʂə/

Kharoṣṭhī letter Ta

𐨟

ta
IPA: /tə/

Inscriptional Parthian letter Aleph

𐭀

𐭀𐭋𐭐

ʾ
IPA: /a/, /aː/

Inscriptional Parthian letter Beth

𐭁

𐭁𐭕

b
IPA: /b/, /v/

Inscriptional Parthian letter Gimel

𐭂

𐭂𐭐𐭋

g
IPA: /g/, /j/

Inscriptional Parthian letter Daleth

𐭃

𐭃𐭋𐭕

d
IPA: /d/, /j/

Inscriptional Parthian letter He

𐭄

𐭄

h
IPA: /h/

Inscriptional Parthian letter Waw

𐭅

𐭅𐭅

w
IPA: /v/, /r/

Inscriptional Parthian letter Zayin

𐭆

𐭆𐭉𐭍

z
IPA: /z/

Inscriptional Parthian letter Heth

𐭇

𐭇𐭕

h
IPA: /h/, /x/

Inscriptional Parthian letter Teth

𐭈

𐭈𐭕

t
IPA: /t/

Inscriptional Parthian letter Yodh

𐭉

𐭉𐭃

j
IPA: /j/, /ĕː/, /ĭː/

Inscriptional Parthian letter Kaph

𐭊

𐭊𐭐

k
IPA: /k/

Inscriptional Parthian letter Lamadh

𐭋

𐭋𐭌𐭃

l
IPA: /l/

Inscriptional Parthian letter Mem

𐭌

𐭌𐭌

m
IPA: /m/

Inscriptional Parthian letter Nun

𐭍

𐭍𐭍

n
IPA: /n/

Inscriptional Parthian letter Samekh

𐭎

𐭎𐭌𐭊

s
IPA: /s/

Inscriptional Parthian letter Ayin

𐭏

𐭏𐭉𐭃

ʿ
IPA: /ʔ/

Inscriptional Parthian letter Pe

𐭐

𐭐

p
IPA: /p/, /b/

Inscriptional Parthian letter Sadhe

𐭑

𐭑𐭃

s
IPA: /s/

Inscriptional Parthian letter Qoph

𐭒

𐭒𐭐

q
IPA: /q/

Inscriptional Parthian letter Resh

𐭓

𐭓𐭔

r
IPA: /r/

Inscriptional Parthian letter Shin

𐭔

𐭔𐭍

sh
IPA: /ʃ/, /ʒ/

Inscriptional Parthian letter Taw

𐭕

𐭕𐭅

t
IPA: /t/, /d/

Elymaic letter Aleph

𐿠

𐿠𐿫𐿰

ʾ

Elymaic letter Beth

𐿡

𐿡𐿵

b

Elymaic letter Gimel

𐿢‎

𐿢𐿬𐿫

g

Elymaic letter Daleth

𐿣

𐿣𐿫𐿵

d

Elymaic letter He

𐿤

𐿤

h

Elymaic letter Waw

𐿥

𐿥𐿥

w

Elymaic letter Zayin

𐿦

𐿦𐿩𐿭

z

Elymaic letter Heth

𐿧

𐿧𐿵

ḥ

Elymaic letter Teth

𐿨

𐿨𐿵

ṭ

Elymaic letter Yodh

𐿩

𐿩𐿣

j

Elymaic letter Kaph

𐿪

𐿪𐿰

k

Elymaic letter Lamedh

𐿫

𐿫𐿬𐿣

l

Elymaic letter Mem

𐿬

𐿬𐿬

m

Elymaic letter Nun

𐿭

𐿭𐿭

n

Elymaic letter Samekh

𐿮

𐿮𐿬𐿪

s

Elymaic letter Ayin

𐿯

𐿯𐿩𐿭

ʿ

Elymaic letter Pe

𐿰

𐿰

p

Elymaic letter Sadhe

𐿱

𐿱𐿣

ṣ

Elymaic letter Qoph

𐿲

𐿲𐿰

q

Elymaic letter Res

𐿳

𐿳𐿴

r

Elymaic letter Shin

𐿴

𐿴𐿭

š

Elymaic letter Taw

𐿵

𐿵𐿥

t

Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph

𐢁

𐢁𐢑𐢘

ʾ
IPA: [ʔ]

Classical Nabataean letter Ālaph (final)

𐢀

𐢁𐢑𐢘

ʾ
IPA: [ʔ]

Classical Nabataean letter Bēth

𐢃

𐢃𐢞

b
IPA: [b]

Classical Nabataean letter Bēth (final)

𐢂

𐢃𐢞

b
IPA: [b]

Classical Nabataean letter Gāmal

𐢄

𐢄𐢓𐢐

g
IPA: [ɡ]

Classical Nabataean letter Dālath

𐢅

𐢅𐢑𐢞

d
IPA: [d]

Classical Nabataean letter Hē

𐢇

𐢇

h
IPA: [h]

Classical Nabataean letter Hē (final)

𐢆

𐢇

h
IPA: [h]

Classical Nabataean letter Waw

𐢈

w
IPA: [w]

Classical Nabataean letter Zain

𐢉

𐢉𐢍𐢔

z
IPA: [z]

Classical Nabataean letter Khēth

𐢊

𐢊𐢞

ḥ
IPA: [ħ]

Classical Nabataean letter Ṭēth

𐢋

𐢋𐢞

ṭ
IPA: [tˤ]

Classical Nabataean letter Iodh

𐢍

𐢍𐢅

y
IPA: [j]

Classical Nabataean letter Iodh (final)

𐢌

𐢍𐢅

y
IPA: [j]

Classical Nabataean letter Kāph

𐢏

𐢏𐢘

k
IPA: [k]

Classical Nabataean letter Kāph (final)

𐢎

𐢏𐢘

k
IPA: [k]

Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh

𐢑

𐢑𐢓𐢅

l
IPA: [l]

Classical Nabataean letter Lāmadh (final)

𐢐

𐢑𐢓𐢅

l
IPA: [l]

Classical Nabataean letter Mem

𐢓

𐢓𐢒

m
IPA: [m]

Classical Nabataean letter Mem (final)

𐢒

𐢓𐢒

m
IPA: [m]

Classical Nabataean letter Nun

𐢕

𐢕𐢔

n
IPA: [n]

Classical Nabataean letter Nun (final)

𐢔

𐢕𐢔

n
IPA: [n]

Classical Nabataean letter Semkath

𐢖

𐢖𐢓𐢎

ś
IPA: [s]

Classical Nabataean letter Ayin

𐢗

𐢗𐢍𐢔

ʿ
IPA: [ʕ]

Classical Nabataean letter Pē

𐢘

𐢘

p
IPA: [p]

Classical Nabataean letter Ṩādhē

𐢙

𐢙𐢅

ṣ
IPA: [sˤ]

Classical Nabataean letter Qoph

𐢚

𐢚𐢘

q
IPA: [q]

Classical Nabataean letter Rēš

𐢛

𐢛𐢜

r
IPA: [r]

Classical Nabataean letter Šīn

𐢝

𐢝𐢔

š
IPA: [ʃ]

Classical Nabataean letter Šīn (final)

𐢜

𐢝𐢔

š
IPA: [ʃ]

Classical Nabataean letter Taw

𐢞

𐢞𐢈

t
IPA: [t]

Palmyrene letter Aleph

𐡠

𐡠𐡫𐡱

ʾ

Palmyrene letter Beth

𐡡

𐡡𐡶

b

Palmyrene letter Gimel

𐡢‎

𐡢𐡬𐡫

g

Palmyrene letter Daleth

𐡣

𐡣𐡫𐡶

d

Palmyrene letter He

𐡤

𐡤

h

Palmyrene letter Waw

𐡥‎

𐡥𐡥

w

Palmyrene letter Zayin

𐡦

𐡦𐡩𐡣

z

Palmyrene letter Heth

𐡧

𐡧𐡶

ḥ

Palmyrene letter Teth

𐡨

𐡨𐡶

ṭ

Palmyrene letter Yodh

𐡩

𐡩𐡣

j

Palmyrene letter Kaph

𐡪

𐡪𐡱

k

Palmyrene letter Lamedh

𐡫

𐡫𐡬𐡣

l

Palmyrene letter Mem

𐡬

𐡬𐡬

m

Palmyrene letter Nun

𐡮

𐡮𐡭

n

Palmyrene letter Nun (final)

𐡭

𐡮𐡭

n

Palmyrene letter Samekh

𐡯

𐡯𐡬𐡪

s

Palmyrene letter Ayin

𐡰

𐡰𐡦𐡭

ʿ

Palmyrene letter Pe

𐡱

𐡱

p

Palmyrene letter Sadhe

𐡲

𐡲𐡣

ṣ

Palmyrene letter Qoph

𐡳

𐡳𐡱

q

Palmyrene letter Res

𐡴

𐡴𐡵

r

Palmyrene letter Shin

𐡵

𐡵𐡭

š

Palmyrene letter Taw

𐡶

𐡶𐡥

t

Hatran letter Aleph

𐣠

𐣠𐣫𐣰

ʾ
IPA: [ʔ], ∅

Hatran letter Beth

𐣡

𐣡𐣵

hard: b, soft: ḇ
IPA: hard: [b], soft: [v] or [w]

Hatran letter Gimel

𐣢‎

𐣢𐣬𐣫

hard: g, soft: ḡ
IPA: hard: [ɡ], soft: [ɣ]

Hatran letter Daleth

𐣣

𐣣𐣫𐣵

hard: d, soft: ḏ
IPA: hard: [d], soft: [ð]

Hatran letter He

𐣤

𐣤

h
IPA: [h]

Hatran letter Waw

𐣥

𐣥𐣥

consonant: w, mater lectionis: ū or ō
IPA: consonant: [w], mater lectionis: [u] or [o]

Hatran letter Zayin

𐣦

𐣦𐣩𐣭

z
IPA: [z]

Hatran letter Heth

𐣧

𐣧𐣵

ḥ
IPA: [ħ], [x], or [χ]

Hatran letter Teth

𐣨

𐣨𐣵

ṭ
IPA: [tˤ]

Hatran letter Yodh

𐣩

𐣩𐣣

consonant: y, mater lectionis: ī
IPA: consonant: [j], mater lectionis: [i] or [e]

Hatran letter Kaph

𐣪‎

𐣪𐣰

hard: k, soft: ḵ
IPA: hard: [k], soft: [x]

Hatran letter Lamedh

𐣫

𐣫𐣬𐣣

l
IPA: [l]

Hatran letter Mem

𐣬

𐣬𐣬

m
IPA: [m]

Hatran letter Nun

𐣭

𐣭𐣭

n
IPA: [n]

Hatran letter Samekh

𐣮

𐣮𐣬𐣪

s
IPA: [s]

Hatran letter Ayin

𐣯

𐣯𐣩𐣭

ʿ
IPA: [ʕ]

Hatran letter Pe

𐣰

𐣰

hard: p, soft: p̄
IPA: hard: [p], soft: [f]

Hatran letter Sadhe

𐣱

𐣱𐣣

ṣ
IPA: [sˤ]

Hatran letter Qoph

𐣲

𐣲𐣰

q
IPA: [q]

Hatran letter Res

𐣣

𐣣𐣴

r
IPA: [r]

Hatran letter Shin

𐣴

𐣴𐣭

š
IPA: [ʃ]

Hatran letter Taw

𐣵

𐣵𐣥

hard: t, soft: ṯ
IPA: hard: [t], soft: [θ]

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʾĀlep̄

ܐ

ܐܠܦ

ʾ, ∅, mater lectionis: ā
IPA: [ʔ], ∅, mater lectionis: [ɑ]

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʾĀlep̄

ܐ

ܐܠܦ

ʾ, ∅, mater lectionis: ā
IPA: [ʔ], ∅, mater lectionis: [ɑ]

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter ʾĀlap̄/Olaf

ʾ, ∅, mater lectionis: ā
IPA: [ʔ], ∅, mater lectionis: [ɑ]

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Bēṯ

ܒ

ܒܝܬ

hard: b, soft: ḇ (also bh, v or β)
IPA: hard: [b], soft: [v] or [w]

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Bēṯ

ܒ

ܒܝܬ

hard: b, soft: ḇ (also bh, v or β)
IPA: hard: [b], soft: [v] or [w]

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Bēṯ

hard: b, soft: ḇ (also bh, v or β)
IPA: hard: [b], soft: [v] or [w]

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Gāmal

ܓ

ܓܡܠ

hard: g, soft: ḡ (also g̱, gh, ġ or γ)
IPA: hard: [ɡ], soft: [ɣ]

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Gāmal

ܓ

ܓܡܠ

hard: g, soft: ḡ (also g̱, gh, ġ or γ)
IPA: hard: [ɡ], soft: [ɣ]

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Gāmal

hard: g, soft: ḡ (also g̱, gh, ġ or γ)
IPA: hard: [ɡ], soft: [ɣ]

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Dālaṯ

ܕ

ܕܠܬ

hard: d, soft: ḏ (also dh, ð or δ)
IPA: hard: [d], soft: [ð]

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Dālaṯ

ܕ

ܕܠܬ

hard: d, soft: ḏ (also dh, ð or δ)
IPA: hard: [d], soft: [ð]

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Dālaṯ

hard: d, soft: ḏ (also dh, ð or δ)
IPA: hard: [d], soft: [ð]

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Hē

ܗ

ܗܐ

h
IPA: [h]

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Hē

ܗ

ܗܐ

h
IPA: [h]

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Hē

h
IPA: [h]

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Waw

ܘ

ܘܘ

consonant: w, mater lectionis: ū or ō (also u or o)
IPA: consonant: [w], mater lectionis: [u] or [o]

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Waw

ܘ

ܘܘ

consonant: w, mater lectionis: ū or ō (also u or o)
IPA: consonant: [w], mater lectionis: [u] or [o]

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Waw

consonant: w, mater lectionis: ū or ō (also u or o)
IPA: consonant: [w], mater lectionis: [u] or [o]

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Zayn

ܙ

ܙܝܢ

z
IPA: [z]

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Zayn

ܙ

ܙܝܢ

z
IPA: [z]

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Zayn

z
IPA: [z]

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ḥēṯ

ܚ

ܛܝܬ

ḥ (also H, kh, x or ħ)
IPA: [ħ], [x] or [χ]

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ḥēṯ

ܚ

ܛܝܬ

ḥ (also H, kh, x or ħ)
IPA: [ħ], [x] or [χ]

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ḥēṯ

ḥ (also H, kh, x or ħ)
IPA: [ħ], [x] or [χ]

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṭēṯ

ܛ

ܛܝܬ

ṭ (also T or ţ)
IPA: [tˤ]

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ṭēṯ

ܛ

ܛܝܬ

ṭ (also T or ţ)
IPA: [tˤ]

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ṭēṯ/h3>

ṭ (also T or ţ)
IPA: [tˤ]

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Yōḏ

ܝ

ܝܘܕ

consonant: y, mater lectionis: ī (also i)
IPA: consonant: [j], mater lectionis: [i] or [e]

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Yōḏ

ܝ

ܝܘܕ

consonant: y, mater lectionis: ī (also i)
IPA: consonant: [j], mater lectionis: [i] or [e]

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Yōḏ

consonant: y, mater lectionis: ī (also i)
IPA: consonant: [j], mater lectionis: [i] or [e]

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Kāp̄

ܟ

ܟܦ

hard: k, soft: ḵ (also kh or x)
IPA: hard: [k], soft: [x]

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Kāp̄

ܟ

ܟܦ

hard: k, soft: ḵ (also kh or x)
IPA: hard: [k], soft: [x]

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Kāp̄

hard: k, soft: ḵ (also kh or x)
IPA: hard: [k], soft: [x]

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Lāmaḏ

ܠ

ܠܡܕ

l
IPA: [l]

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Lāmaḏ

ܠ

ܠܡܕ

l
IPA: [l]

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Lāmaḏ

l
IPA: [l]

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Mīm

ܡ

ܡܝܡ

m
IPA: [m]

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Mīm

ܡ

ܡܝܡ

m
IPA: [m]

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Mīm

m
IPA: [m]

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Nūn

ܢ

ܢܘܢ

n
IPA: [n]

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Nūn

ܢ

ܢܘܢ

n
IPA: [n]

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Nūn

n
IPA: [n]

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Semkaṯ

ܣ

ܣܡܟܬ

ś
IPA: [s]

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Semkaṯ

ܣ

ܣܡܟܬ

ś
IPA: [s]

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Semkaṯ

ś
IPA: [s]

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter ʿĒ

ܥ

ܥܐ

ʿ
IPA: [ʕ]

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter ʿĒ

ܥ

ܥܐ

ʿ
IPA: [ʕ]

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter ʿĒ

ʿ
IPA: [ʕ]

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Pē

ܦ

ܦܐ

hard: p, soft: p̄ (also p̱, ᵽ, ph or f)
IPA: hard: [p], soft: [f]

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Pē

ܦ

ܦܐ

hard: p, soft: p̄ (also p̱, ᵽ, ph or f)
IPA: hard: [p], soft: [f]

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Pē

hard: p, soft: p̄ (also p̱, ᵽ, ph or f)
IPA: hard: [p], soft: [f]

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Ṣāḏē

ܨ

ܨܕܐ

ṣ (also S or ş)
IPA: [sˤ]

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Ṣāḏē

ܨ

ܨܕܐ

ṣ (also S or ş)
IPA: [sˤ]

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Ṣāḏē

ṣ (also S or ş)
IPA: [sˤ]

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Qōp̄

ܩ

ܩܘܦ

q (also ḳ)
IPA: [q]

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Qōp̄

ܩ

ܩܘܦ

q (also ḳ)
IPA: [q]

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Qōp̄

q (also ḳ)
IPA: [q]

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Rēš

ܪ

ܪܝܫ

r
IPA: [r]

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Rēš

ܪ

ܪܝܫ

r
IPA: [r]

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Rēš

r
IPA: [r]

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Šīn

ܫ

ܫܝܢ

š (also sh)
IPA: [ʃ]

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Šīn

ܫ

ܫܝܢ

š (also sh)
IPA: [ʃ]

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Šīn

š (also sh)
IPA: [ʃ]

ʾEsṭrangēlā/Classical Syriac letter Taw

ܬ

ܬܘ

hard: t, soft: ṯ (also th or θ)
IPA: hard: [t], soft: [θ]

Maḏnḥāyā/Eastern Syriac letter Taw

ܬ

ܬܘ

hard: t, soft: ṯ (also th or θ)
IPA: hard: [t], soft: [θ]

Serṭā/Western Syriac letter Taw

hard: t, soft: ṯ (also th or θ)
IPA: hard: [t], soft: [θ]

Mandaic letter A

ࡀ

a
IPA: /a/

Mandaic letter Ba

ࡁ

b
IPA: /b/

Mandaic letter Ga

ࡂ‎

g
IPA: /ɡ/

Mandaic letter Da

ࡃ

d
IPA: /d/

Mandaic letter Ha

ࡄ

h
IPA: /h/

Mandaic letter Wa

ࡅ

u
IPA: /u, w/

Mandaic letter Za

ࡆ

z
IPA: /z/

Mandaic letter Eh

ࡇ

ẖ
IPA: /χ/

Mandaic letter Ṭa

ࡈ

ṭ
IPA: /tˠ/

Mandaic letter Ya

ࡉ

i
IPA: /i, j/

Mandaic letter Ka

ࡊ

k
IPA: /k/

Mandaic letter La

ࡋ

l
IPA: /l/

Mandaic letter Ma

ࡌ

m
IPA: /m/

Mandaic letter Na

ࡍ

n
IPA: /n/

Mandaic letter Sa

ࡎ

s
IPA: /s/

Mandaic letter E

ࡏ

ʿ
IPA: /e/

Mandaic letter Pa

ࡐ

p
IPA: /p/

Mandaic letter Ṣa

ࡑ

ṣ
IPA: /sˠ/

Mandaic letter Qa

ࡒ

q
IPA: /q/

Mandaic letter Ra

ࡓ

r
IPA: /r/

Mandaic letter Ša

ࡔ

š
IPA: /ʃ/

Mandaic letter Ta

ࡕ

t
IPA: /t/

Hebrew letter Alef

א

אָלֶף

a
IPA: [a]

Hebrew letter Bet

ב

בֵית

v
IPA: [v]

Hebrew letter Gimel

ג

גִימֵל

g
IPA: [ɣ]

Hebrew letter Dalet

ד

דָלֶת

d
IPA: [ð]

Hebrew letter He

ה

הֵא

h
IPA: [h]~[e]

Hebrew letter Vav

ו

וָו

v
IPA: [v]

Hebrew letter Zayin

ז

זַיִן

z
IPA: [z]

Hebrew letter Chet

ח

חֵית

ch
IPA: [χ]

Hebrew letter Tet

ט

טֵית

t
IPA: [t]

Hebrew letter Yod

י

יוֹד

y
IPA: [j]

Hebrew letter Kaf

כ

כַף

k
IPA: [χ]

Hebrew letter Kaf (final)

ך

כַף סוֹפִית

k
IPA: [x]~[χ]

Hebrew letter Lamed

ל

לָמֶד

l
IPA: [l]

Hebrew letter Mem

מ

מֵם

m
IPA: [m]

Hebrew letter Mem (final)

ם

מֵם סוֹפִית

m
IPA: [m]

Hebrew letter Nun

נ

נוּן

n
IPA: [n]

Hebrew letter Nun (final)

ן

נוּן סוֹפִית

n
IPA: [n]

Hebrew letter Samekh

ס

סָמֶךְ

s
IPA: [s]

Hebrew letter Ayin

ע

עַיִן

ʿ
IPA: [o]~[ō], ∅

Hebrew letter Pe

פ

פֵא

f
IPA: [f]

Hebrew letter Pe (final)

ף

פֵא סוֹפִית

f
IPA: [f]

Hebrew letter Tsadi

צ

צָדִי

ts
IPA: [ts]

Hebrew letter Tsadi (final)

ץ

צָדִי סוֹפִית

ts
IPA: [ts]

Hebrew letter Qof

ק

קוֹף

k
IPA: [k]

Hebrew letter Resh

ר

רֵישׁ

r
IPA: [ʁ]

Hebrew letter Shin

ש

שִׁׂי

sh
IPA: [ʃ]

Hebrew letter Tav

ת

תָו

t
IPA: [t]

Square Maalouli letter Alef

a, e, i, o, u, ā, ē, ī, ō, ū
IPA: ∅

Square Maalouli letter Bet

v
IPA: /v/

Square Maalouli letter Gimel

g
IPA: /ɣ/

Square Maalouli letter Dalet

d
IPA: /ð/

Square Maalouli letter He

h
IPA: /h/

Square Maalouli letter Waw

w
IPA: /w/

Square Maalouli letter Zayin

z
IPA: /z/

Square Maalouli letter Ḥet

ḥ
IPA: /ħ/

Square Maalouli letter Ṭet

ṭ
IPA: /tˤ/

Square Maalouli letter Yod

y
IPA: /j/

Square Maalouli letter Kaf

ẖ
IPA: /x/

Square Maalouli letter Kaf (final)

ẖ
IPA: /x/

Square Maalouli letter Lamed

l
IPA: /l/

Square Maalouli letter Mem

m
IPA: /m/

Square Maalouli letter Mem (final)

m
IPA: /m/

Square Maalouli letter Nun

n
IPA: /n/

Square Maalouli letter Nun (final)

n
IPA: /n/

Square Maalouli letter Samekh

s
IPA: /s/

Square Maalouli letter Ayin

ҁ
IPA: /ʕ/

Square Maalouli letter Pe

f
IPA: /f/

Square Maalouli letter Pe (final)

f
IPA: /f/

Square Maalouli letter Tsadi

ṣ
IPA: /sˤ/

Square Maalouli letter Tsadi (final)

ṣ
IPA: /sˤ/

Square Maalouli letter Qof

q
IPA: /k/~/ḳ/

Square Maalouli letter Resh

r
IPA: /r/

Square Maalouli letter Shin

š
IPA: /ʃ/

Square Maalouli letter Tav

ṯ
IPA: /θ/